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題名 諾爾紐曼的沈默螺旋論初探
作者 王婷玉
貢獻者 陳世敏
王婷玉
日期 1988
上傳時間 5-May-2016 13:37:23 (UTC+8)
摘要 論文提要
參考文獻 參考書目
一、中文部分
王道還編譯(民七四)科學革命的結構。台北:允晨。
丘昌泰(民七六)「美國民主的觀察家:托克維爾──評介其對美國自由與平等理念的觀察」，思與言，二五卷一期，頁八五~九九。
林正弘(民七五)「當代科學哲學的蛻變──評介《科學革命的結構》」，中國論壇，二五八期，頁五十~五四。
吳統雄(民七五)「薪火與生食──讀陳義彥《我國投票行為研究的回顧與展望》」，民意學術專刊，秋季號，頁三~三一。
翁秀琪(民七六)「我國電視媒介的反民主本質」，中國論壇，二七九期，頁四四~四七。
莊文瑞(民七六)「社會科學研究的幾個基礎問題──面對當代科學、哲學的挑戰」，中國論壇，二九四期，頁九~十五。
陳世敏(民七二)大眾傳播與社會變遷。台北:三民。
陳世敏譯(民七四)傳播媒介、民意、公共政策分析。台北:國立編譯館。
黃安邦編譯(民七五)社會心理學。台北:五角。
彭芸(民七五)政治傳播。台北:巨流。

二、英文部份
Allport, Floyd H. (1937) "Toward A Science of Public Opinion," Public Opinion Quarterly 1: 7–23.
Asch, Solomon E. (1963) "Effects of Group Pressure upon the Modification and Distortion of Judgements," in Harold Guetzkow (ed.) Groups, Leadership, and Men. New York: Russell & Russell Inc. .
Bennett, W. Lance (1980) Public opinion in American Politics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. .
Blumler, Jay G. (1980) "Mass Communication Research in Europe: Some Origins And Prospects," Media, Culture, and Society 2: 367–76.
----(1985) "European-American Differences in Comminication Research , " in Everett M. Rogers & Francis Balle (eds.) The Media Revolution in American and in Western Europe. Norwood, N. J. : Ablex.
Bryce, James (1900, 1959) The American Commonwealth. N. Y.: Putnam.
Dance, Frank E.X. (1970) "A Helical Model of Communication," in Kenneth K. Sereno & C. David Mortensen (eds.) Foundations of Communication Theory. New York: Harper & Row.
Davison, W. Phillips (1980) "A Review of E.N.N. ‘Die Schweigespirale: ?ffentliche Meinung-unsere soziale Haut’ , " public Opinion Quarterly 40:605-608.
Donsbach, Wolfgang & Stevenson, Robert L. (1984) Challenges, Problems and Empirical Evidence of the Theory of the Spiral of Silence. Paper Presented to the Panel on the Spiral of Silence Theory at the Conference of the International Communication Association.
Erikson, Robert S. et al. (1980) American Public Opinion: Its Origions. Content and Impact. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Fields, James M., & Howard Schuman (1976) "Public Beliefs about the Beliefs of the Public," Public Opinion Quarterly 40: 427–48.
Fromm, Erich (1941) Man for Himself. New York: Avon Books.
----(1955) The Sane Society.
----(1959) Escape from Freedom. New York: Rinehart & Company, Inc.
Galtung, Johan & Ruge, Mari H. (1965) "The structure of Foreign News," In : Journal of International Peace Research 1:64-90.
Glynn, Carrol J. & McLeod, Jack M. (1982a) Perceptions of Public Opinion, Communication Processes and Voting Decisions. Paper Presented to the Political Communication Division of the International Communication Division of the International Communication Association.
–––– (1982b) "Public Opinion du Jour: Its Impact on Communication and Voting Behavior, " Public Opinion Quarterly 48: 731-40.
---(1985) "Implications of the Spiral of Silence Theory for Communication and Public Opinion Research," Political Communication Yearbook 1: 43–65.
Halloran, James D. et al. (1970) Demonstrations and Communication. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin.
Hart, Harm`t & Barbara Klem (1986) Interviewee`s Report of Looking Glass Perception and the Spiral of Silence. Paper for Presentation at World Association for Public Opinion Research Annual Meeting.
