Publications-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
Google ScholarTM
NCCU Library
Citation Infomation
Related Publications in TAIR
題名 Regime-Switching GARCH 模型在短期利率波動行為上的再探討:波動度均數復歸的重要性 作者 張敏宜 貢獻者 杜化宇
張敏宜關鍵詞 短期利率
條件波動度
Regime-Switching
Dispersion
GJR-GARCH日期 2008 上傳時間 9-May-2016 15:16:28 (UTC+8) 摘要 過去文獻在探究利率波動行為時多採用現貨市場利率做為研究對象,思及期貨市場交易成本較低且流動性也較高使其對新資訊的反應更為迅速下,本文改以短期利率期貨,三個月期歐洲美元定存利率期貨、三個月歐元存款利率期貨以及三十天期商業本票利率期貨的隱含利率作為樣本資料,進而探討美國、歐洲及台灣的利率波動行為。研究方法以Gray(1996)提出的一般化狀態轉換模型為基礎並加入可以反應不對稱性的Dispersion設定,此設定有二個優點,其一為當面臨極大衝擊時,可減少衝擊所造成的變異數持續性而產生波動度均數復歸的現象,此設計乃考量到樣本期間一半時期均處於高峰度狀態的情形不常見,當波動度處於高峰時,預期市場波動度會反轉成近似常態水準;其二為易於Student’s t分配之狀態轉換模型下自由度的參數化設定,使峰態可隨狀態轉換。另外亦加入槓桿效果設定來反應市場上正負消息對資產報酬波動度所造成的不對稱影響。 由AIC模型配適度選擇準則下,適合描述美國、歐洲以及台灣的利率模型分別為RS-GARCH-L-DF, RS-GJR-GARCH-L-DF與RS-GJR-GARCH模型,這三個模型在DM預測力檢定下亦顯示具較佳模型預測力,本文進一步透過此些模型來探測歷年來重大經濟事件與央行利率政策對利率波動度的影響與關聯性。 研究結果顯示美國、歐洲及台灣的利率波動行為均具有顯著的高低兩波動狀態,台灣與歐洲的利率處於高低波動期間的機率較平均,但台灣處於高波動度狀態的機率遠高於歐洲,相形之下,美國普遍處於低波動度狀態;三者的利率長期皆會回歸於某一均衡水準,且顯著存在波動度叢聚的現象,其中,台灣利率的波動最為劇烈,而美國與歐洲的利率行為則具有波動度長期會回歸某一均衡水準的現象。當利率水準較高時,可清楚窺知歐洲的利率波動度也會較大,此現象亦存在於美國的高波動時期,但不適用於台灣利率動態行為上的描述。 參考文獻 一、 中文部分 1.江明珠 ,“台灣短期利率的極端行為與風險值”, 國立中山大學博士論文,民國九十六年。 2.李命志、洪瑞成、劉洪鈞, “厚尾GARCH 模型之波動性預測能力比較”, 民國96 年5 月,輔仁管理評論,第十四卷第二期,47-72頁。 3.汪明瑜,“台灣短期利率期貨之研究”,台灣大學財務金融學研究所碩士論文,民國八十九年。 4.林常青,“台灣短期利率動態行為:狀態轉換模型的應用",經濟論文,民國九十一年,29-55頁。 5.林慧琪,“短期利率動態波動模型 - 偏態分配之應用",私立淡江大學財務金融研究所碩士論文,民國九十六年。 6.林楚雄、劉維琪、吳欽杉, “GJR與Volatility-Switching GARCH模型的比較:台灣股票市場條件波動不對稱性的研究",中國財務學會 1999 年會暨財務金融學術論文研討會,民國八十九年,969-993頁。 7.洪瑞成,“美國短期利率之動態波動行為探討”,計量管理期刊, 民國九十七年, 29-42頁。 8.洪瑞成,“風險值之探討-對稱與不對稱波動GARCH 模型之應用”,淡江大學財務金融學系金融碩士班碩士論文,民國九十一年。 9.洪堯基,“短期利率動態模型-偏態分配之實證研究”,私立淡江大學財務金融研究所碩士論文, 民國九十六年。 10.陳姿先,“美國國庫券與歐洲美元利率期貨價格間預測關係之探討-根據時間序列與人工智慧模型”,國立成功大學財務金融研究所碩士論文,民國九十二年。 11.陳佳宜,“短期利率波動的預測與檢定”,國立暨南國際大學經濟學研究所碩士論文,民國九十二年。 12.陳光耀,“臺灣短期利率衍生性金融商品價格發現之研究”,國立政治大學金融研究所碩士論文,民國九十三年。 13.連春紅,“台灣短期利率動態行為之實證研究”,國立中山大學財務管理研究所博士論文,民國九十五年。 14.張 揖 平、賴 柏 志,“廣義自我迴歸條件異質變異數模式之參數估計介紹”,財 務 計 量 專 題。 15.黃博怡、邱哲修、林卓民、陳建宏,“短期利率之動態條件變異與預測績效之探討,金融風險管理季刊,民國九十四年,17-32頁。 16.蔡政憲,“台灣保險監理之利率模型系統”,行政院金融監督管理委員會委託研究計畫,民國九十四年。 17. “世界主要利率期貨交易市場和利率期貨品種”,紅頂金融工程研究中心。 18.“臺灣期貨交易所股份有限公司三十天期商業本票利率期貨規劃書”, 台 灣期貨交易所,民國九十二年十二月。 二、英文部分 1.Andersen, T. G. and T. Bollerslev, (1998) “Answering the Skeptics: Yes, Standard Volatility Models Do Provide Accurate Forecasts”, International Economic Review, Vol. 39, 885-905. 2.Ane, T. and Loredana Ureche-Rangau, (2006) “Stock market dynamics in a regime-switching asymmetric power GARCH model”, International Review of Financial Analysis, Vol. 15, 109-129. 3.Bali, T. G. (2000a) “Modeling the Conditional Mean and Variance of the Short Rate Using Diffusion, GARCH, and Moving Average Models”, Journal of Futures Markets, Vol. 20, 717-751. 4.Bauwens, L., A. Preminger, and J. Rombouts, (2006) “Regime Switching GARCH Models”, CORE Discussion Paper. 5.Bollerslev, T. (1986) “Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 31, 307-327. 6.Bollerslev, T. (1987) “A Conditional Heteroscedastic Time Series Model for Speculative Prices and Rates of Return”, Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 69, 542-547. 