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題名 國際非政府組織與西藏人權保護之研究
International Non-Governmental Organizations and Human Rights Protection in Tibet作者 楚思玲
Choekyi, Tsering貢獻者 姜家雄
Chiang,Alex
楚思玲
Choekyi,Tsering關鍵詞 西藏
人權
中國人權
國際非政府組織
西藏人權
NGOs
Tibet
Human Rights
China
Amnesty International
Human Rights Watch日期 2008 上傳時間 9-May-2016 13:29:25 (UTC+8) 摘要 本論文是在研究西藏自一九五○到二○○八年三月間發生過的反共抗暴所引發並受國際與國際人權組織所觀著之西藏人權問題。文中討論美國、歐盟與國際非政府組織(如，人權觀察(Human Rights Watch)和國際特赦組織 (Amnesty International))如何提出相對的策略來抵制中共對西藏的人權政策，並研究中共在即將舉辨奧運的同時如何面對來自各方的抵制與強大壓力，這些問題也隨著奧運的接近而更加顯著。 也許西方文化與中國文化有所不同而在人權的定義也有著些許的差異，但是這並不構成一個適當的理由來否認聯合國所定義用來參考的世界人權宣言（Universal Declaration of Human Rights）。同時本論文的研究範圍也涵蓋到因西藏宗教、政治、經濟與教育上的不自由而今年三月所引發之抗議示威遊行 ，並討論因中共近年來之掘起而美國與歐盟在此次事件上對中共的影響力與態度，這也許與中共的貿易關係不同而產生的影響力與表達的態度會有所不同。
This research project focuses on the Human Rights situation in Tibet under the occupation of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) since the 1950s right up to the present times when popular protests against China in Tibetan areas since March 10 this year has put the issue Tibet right back on the international arena. China’s policy stand on human rights and how it refutes accusations by International NGOs of human rights violations in China and Tibet are examined through case studies of the works and reports of Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and the current international attention on human rights in the run up to the Olympic Games in Beijing in August, 2008. Contrasting definition of ‘Human Rights’ between China and the west is also examined to suggest that arguments about cultural distinctiveness are no excuse for the denial of the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Case studies of lack of religious freedom and the general discrimination suffered by Tibetans in political, economic and educational spheres suggest why the recent popular Tibetan uprisings have erupted. An examination of the influence of International NGOs on the human rights policies of western governments like the US, France, UK, Germany as well as the EU that constitute China’s largest trading partners, show considerable influence and impact through their reports and monitoring of violations of human rights by China.參考文獻 Official Publication Amnesty International Report 2007, the state of the world‟s human rights, issued by Amnesty International (USA, 2007): 85-99. Annual report Human Rights situation in Tibet, issued by Tibetan Centre for Human rights and Democracy (2005). China, Violations of Human Rights. Prisoners of Conscience and the Death Penalty in the People’s Republic of China, Amnesty International Publications (London 1984). Defying the Dragon. China and Human Rights in Tibet, a report issued by The Law Association for Asia and the Pacific Human Rights Standing Committee (LAWASIA) and the Tibet Information Network (TIN,1991). People’s Republic of China, Recent Reports on Political Prisoners and Prisoners of Conscience in Tibet, Amnesty International Publication (London, AI Index ASA 17/19/92). Tibet and the Chinese People’s Republic, a report to the International Commission of Jurists by its Legal Inquiry Committee on Tibet (Geneva, 1960). Tibet in the United Nations, 1950-1961, issued by the Bureau of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, New Delhi. Tibet: United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Reported by: Tibet Bureau Geneva (Switzerland 2005). Tibet 2003- a Yearbook: Reports from Tibet, issued by Tibet Information Network (London 2004). White paper: Tibet – its ownership And Human Rights situation, issued by the State Council of People‟s Republic of China, 1993. Books Avedon, John F., In Exile from the Land of Snows (London: Wisdom Publications, 1984). Angle, Stephen C., Human Rights & Chinese Thought (UK: Cambridge Press, 2002). Addy, Premen, Tibet on the Imperial Chessboard (New Delhi: Academic Publishers, 1960). Andrug, Gonpo Tashi, four rivers six Ranages, reminiscences of the Resistance Movement in Tibet (Dharamsala: The Information and Publicity Office of H.H. the Dalai Lama, 1973). Aris, Michael, Aung San Suu kyi, (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson. Proceedigs of the International Seminar of Tibetan Studies 1979 (London: Aris & Phillips, 1980). Bary, Wm. Theodore de, Asian Values and Human Rights(Cambridge: Harvard University press, 1998). Edwards, Randle, R. Henkin, Louis and Nathan, Andrew J., Human Rights in Contemporary China (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986). Goldstein, Melvyn C., “ The Dragon and the Snow Lion: The tibet Question in the 20th Century, in anthony T. Kane (ed.), China Briefing 1990 (New York: The Asia Society, 1990). Goldstein, Melvyn C., The Snowlion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama (Berkeley: University of California Press,1997). Goldstein, Melvyn C., A History of Modern Tibet 1913-195; The Demise of the Lamaist State (Berkeley: University of California Press. 