Hennessy, Bernard (1985) Public Opinion. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Jahoda, Marie (1959) "Conformity and Independence: A Psychological Analysis," Human Relations 12: 99-120.
Katz, Elihu (1983) "Publicity and Pruralistic Ignorance: Notes on The Spiral of Silence," Mass Communication Yearbook
Kuhn, Thomas S. (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
----(1977) The Essential Tension. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
Lane. Robert E. & Sears David O. (1964) Public Opinion. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Lazarsfeld, Paul, Bernard Berelson & Hazel Gandet (1968) The People`s Choice. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
Lewin, Kurt (1947) "Group Decision and Social Change," Readings in Social Psychology, ed. Theodore M. Newcomb and Eugene L. Hartley, New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Levy, Mark R. & Windahl, Sven (1985) "The Concept of Audience Activity," in Karl Erik Rosengren et al (eds.) Media Gratifications Research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
Lippmann, Walter (1922/65) Public opinion. New York: Free Press.
Lin, Nan (1976) Foundations of Social Research. New York: Mcgraw-Hill Book Company.
Maisel , Richard et al. (1986) Simulating the Spiral of Silence. Paper for Presentation at World Association for public opinion Research Annual Meeting.
Marcus, George E. (1986) If there is a "Spiral of silence," How might it work? Some Speculations. Paper for presentation at World Association for Public Opinion Research Annual Meeting.
McCombs, M.E., and D. L. Shaw (1972) "The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media.” P.O.Q. 36: 176–87.
McCombs, Maxwell E. & Weaver, David H. (1985) "Toward a Merger of Gratifications and Agenda-Setting Research," in Karl Erik Rosengren et al (eds.) Media Gratifications Research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
McLeod, Jack M. (1985) "An Essay: Public Opinion——Our Social Skin" Journalism Quarterly Autumn: 649-53.
McQuail, Denis (1983) Mass Communication Theory. Beverly Hills: Sage.
McQuail, Denis & Sven Windahl (1982) Communication Models. New York: Longman.
Merten, Klaus (1985) "Some Silence in the Spiral of Silence," Political Communication Yearbook 1: 31-42.
Merton, Robert K. (1968) Social Theory and Social Structure Toward the Codification of Theory and Research. New York: Free Press.
Monroe, Alan D. (1975) Public Opinion in America. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, Inc.
Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth (1959). "Mass Communication Media and Public Opinion," Journalism Quarterly: 401–09.
----(1973/78) "Return to the Concept of Powerful Mass Media," in Everette E. Dennis et al. (eds.) Enduring Issues in Mass Communication. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company.
----(1974) "The Spiral of silence: A Theory of Public Opinion," Journal of Communication 24 : 43-51. (1977). "Turbulences in the Climate of Opinion: Methedological Applications of the Spiral of Silence Theory," Public Opinion Quarterly 41: 143-58.
----(1979). "Public Opinion and the Classical Tradition: A Reevaluation." Public Opinion Quarterly 43: 143-56.
----(1981) "Mass Media and Social Change in Developed Societies," in E. Katz & T. Szecsko (eds.) Mass Media and Social Change. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
----(1984) The Spiral of Silence: Our Social Skin. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
----(1985) "The Spiral of Silence: A Response," in D. Nimmo & K. Sanders, et al., Political Communication Yearbook 1: 66–94, (Carbondale, Ill. : Southern Illinois Univ. Press).
O`Gorman, Hubert & Stephen Garry (1976) "Pluralistic Ignorance--a Replication and Extension," Public Opinion Quarterly 40: 449–58.
Paletz, David L. & Robert M. Entman (1981) Media Power Politics New York: The Free Press.
Renshon, Stanley A. (1977). "Assumptive Frameworks in Political Socialization Theory," in S. A. Renshon (ed.) Handbook of Political Socialization. New York: Free Press.
Reynolds, Paul Davidson (1971) A Primer in Theory Construction. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merill Company.
Riesman, David & Nathan Glazer, Reuel Denney (1953) The Lonely Crowd. New York: Double Day & Company.
Rosengren, R. E. (1981) Advances in Content Analysis. Beverly Hills & London: Sage.
Salmon, Charles T. & Kline, F. Gerald (1985) "The Spiral of Silence Ten Years Later: An Examination and Evaluation, " Political Communication Yearbook 1 : 3–30.
Strute, Karl & Doelken, Theodre eds. (1983) Who`s who in Germany: 1982–83.