7.Bollerslev, T., R. Y. Chou, and K. F. Kroner, (1992) “ARCH Modeling in Finance: A Review of the Theory and Empirical Evidence”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 52, 5-59. 8.Brenner, R. J., R. H. Harjes, and K. B. Kroner, (1996) “Another Look at Models of Short-Term Interest Rate”, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 31, 85-107. 9.Brooks, Chris (2002) Introductory Econometrics for Finance , Cambridge. 10.Brown, R. H., and S. M. Schaefer, (1994) “Interest Rate Volatility and the Shape of the Term Structure”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 347, 563-576. 11.Chatrath, A. and F. Song, (1998) “Information and the Volatility in futures and Spot Markets: The Case of the Japanese Yen”, Journal of Futures Markets, Vol. 18, 201-224. 12.Cheung, YW and HG Fung, (1997) “Information flows between eurodollar spot and futures markets”, Multinational Finance Journal, Vol. 1, 255-271. 13.Daouk, Hazen and Jie Qun Guo, (2004) “Switching Asymmetric GARCH and Options on a Volatility index”, The Journal of Futures Markets,Vol. 24, 251-282. 14.Dueker , Michael J. (1997) “Markov Switching in GARCH Processes and Mean Reverting Stock Market Volatility”, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, Vol. 15, 26-34. 15.Engle, R. (1982) “Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity with Estimates of Variance of UK Inflation”, Econometrica, Vol. 50, 987-1008. 16.Engle, R. and T. Bollerslev, (1986) “Modeling the Persistence of Conditional Variance”, Econometric Reviews, Vol. 5, 1-50. 17.Ferreira, M. (2000) “Testing Models of the Spot Interest Rate Volatility”, Working paper, University of Wisconsin-Madison. 18.Gray, S. F. (1996) “Modeling the conditional distribution of interest rates as a regime-switching process”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 42, 27- 62. 19.Grünbichler Andreas and Francis A. Longstaff, (1996) “Valuing Futures and Options on Volatility”, Journal of Banking & Finance, 985-1001. 20.Haas, M. (2004) “A New Approach to Markov-Switching GARCH Models", Journal of Financial Econometrics, Vol. 2, 493-530. 21.Hall, A. D. , H. M. Anderson, and C.W. J. Granger, (1992) “A Cointegration Analysis of Treasury Bill Yields”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 74, 116-126. 22.Hansen, B. E. (1992) “The likelihood ratio test under non-standard conditions: testing the Markov switching model of GNP”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol.7, 61-82. 23.Hansen, B. E. (1996) “Erratum: the likelihood ratio test under non-standard conditions: testing the Markov switching model of GNP”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 11, 195-198. 24.Hansen, P. R. and A. Lunde, (2001) “A comparison of volatility models: Does anything beat a GARCH (1, 1)”, University of Aarhus Working Paper. 