1989). Gao Yuan, Born Red, A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987). Guidi, Chen and Chuntao, Wu, Will the Boat Sink the Water? (London: Public Affairs Ltd., 2006). Hick, Steven, Halpin, Edward F. and Hoskins, Eric, Human Rights and the Internet, (UK: Macmillan Press Ltd., 2000). Norbu, Dawa, The Red star over Tibet (London: Collins, 1974). Norbu, Dawa, Tibet: The Road Ahead (London: Rider, 2000). Norbu, Dawa, China’s Tibet Policy, (Richmond: Curzon Press, 1998). Kent, Ann, Between Freedom and Subsistence (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1993). Korey, William, NGOs and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (New York: Palgrave Publishers, 2001). Richardson, Hugh, „Early Tibetan Inscriptions: Some Recent Discoveries’ in High Peaks, Pure Earth: Collected Writings on Tibetan History and Culture’ (London: Serinda Publications, 1998). Richardson, Hugh, Tibet and Its History (Boulder: Shambhala, 1984). Shakya, Tsering. The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). Svensson, Marina, Debating Human Rights in China (New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002). The Dalai Lama, My land and My people, (New York: Potala Corportation, 1985). Varennes, Fernand de, Asia-Pacific Human Rights Documents and Resources (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1998). Van Walt Praag, Michael, The Status of Tibet. History, Rights and Prospects in International Law (Boulder: Westview Press, 1987). Waltz, Kenneth N., Man, the state and War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959). Wu et al., Human Rights in the People’s Republic of China, (Colarado: Westview Press, 1988). Journal Articles Black, David. “The Olympic Game, human rights and democratization: lessons from Seoul and implications for Beijing.” Third World Quarterly 25 (2004): 1245-1261. Fox, Jeremy B. “An Application of Human Resources Strategic Model to the 2008 Beijing Olympics: A Discussion of HR Goal Misalignment in Projects.” Journal of Change Management 7 (June 2007): 171-186. Gottwald John C. “Chinas Economic Development and the Beijing Olympics.” International Journal of the History of Sport 25 (January 2008): 339-354. Lue, Julie H. “Lightening the Torch of Human Rights: the Olympic Games as Vehicle for Human Rights Reform.” Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights 5 (Spring 2007): 1-23. Nathan, Andrew J. “Human Rights in Chinese Foreign Policy.” The China Quarterly 139, (September, 1994): 622-643. Nye Jr, Joseph S. “soft power.” Foreign policy, 80 (Fall 1990): 153-171. Ping, Jiang. “Great Victory for the Cause of National Unity and Progress: Commemorating the 40th Anniversary of the peaceful liberation of Tibet.” China’s Tibet 1 (1991): 5-11. Selsby, D M. “Human Rights Violations in China.” In Quest of a Better China, ed. By Forum Team of the Alliance for a Better China (1992). Thakur, Ramesh. “Human Rights: Amnesty International and the United Nations.” Journal of Peace Research 2 (May, 1994): 143-160. Topgyal, Tsewang, “Sino-Tibetan Relationship since 1978.” In Quest of a Better China, ed. By Forum Team of the Alliance for a Better China, (1992). Wang, Yizhou, “China‟s State Security in a Time of Peaceful Development: A New Issue of Research Agenda.” China and World Economy 15 (2007): 77-86. Tibetan Language Sources A-lo chos-mdzad (alo Chonzed), bod-kyi gnas-lugs bden-rdzun sgo-phyebaI ide-mig zhes-bya-ba (The key that opens the door to truth to the Tibetan situation), privately distributed, 1983. Dung-dhkar Blo-bzang „phrin-las, Bod-Kyi chos-srid zung brel-skor shadpa. Krung dbyang mi-rigs dpe-skrum-khang, Beijing Nationalist Publishing House, 1983. Hren Hao Yi, mi-rigs sa-khongs rang-skyong bca-krims skor-gyi dri-ba dris-lan (Questions and Answers on laws relating t Autonomous regions), Beijing Nationalist Publishing House, 1987. Kun-bzang dpal-byor, bsregs-kyang mi-tshig-pai bod,, Tibetan Cultural Printing Press, Dharsamala, 1971. Krug-hva mi-dmags spyi-mnthun rgyal-khab-kyi rtsa-khrims ( The Constititution of PRC), Nationalisies Publishing House, Beijing, 1954. Ta-lai bla-ma, ngos-kyi yul-dang ngos –kyi mi –dmangs (Autobiograhy of 14th Dalai Lama), Dharamsala, 1962. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系