Taylor, D. Garth (1982) "Pluralistic Ignorance and the Spiral of Silence: A Formal Analysis," Public Opinion Quartly 46:311-335.
Turner, Jonathan H. (1974) The Structure of Sociological Theory. Illinois: The Dorsey Press.
三、德文部分
Donsbach, Von Wolfgang (1987) "Die Theorie der Schweigespirale," in Michael Schenk (ed.) Medienwirkungsforschung. Tubingen.
Noelle, E. (1963) Umfragen in der Massengesellschaft. Hamburg.
Noelle-Neumann, E. (1982) Die Schweige-spirale ?ffentliche Meinung-unsere soziale Haut. Berlin: Ullstein Sachbuch
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
新聞學系
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002005987
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 陳世敏zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 王婷玉zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 王婷玉zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 1988en_US
dc.date.accessioned 5-May-2016 13:37:23 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 5-May-2016 13:37:23 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 5-May-2016 13:37:23 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) B2002005987en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/91146-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 新聞學系zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 論文提要zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 目錄
第一章 緒論………1
第一節 研究動機與目的………1
第二節 中心研究課題………7
第三節 研究方法………8
第二章 沈默螺旋論………12
第一節 概念與變項的定義………12
第二節 形式化與範疇………17
第三節 預設與定位………31
第四節 沈默螺旋論的研究方法………37
第五節 實證研究發現………40
第三章 沈默螺旋論溯源………54
第一節 理論建構的軌跡………55
第二節 薪傳──民意理論………59
第三節 薪傳──傳播理論………74
第四節 薪傳──社會理論………77
第五節 後見之明的假傳承………80
第四章 沈默螺旋之沈默與迴響………88
第一節 沈默螺旋後續研究摘要………88
第二節 沈默螺旋論引起的共鳴………94
第三節 沈默螺旋論面臨的挑戰──沈默與噪音………109
第四節 回應與反擊………129
第五章 沈默螺旋論發展之歷程………140
第一節 孔恩的科學發展模式………140
第二節 沈默螺旋論發展之結構試析………142
第六章 結論與建議………151
第一節 結論………151
第二節 未來研究的展望………157
附錄
參考書目

圖表目次
圖1.1 孔恩的科學發展歷程模式………7
圖2.1 沈默螺旋模式………19
圖2.2 沈默螺旋中意見演化的多階段模式………24
圖2.3 媒介有效假設的因果鏈………26
圖2.4 沈默螺旋的過程模式………27
圖2.5 沈默螺旋的民意動力模式………29
圖2.6 沈默螺旋的綜合模式………30
圖2.7 文化(媒介)與社會之間的關係類型………36
圖2.8 媒介效果的類型………36
圖3.1 沈默螺旋溯源的參考架構………60
圖4.1 研究多元無知類型的典型代表………99
圖4.2 以情緒理論重新詮釋的沈默螺旋模式………102
圖4.3 議題設定與沈默的螺旋………106
圖4.4 投票意向與政治氣候的關聯………117
圖4.5 意見氣候轉變而投票意向保持不變………133
圖5.1 沈默螺旋論發展之結構………149
表1.1 意見與政治的一般模式………5
表2.1 沈默螺旋研究摘要………41
表3.1 沈默螺旋民意觀的源流………62
表4.1 沈默螺旋後續研究摘要………89
表4.2 正確察覺大多數人的意見者所佔比例………100
表4.3 認為大多數人贊成或承認東德者所佔比例………116
表4.4 由攝影角度和公眾反應予候選人的評價………124
表4.5 在死刑論題上，己見與對民意察覺之間的對應………131
表5.1 沈默螺旋「新」典範與現代民意暨傳播理論「舊」典範………146		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002005987en_US
dc.title (題名) 諾爾紐曼的沈默螺旋論初探zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參考書目
一、中文部分
王道還編譯(民七四)科學革命的結構。台北:允晨。
丘昌泰(民七六)「美國民主的觀察家:托克維爾──評介其對美國自由與平等理念的觀察」，思與言，二五卷一期，頁八五~九九。
林正弘(民七五)「當代科學哲學的蛻變──評介《科學革命的結構》」，中國論壇，二五八期，頁五十~五四。
吳統雄(民七五)「薪火與生食──讀陳義彥《我國投票行為研究的回顧與展望》」，民意學術專刊，秋季號，頁三~三一。
翁秀琪(民七六)「我國電視媒介的反民主本質」，中國論壇，二七九期，頁四四~四七。
莊文瑞(民七六)「社會科學研究的幾個基礎問題──面對當代科學、哲學的挑戰」，中國論壇，二九四期，頁九~十五。
陳世敏(民七二)大眾傳播與社會變遷。台北:三民。
陳世敏譯(民七四)傳播媒介、民意、公共政策分析。台北:國立編譯館。
黃安邦編譯(民七五)社會心理學。台北:五角。
彭芸(民七五)政治傳播。台北:巨流。

二、英文部份
Allport, Floyd H. (1937) "Toward A Science of Public Opinion," Public Opinion Quarterly 1: 7–23.