25.Hansen, P. R. and A. Lunde, (2005) “A forecast comparison of volatility models: does anything beat a GARCH (1, 1)?” Journal of Applied Econometrics,Vol. 20, 873-889. 26.Hung, Jui-Cheng, Ming-Chih Lee and Hung-Chun Liu, (2008) “Estimation of value-at-risk for energy commodities via fat-tailed GARCH models”, Energy Economics, Vol. 30, 1173-1191. 27.Kim, C. J. (1994) “Dynamic Linear Models with Markov Switching”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 60, 1-22. 28.Klaassen, F. (2002) “Improving GARCH Volatility Forecasts with Regime-. Switching GARCH”, Empirical Economics, Vol. 27, 363-394. 29.Karadag, Mehmet Ali(2008)“Analysis of Turkish Sock Market with Markov Regime Switching Volatility Models”, a thesis submitted to the graduate school of applied mathematics of the Middle East Technical University. 30.Lettau, Martin and John Y. Campbell, (1999) “Dispersion and volatility in stock returns: an empirical investigation”, NBER working paper Papers 7144. 31.Luenberger, D. G. (1984) Linear and Nonlinear Programming , Addison-Wesley, New York. 32.Marcucci, Juri (2005) "Forecasting Stock Market Volatility with Regime-Switching GARCH Models", Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, Vol. 9, 1-53. 33.Newey, W. K. and K.D. West, (1987) “A Simple, Positive Semi-definite, Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent Covariance Matrix”, Econometrica, Vol. 55, 703-708. 34.Pindyck, Robert S. (2003) “volatililty in natural gas and oil market”, Working Papers, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research. 35.Susmel, Raúl and Madhu Kalimipalli, (2004) “Regime-Switching Stochastic Volatility and Short-Term Interest Rates”, Journal of Empirical Finance, Vol. 11, 309-329. 36.Sadorsky, P. (2006) “Modeling and forecasting petroleum futures volatility”, Energy Economics, Vol. 28, 467-488. 37.Weiss, A. A. (1984) “ARMA Models with ARCH Errors”, Journal of Time Series Analysis, Vol. 5, 129 -143. 38.Wilfling, Bernd (2009) “Volatility regime-switching in European exchange rates prior to monetary unification”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 240-270. 39.Yiuman, T. and B. Geoffrey, (1996) “Common Volatility and Volatility Spillovers between U.S. and Eurodollar Interest Rates: Evidence from the Futures Market”, Journal of Economics and Business, Vol. 48, 299-312. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
財務管理研究所
96357028資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096357028 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 杜化宇 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) 張敏宜 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) 張敏宜 zh_TW dc.date (日期) 2008 en_US dc.date.accessioned 9-May-2016 15:16:28 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 9-May-2016 15:16:28 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 9-May-2016 15:16:28 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0096357028 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/95149 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 財務管理研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 96357028 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 過去文獻在探究利率波動行為時多採用現貨市場利率做為研究對象,思及期貨市場交易成本較低且流動性也較高使其對新資訊的反應更為迅速下,本文改以短期利率期貨,三個月期歐洲美元定存利率期貨、三個月歐元存款利率期貨以及三十天期商業本票利率期貨的隱含利率作為樣本資料,進而探討美國、歐洲及台灣的利率波動行為。