94253028資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094253028 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 姜家雄 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chiang,Alex en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 楚思玲 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Choekyi,Tsering en_US dc.creator (作者) 楚思玲 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Choekyi, Tsering en_US dc.date (日期) 2008 en_US dc.date.accessioned 9-May-2016 13:29:25 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 9-May-2016 13:29:25 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 9-May-2016 13:29:25 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0094253028 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/94955 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 外交學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 94253028 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文是在研究西藏自一九五○到二○○八年三月間發生過的反共抗暴所引發並受國際與國際人權組織所觀著之西藏人權問題。文中討論美國、歐盟與國際非政府組織(如，人權觀察(Human Rights Watch)和國際特赦組織 (Amnesty International))如何提出相對的策略來抵制中共對西藏的人權政策，並研究中共在即將舉辨奧運的同時如何面對來自各方的抵制與強大壓力，這些問題也隨著奧運的接近而更加顯著。 也許西方文化與中國文化有所不同而在人權的定義也有著些許的差異，但是這並不構成一個適當的理由來否認聯合國所定義用來參考的世界人權宣言（Universal Declaration of Human Rights）。同時本論文的研究範圍也涵蓋到因西藏宗教、政治、經濟與教育上的不自由而今年三月所引發之抗議示威遊行 ，並討論因中共近年來之掘起而美國與歐盟在此次事件上對中共的影響力與態度，這也許與中共的貿易關係不同而產生的影響力與表達的態度會有所不同。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) This research project focuses on the Human Rights situation in Tibet under the occupation of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) since the 1950s right up to the present times when popular protests against China in Tibetan areas since March 10 this year has put the issue Tibet right back on the international arena. China’s policy stand on human rights and how it refutes accusations by International NGOs of human rights violations in China and Tibet are examined through case studies of the works and reports of Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and the current international attention on human rights in the run up to the Olympic Games in Beijing in August, 2008. Contrasting definition of ‘Human Rights’ between China and the west is also examined to suggest that arguments about cultural distinctiveness are no excuse for the denial of the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Case studies of lack of religious freedom and the general discrimination suffered by Tibetans in political, economic and educational spheres suggest why the recent popular Tibetan uprisings have erupted. An examination of the influence of International NGOs on the human rights policies of western governments like the US, France, UK, Germany as well as the EU that constitute China’s largest trading partners, show considerable influence and impact through their reports and monitoring of violations of human rights by China. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter One Introduction ………………………………...........1 1. Historical Roots of the Sino-Tibetan Conflict ........4 2. The purpose of the Research ..........................9 3. Literature Review ....................................11 4. Research Methodology .................................16 5. Organization of Thesis ...............................17 6. Summary ..............................................18 Chapter Two Chinese Government’s Policy on Human Rights in Tibet ...................................................19 1. Definition of Human Rights............................20 2. China’s Human Rights Policy in Tibet.................23 3. Curtailment of Religious Freedom…………….............31 4. Panchen Lama: China’s Youngest Political Prisoner....34 5. Beijing Olympics and Human Rights in Tibet………….....41 6. Summary……………......................................53 Chapter Three Role of Major INGOs and Human Rights in Tibet …………….................................................551. Human Rights Watch.....................................55 2. Amnesty International.................................62 3.Summary................................................69 Chapter Four Influence of INGOs on China Policy