Asch, Solomon E. (1963) "Effects of Group Pressure upon the Modification and Distortion of Judgements," in Harold Guetzkow (ed.) Groups, Leadership, and Men. New York: Russell & Russell Inc. .
Bennett, W. Lance (1980) Public opinion in American Politics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. .
Blumler, Jay G. (1980) "Mass Communication Research in Europe: Some Origins And Prospects," Media, Culture, and Society 2: 367–76.
----(1985) "European-American Differences in Comminication Research , " in Everett M. Rogers & Francis Balle (eds.) The Media Revolution in American and in Western Europe. Norwood, N. J. : Ablex.
Bryce, James (1900, 1959) The American Commonwealth. N. Y.: Putnam.
Dance, Frank E.X. (1970) "A Helical Model of Communication," in Kenneth K. Sereno & C. David Mortensen (eds.) Foundations of Communication Theory. New York: Harper & Row.
Davison, W. Phillips (1980) "A Review of E.N.N. ‘Die Schweigespirale: ?ffentliche Meinung-unsere soziale Haut’ , " public Opinion Quarterly 40:605-608.
Donsbach, Wolfgang & Stevenson, Robert L. (1984) Challenges, Problems and Empirical Evidence of the Theory of the Spiral of Silence. Paper Presented to the Panel on the Spiral of Silence Theory at the Conference of the International Communication Association.
Erikson, Robert S. et al. (1980) American Public Opinion: Its Origions. Content and Impact. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Fields, James M., & Howard Schuman (1976) "Public Beliefs about the Beliefs of the Public," Public Opinion Quarterly 40: 427–48.
Fromm, Erich (1941) Man for Himself. New York: Avon Books.
----(1955) The Sane Society.
----(1959) Escape from Freedom. New York: Rinehart & Company, Inc.
Galtung, Johan & Ruge, Mari H. (1965) "The structure of Foreign News," In : Journal of International Peace Research 1:64-90.
Glynn, Carrol J. & McLeod, Jack M. (1982a) Perceptions of Public Opinion, Communication Processes and Voting Decisions. Paper Presented to the Political Communication Division of the International Communication Division of the International Communication Association.
–––– (1982b) "Public Opinion du Jour: Its Impact on Communication and Voting Behavior, " Public Opinion Quarterly 48: 731-40.
---(1985) "Implications of the Spiral of Silence Theory for Communication and Public Opinion Research," Political Communication Yearbook 1: 43–65.
Halloran, James D. et al. (1970) Demonstrations and Communication. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin.
Hart, Harm`t & Barbara Klem (1986) Interviewee`s Report of Looking Glass Perception and the Spiral of Silence. Paper for Presentation at World Association for Public Opinion Research Annual Meeting.
Hennessy, Bernard (1985) Public Opinion. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Jahoda, Marie (1959) "Conformity and Independence: A Psychological Analysis," Human Relations 12: 99-120.
Katz, Elihu (1983) "Publicity and Pruralistic Ignorance: Notes on The Spiral of Silence," Mass Communication Yearbook
Kuhn, Thomas S. (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
----(1977) The Essential Tension. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
Lane. Robert E. & Sears David O. (1964) Public Opinion. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Lazarsfeld, Paul, Bernard Berelson & Hazel Gandet (1968) The People`s Choice. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
Lewin, Kurt (1947) "Group Decision and Social Change," Readings in Social Psychology, ed. Theodore M. Newcomb and Eugene L. Hartley, New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Levy, Mark R. & Windahl, Sven (1985) "The Concept of Audience Activity," in Karl Erik Rosengren et al (eds.) Media Gratifications Research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
Lippmann, Walter (1922/65) Public opinion. New York: Free Press.