研究方法以Gray(1996)提出的一般化狀態轉換模型為基礎並加入可以反應不對稱性的Dispersion設定,此設定有二個優點,其一為當面臨極大衝擊時,可減少衝擊所造成的變異數持續性而產生波動度均數復歸的現象,此設計乃考量到樣本期間一半時期均處於高峰度狀態的情形不常見,當波動度處於高峰時,預期市場波動度會反轉成近似常態水準;其二為易於Student’s t分配之狀態轉換模型下自由度的參數化設定,使峰態可隨狀態轉換。另外亦加入槓桿效果設定來反應市場上正負消息對資產報酬波動度所造成的不對稱影響。 由AIC模型配適度選擇準則下,適合描述美國、歐洲以及台灣的利率模型分別為RS-GARCH-L-DF, RS-GJR-GARCH-L-DF與RS-GJR-GARCH模型,這三個模型在DM預測力檢定下亦顯示具較佳模型預測力,本文進一步透過此些模型來探測歷年來重大經濟事件與央行利率政策對利率波動度的影響與關聯性。 研究結果顯示美國、歐洲及台灣的利率波動行為均具有顯著的高低兩波動狀態,台灣與歐洲的利率處於高低波動期間的機率較平均,但台灣處於高波動度狀態的機率遠高於歐洲,相形之下,美國普遍處於低波動度狀態;三者的利率長期皆會回歸於某一均衡水準,且顯著存在波動度叢聚的現象,其中,台灣利率的波動最為劇烈,而美國與歐洲的利率行為則具有波動度長期會回歸某一均衡水準的現象。當利率水準較高時,可清楚窺知歐洲的利率波動度也會較大,此現象亦存在於美國的高波動時期,但不適用於台灣利率動態行為上的描述。 zh_TW dc.description.tableofcontents 目錄 3 第壹章 緒論 6 第一節 研究背景 6 第二節 研究動機 8 第三節 研究目的與論文架構 9 第四節 研究流程圖 10 第貳章 文獻探討 11 第一節 理論模型與文獻回顧 11 第二節 短期利率期貨 17 第三節 文獻中使用的短期利率模型 21 第參章 研究方法 28 第一節 資料來源與整理 28 第二節 條件變異數不對稱性檢定與不對稱性模型 32 第三節 研究模型建立 36 第四節 模型配適度檢定 39 第五節 Regime-Switching 模型定態檢定 40 第六節 模型預測與預測績效檢定 41 第肆章 實證結果分析 43 第一節 各種利率模型探討 43 第二節 樣本內模型配適度比較 56 第四節 央行利率政策與重大經濟事件對利率波動度的影響 60 第五節 樣本外預測與檢定 65 第伍章 研究結論 67 附錄 69 參考文獻 75 zh_TW dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096357028 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 短期利率 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 條件波動度 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Regime-Switching en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Dispersion en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) GJR-GARCH en_US dc.title (題名) Regime-Switching GARCH 模型在短期利率波動行為上的再探討:波動度均數復歸的重要性 zh_TW dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、 中文部分 1.江明珠 ,“台灣短期利率的極端行為與風險值”, 國立中山大學博士論文,民國九十六年。 2.李命志、洪瑞成、劉洪鈞, “厚尾GARCH 模型之波動性預測能力比較”, 民國96 年5 月,輔仁管理評論,第十四卷第二期,47-72頁。 3.汪明瑜,“台灣短期利率期貨之研究”,台灣大學財務金融學研究所碩士論文,民國八十九年。 4.林常青,“台灣短期利率動態行為:狀態轉換模型的應用",經濟論文,民國九十一年,29-55頁。 5.林慧琪,“短期利率動態波動模型 - 偏態分配之應用",私立淡江大學財務金融研究所碩士論文,民國九十六年。 6.林楚雄、劉維琪、吳欽杉, “GJR與Volatility-Switching GARCH模型的比較:台灣股票市場條件波動不對稱性的研究",中國財務學會 1999 年會暨財務金融學術論文研討會,民國八十九年,969-993頁。 7.洪瑞成,“美國短期利率之動態波動行為探討”,計量管理期刊, 民國九十七年, 29-42頁。 8.洪瑞成,“風險值之探討-對稱與不對稱波動GARCH 模型之應用”,淡江大學財務金融學系金融碩士班碩士論文,民國九十一年。 9.洪堯基,“短期利率動態模型-偏態分配之實證研究”,私立淡江大學財務金融研究所碩士論文, 民國九十六年。 10.陳姿先,“美國國庫券與歐洲美元利率期貨價格間預測關係之探討-根據時間序列與人工智慧模型”,國立成功大學財務金融研究所碩士論文,民國九十二年。 11.陳佳宜,“短期利率波動的預測與檢定”,國立暨南國際大學經濟學研究所碩士論文,民國九十二年。 12.陳光耀,“臺灣短期利率衍生性金融商品價格發現之研究”,國立政治大學金融研究所碩士論文,民國九十三年。 13.連春紅,“台灣短期利率動態行為之實證研究”,國立中山大學財務管理研究所博士論文,民國九十五年。 14.張 揖 平、賴 柏 志,“廣義自我迴歸條件異質變異數模式之參數估計介紹”,財 務 計 量 專 題。 15.黃博怡、邱哲修、林卓民、陳建宏,“短期利率之動態條件變異與預測績效之探討,金融風險管理季刊,民國九十四年,17-32頁。 16.蔡政憲,“台灣保險監理之利率模型系統”,行政院金融監督管理委員會委託研究計畫,民國九十四年。 17. “世界主要利率期貨交易市場和利率期貨品種”,紅頂金融工程研究中心。 18.“臺灣期貨交易所股份有限公司三十天期商業本票利率期貨規劃書”, 台 灣期貨交易所,民國九十二年十二月。 二、英文部分 1.Andersen, T. G. and T. Bollerslev, (1998) “Answering the Skeptics: Yes, Standard Volatility Models Do Provide Accurate Forecasts”, International Economic Review, Vol. 39, 885-905. 