of Western Governments..............................................71 1. US policy towards Human Rights in Tibet...............73 Unfair Judicial System...................................77 Post September 11 World .................................80 China’s Growing Global Power and Human Rights…………....82 2. E.U. Policy towards Human Rights in Tibet ............84 Historical background of European Interest in Tibet .....84 EU Policy on Human Rights in Tibet/China ................86 Raising Human Rights issues with China...................95 3. Changes in China’s policy on Human Rights in Tibet ..96 4.Summary……………….....................................104 Chapter Five Conclusion……………………………………………….106 1.Summary...............................................106 2. Main Findings........................................109 3. Role of International NGOs in improving human rights.111 4. Future Research......................................114 Bibliography ............................................116 zh_TW dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094253028 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 西藏 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人權 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中國人權 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國際非政府組織 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 西藏人權 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) NGOs en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Tibet en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Human Rights en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) China en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Amnesty International en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Human Rights Watch en_US dc.title (題名) 國際非政府組織與西藏人權保護之研究 zh_TW dc.title (題名) International Non-Governmental Organizations and Human Rights Protection in Tibet en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Official Publication Amnesty International Report 2007, the state of the world‟s human rights, issued by Amnesty International (USA, 2007): 85-99. Annual report Human Rights situation in Tibet, issued by Tibetan Centre for Human rights and Democracy (2005). China, Violations of Human Rights. Prisoners of Conscience and the Death Penalty in the People’s Republic of China, Amnesty International Publications (London 1984). Defying the Dragon. China and Human Rights in Tibet, a report issued by The Law Association for Asia and the Pacific Human Rights Standing Committee (LAWASIA) and the Tibet Information Network (TIN,1991). People’s Republic of China, Recent Reports on Political Prisoners and Prisoners of Conscience in Tibet, Amnesty International Publication (London, AI Index ASA 17/19/92). Tibet and the Chinese People’s Republic, a report to the International Commission of Jurists by its Legal Inquiry Committee on Tibet (Geneva, 1960). Tibet in the United Nations, 1950-1961, issued by the Bureau of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, New Delhi. Tibet: United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Reported by: Tibet Bureau Geneva (Switzerland 2005). Tibet 2003- a Yearbook: Reports from Tibet, issued by Tibet Information Network (London 2004). White paper: Tibet – its ownership And Human Rights situation, issued by the State Council of People‟s Republic of China, 1993. Books Avedon, John F., In Exile from the Land of Snows (London: Wisdom Publications, 1984). Angle, Stephen C., Human Rights & Chinese Thought (UK: Cambridge Press, 2002). Addy, Premen, Tibet on the Imperial Chessboard (New Delhi: Academic Publishers, 1960). Andrug, Gonpo Tashi, four rivers six Ranages, reminiscences of the Resistance Movement in Tibet (Dharamsala: The Information and Publicity Office of H.H. the Dalai Lama, 1973). Aris, Michael, Aung San Suu kyi, (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson. Proceedigs of the International Seminar of Tibetan Studies 1979 (London: Aris & Phillips, 1980). Bary, Wm. Theodore de, Asian Values and Human Rights(Cambridge: Harvard University press, 1998). Edwards, Randle, R. Henkin, Louis and Nathan, Andrew J., Human Rights in Contemporary China (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986). Goldstein, Melvyn C., “ The Dragon and the Snow Lion: The tibet Question in the 20th Century, in anthony T. Kane (ed.), China Briefing 1990 (New York: The Asia Society, 1990). Goldstein, Melvyn C., The Snowlion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama (Berkeley: University of California Press,1997). Goldstein, Melvyn C., A History of Modern Tibet 1913-195; The Demise of the Lamaist State (Berkeley: University of California Press. 