Lin, Nan (1976) Foundations of Social Research. New York: Mcgraw-Hill Book Company.
Maisel , Richard et al. (1986) Simulating the Spiral of Silence. Paper for Presentation at World Association for public opinion Research Annual Meeting.
Marcus, George E. (1986) If there is a "Spiral of silence," How might it work? Some Speculations. Paper for presentation at World Association for Public Opinion Research Annual Meeting.
McCombs, M.E., and D. L. Shaw (1972) "The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media.” P.O.Q. 36: 176–87.
McCombs, Maxwell E. & Weaver, David H. (1985) "Toward a Merger of Gratifications and Agenda-Setting Research," in Karl Erik Rosengren et al (eds.) Media Gratifications Research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
McLeod, Jack M. (1985) "An Essay: Public Opinion——Our Social Skin" Journalism Quarterly Autumn: 649-53.
McQuail, Denis (1983) Mass Communication Theory. Beverly Hills: Sage.
McQuail, Denis & Sven Windahl (1982) Communication Models. New York: Longman.
Merten, Klaus (1985) "Some Silence in the Spiral of Silence," Political Communication Yearbook 1: 31-42.
Merton, Robert K. (1968) Social Theory and Social Structure Toward the Codification of Theory and Research. New York: Free Press.
Monroe, Alan D. (1975) Public Opinion in America. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, Inc.
Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth (1959). "Mass Communication Media and Public Opinion," Journalism Quarterly: 401–09.
----(1973/78) "Return to the Concept of Powerful Mass Media," in Everette E. Dennis et al. (eds.) Enduring Issues in Mass Communication. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company.
----(1974) "The Spiral of silence: A Theory of Public Opinion," Journal of Communication 24 : 43-51. (1977). "Turbulences in the Climate of Opinion: Methedological Applications of the Spiral of Silence Theory," Public Opinion Quarterly 41: 143-58.
----(1979). "Public Opinion and the Classical Tradition: A Reevaluation." Public Opinion Quarterly 43: 143-56.
----(1981) "Mass Media and Social Change in Developed Societies," in E. Katz & T. Szecsko (eds.) Mass Media and Social Change. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
----(1984) The Spiral of Silence: Our Social Skin. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
----(1985) "The Spiral of Silence: A Response," in D. Nimmo & K. Sanders, et al., Political Communication Yearbook 1: 66–94, (Carbondale, Ill. : Southern Illinois Univ. Press).
O`Gorman, Hubert & Stephen Garry (1976) "Pluralistic Ignorance--a Replication and Extension," Public Opinion Quarterly 40: 449–58.
Paletz, David L. & Robert M. Entman (1981) Media Power Politics New York: The Free Press.
Renshon, Stanley A. (1977). "Assumptive Frameworks in Political Socialization Theory," in S. A. Renshon (ed.) Handbook of Political Socialization. New York: Free Press.
Reynolds, Paul Davidson (1971) A Primer in Theory Construction. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merill Company.
Riesman, David & Nathan Glazer, Reuel Denney (1953) The Lonely Crowd. New York: Double Day & Company.
Rosengren, R. E. (1981) Advances in Content Analysis. Beverly Hills & London: Sage.
Salmon, Charles T. & Kline, F. Gerald (1985) "The Spiral of Silence Ten Years Later: An Examination and Evaluation, " Political Communication Yearbook 1 : 3–30.
Strute, Karl & Doelken, Theodre eds. (1983) Who`s who in Germany: 1982–83.
Taylor, D. Garth (1982) "Pluralistic Ignorance and the Spiral of Silence: A Formal Analysis," Public Opinion Quartly 46:311-335.
Turner, Jonathan H. (1974) The Structure of Sociological Theory. Illinois: The Dorsey Press.
三、德文部分
Donsbach, Von Wolfgang (1987) "Die Theorie der Schweigespirale," in Michael Schenk (ed.) Medienwirkungsforschung. Tubingen.
Noelle, E. (1963) Umfragen in der Massengesellschaft. Hamburg.
Noelle-Neumann, E. (1982) Die Schweige-spirale ?ffentliche Meinung-unsere soziale Haut. Berlin: Ullstein Sachbuch		zh_TW