2.Ane, T. and Loredana Ureche-Rangau, (2006) “Stock market dynamics in a regime-switching asymmetric power GARCH model”, International Review of Financial Analysis, Vol. 15, 109-129. 3.Bali, T. G. (2000a) “Modeling the Conditional Mean and Variance of the Short Rate Using Diffusion, GARCH, and Moving Average Models”, Journal of Futures Markets, Vol. 20, 717-751. 4.Bauwens, L., A. Preminger, and J. Rombouts, (2006) “Regime Switching GARCH Models”, CORE Discussion Paper. 5.Bollerslev, T. (1986) “Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 31, 307-327. 6.Bollerslev, T. (1987) “A Conditional Heteroscedastic Time Series Model for Speculative Prices and Rates of Return”, Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 69, 542-547. 7.Bollerslev, T., R. Y. Chou, and K. F. Kroner, (1992) “ARCH Modeling in Finance: A Review of the Theory and Empirical Evidence”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 52, 5-59. 8.Brenner, R. J., R. H. Harjes, and K. B. Kroner, (1996) “Another Look at Models of Short-Term Interest Rate”, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 31, 85-107. 9.Brooks, Chris (2002) Introductory Econometrics for Finance , Cambridge. 10.Brown, R. H., and S. M. Schaefer, (1994) “Interest Rate Volatility and the Shape of the Term Structure”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 347, 563-576. 11.Chatrath, A. and F. Song, (1998) “Information and the Volatility in futures and Spot Markets: The Case of the Japanese Yen”, Journal of Futures Markets, Vol. 18, 201-224. 12.Cheung, YW and HG Fung, (1997) “Information flows between eurodollar spot and futures markets”, Multinational Finance Journal, Vol. 1, 255-271. 13.Daouk, Hazen and Jie Qun Guo, (2004) “Switching Asymmetric GARCH and Options on a Volatility index”, The Journal of Futures Markets,Vol. 24, 251-282. 14.Dueker , Michael J. (1997) “Markov Switching in GARCH Processes and Mean Reverting Stock Market Volatility”, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, Vol. 15, 26-34. 15.Engle, R. (1982) “Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity with Estimates of Variance of UK Inflation”, Econometrica, Vol. 50, 987-1008. 16.Engle, R. and T. Bollerslev, (1986) “Modeling the Persistence of Conditional Variance”, Econometric Reviews, Vol. 5, 1-50. 17.Ferreira, M. (2000) “Testing Models of the Spot Interest Rate Volatility”, Working paper, University of Wisconsin-Madison. 18.Gray, S. F. (1996) “Modeling the conditional distribution of interest rates as a regime-switching process”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 42, 27- 62. 19.Grünbichler Andreas and Francis A. Longstaff, (1996) “Valuing Futures and Options on Volatility”, Journal of Banking & Finance, 985-1001. 20.Haas, M. (2004) “A New Approach to Markov-Switching GARCH Models", Journal of Financial Econometrics, Vol. 2, 493-530. 