1989). Gao Yuan, Born Red, A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987). Guidi, Chen and Chuntao, Wu, Will the Boat Sink the Water? (London: Public Affairs Ltd., 2006). Hick, Steven, Halpin, Edward F. and Hoskins, Eric, Human Rights and the Internet, (UK: Macmillan Press Ltd., 2000). Norbu, Dawa, The Red star over Tibet (London: Collins, 1974). Norbu, Dawa, Tibet: The Road Ahead (London: Rider, 2000). Norbu, Dawa, China’s Tibet Policy, (Richmond: Curzon Press, 1998). Kent, Ann, Between Freedom and Subsistence (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1993). Korey, William, NGOs and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (New York: Palgrave Publishers, 2001). Richardson, Hugh, „Early Tibetan Inscriptions: Some Recent Discoveries’ in High Peaks, Pure Earth: Collected Writings on Tibetan History and Culture’ (London: Serinda Publications, 1998). Richardson, Hugh, Tibet and Its History (Boulder: Shambhala, 1984). Shakya, Tsering. The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). Svensson, Marina, Debating Human Rights in China (New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002). The Dalai Lama, My land and My people, (New York: Potala Corportation, 1985). Varennes, Fernand de, Asia-Pacific Human Rights Documents and Resources (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1998). Van Walt Praag, Michael, The Status of Tibet. History, Rights and Prospects in International Law (Boulder: Westview Press, 1987). Waltz, Kenneth N., Man, the state and War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959). Wu et al., Human Rights in the People’s Republic of China, (Colarado: Westview Press, 1988). Journal Articles Black, David. “The Olympic Game, human rights and democratization: lessons from Seoul and implications for Beijing.” Third World Quarterly 25 (2004): 1245-1261. Fox, Jeremy B. “An Application of Human Resources Strategic Model to the 2008 Beijing Olympics: A Discussion of HR Goal Misalignment in Projects.” Journal of Change Management 7 (June 2007): 171-186. Gottwald John C. “Chinas Economic Development and the Beijing Olympics.” International Journal of the History of Sport 25 (January 2008): 339-354. Lue, Julie H. “Lightening the Torch of Human Rights: the Olympic Games as Vehicle for Human Rights Reform.” Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights 5 (Spring 2007): 1-23. Nathan, Andrew J. “Human Rights in Chinese Foreign Policy.” The China Quarterly 139, (September, 1994): 622-643. Nye Jr, Joseph S. “soft power.” Foreign policy, 80 (Fall 1990): 153-171. Ping, Jiang. “Great Victory for the Cause of National Unity and Progress: Commemorating the 40th Anniversary of the peaceful liberation of Tibet.” China’s Tibet 1 (1991): 5-11. Selsby, D M. “Human Rights Violations in China.” In Quest of a Better China, ed. By Forum Team of the Alliance for a Better China (1992). Thakur, Ramesh. “Human Rights: Amnesty International and the United Nations.” Journal of Peace Research 2 (May, 1994): 143-160. Topgyal, Tsewang, “Sino-Tibetan Relationship since 1978.” In Quest of a Better China, ed. By Forum Team of the Alliance for a Better China, (1992). Wang, Yizhou, “China‟s State Security in a Time of Peaceful Development: A New Issue of Research Agenda.” China and World Economy 15 (2007): 77-86. Tibetan Language Sources A-lo chos-mdzad (alo Chonzed), bod-kyi gnas-lugs bden-rdzun sgo-phyebaI ide-mig zhes-bya-ba (The key that opens the door to truth to the Tibetan situation), privately distributed, 1983. Dung-dhkar Blo-bzang „phrin-las, Bod-Kyi chos-srid zung brel-skor shadpa. Krung dbyang mi-rigs dpe-skrum-khang, Beijing Nationalist Publishing House, 1983. Hren Hao Yi, mi-rigs sa-khongs rang-skyong bca-krims skor-gyi dri-ba dris-lan (Questions and Answers on laws relating t Autonomous regions), Beijing Nationalist Publishing House, 1987. Kun-bzang dpal-byor, bsregs-kyang mi-tshig-pai bod,, Tibetan Cultural Printing Press, Dharsamala, 1971. Krug-hva mi-dmags spyi-mnthun rgyal-khab-kyi rtsa-khrims ( The Constititution of PRC), Nationalisies Publishing House, Beijing, 1954. Ta-lai bla-ma, ngos-kyi yul-dang ngos –kyi mi –dmangs (Autobiograhy of 14th Dalai Lama), Dharamsala, 1962. zh_TW