21.Hall, A. D. , H. M. Anderson, and C.W. J. Granger, (1992) “A Cointegration Analysis of Treasury Bill Yields”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 74, 116-126. 22.Hansen, B. E. (1992) “The likelihood ratio test under non-standard conditions: testing the Markov switching model of GNP”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol.7, 61-82. 23.Hansen, B. E. (1996) “Erratum: the likelihood ratio test under non-standard conditions: testing the Markov switching model of GNP”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 11, 195-198. 24.Hansen, P. R. and A. Lunde, (2001) “A comparison of volatility models: Does anything beat a GARCH (1, 1)”, University of Aarhus Working Paper. 25.Hansen, P. R. and A. Lunde, (2005) “A forecast comparison of volatility models: does anything beat a GARCH (1, 1)?” Journal of Applied Econometrics,Vol. 20, 873-889. 26.Hung, Jui-Cheng, Ming-Chih Lee and Hung-Chun Liu, (2008) “Estimation of value-at-risk for energy commodities via fat-tailed GARCH models”, Energy Economics, Vol. 30, 1173-1191. 27.Kim, C. J. (1994) “Dynamic Linear Models with Markov Switching”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 60, 1-22. 28.Klaassen, F. (2002) “Improving GARCH Volatility Forecasts with Regime-. Switching GARCH”, Empirical Economics, Vol. 27, 363-394. 29.Karadag, Mehmet Ali(2008)“Analysis of Turkish Sock Market with Markov Regime Switching Volatility Models”, a thesis submitted to the graduate school of applied mathematics of the Middle East Technical University. 30.Lettau, Martin and John Y. Campbell, (1999) “Dispersion and volatility in stock returns: an empirical investigation”, NBER working paper Papers 7144. 31.Luenberger, D. G. (1984) Linear and Nonlinear Programming , Addison-Wesley, New York. 32.Marcucci, Juri (2005) "Forecasting Stock Market Volatility with Regime-Switching GARCH Models", Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, Vol. 9, 1-53. 33.Newey, W. K. and K.D. West, (1987) “A Simple, Positive Semi-definite, Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent Covariance Matrix”, Econometrica, Vol. 55, 703-708. 34.Pindyck, Robert S. (2003) “volatililty in natural gas and oil market”, Working Papers, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research. 35.Susmel, Raúl and Madhu Kalimipalli, (2004) “Regime-Switching Stochastic Volatility and Short-Term Interest Rates”, Journal of Empirical Finance, Vol. 11, 309-329. 36.Sadorsky, P. (2006) “Modeling and forecasting petroleum futures volatility”, Energy Economics, Vol. 28, 467-488. 37.Weiss, A. A. (1984) “ARMA Models with ARCH Errors”, Journal of Time Series Analysis, Vol. 5, 129 -143. 38.Wilfling, Bernd (2009) “Volatility regime-switching in European exchange rates prior to monetary unification”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 240-270. 39.Yiuman, T. and B. Geoffrey, (1996) “Common Volatility and Volatility Spillovers between U.S. and Eurodollar Interest Rates: Evidence from the Futures Market”, Journal of Economics and Business, Vol. 48, 299-312. zh_TW