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題名 空載光達技術在地層下陷監測之研究
The investigations on land subsidence monitoring by using the airborne LIDAR technology
作者 李景中
Lee, Chin Chung
貢獻者 邱式鴻
Chio, Shih Hong
李景中
Lee, Chin Chung
關鍵詞 空載光達
地層下陷
監測
擬合平面
反射強度
Airborne LIDAR
Land Subsidence
Monitor
Fitting plane
Intensity
日期 2009
上傳時間 9-May-2016 15:40:10 (UTC+8)
摘要 台灣地區地層下陷問題肇始於六十年代迄今已逾三十餘載，持續下陷面積已達1,194平方公里，最大累積下陷量達到三公尺以上。而目前地層下陷地表監測所採用的傳統水準測量耗費人力、時間較多，且不易獲得連續和全面性之地層下陷資料，目前國內水利單位限於人力時間，無法針對所有監測區域每年皆施測一次。近年來由於空載光達測量技術興起，其具有短時間內獲取大區域高密度、高精度高程資料的特性，因此本研究之目的在探討如何利用空載光達測量技術快速獲取高精度之三維點雲資訊，進行大區域的地層下陷監測及其成效。
     研究方法係首先將監測區內掃瞄的光達點雲資料進行網格化分群；接著，計算網格區域內所有光達點擬合平面的中心高程；然後，以人工或自動方法萃取出平坦、穩固的網格區域做為監測面；最後，進行不同時期網格監測面高程差異之統計測試分析，以求出地層下陷量。
     實驗結果顯示改善點雲高程精度至5公分以內後，經由網格監測面的精度、坡度、坡向、反射強度、道路範圍等為門檻值，可萃取出80%以上正確率的穩固監測面，且其高差成果與長期監測成果的平均值差異在1.3公分至2.9公分之間，由此成果可以說明本研究成果對建立一套省時省力的監測模式，進而達到地層下陷監測自動化的目的有相當幫助。
The issue of land subsidence in Taiwan has been concerned for over 30 years since 1970. Land subsidence area has been already over 1194 km2, the maximum amount of accumulative subsidence is more than 3 meters. The conventional leveling for the land subsidence monitoring is labor-intensive and time-consuming, so that the Water Resources Agency could not monitor all the subsidence area every year. Airborne LIDAR technology was developed in recent years, it has the characteristics of collecting 3-D point data at the high density and high elevation accuracy in short time. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to discuss how to utilize the airborne LIDAR technology to monitor the land subsidence.
     The proposed approach, therefore, is first to divide the collecting DSM points in the monitor area into regular grids. Secondly, all the points in the regular grids are fitted to one set planar parameters by least squares principle and the centric elevation of each grid is calculated. Third, the flatness and well-defined planar grids are selected as the monitoring surfaces with the manual or automatic method. Finally, the difference of centric elevation in each monitoring surfaces at different period is calculated and analyzed with statistical approach.
     This study shows that after refining the elevation accuracy of point clouds within 5 cm, our approach can extract stable monitoring surfaces by limiting planar fitting accuracy, flatness, slope, intensity, or by using road information. The extracted correct rate can be more than 80%. The discrepancy of elevation difference between this study and long-term monitoring result is between 1.3 cm and 2.9 cm. It proves the proposed approach is helpful on constructing the monitoring model in timesaving and efficient way, and our proposed approach has the potential for developing automatic land subsidence monitoring method.
參考文獻 中文部分
     1.內政部，2005，「辦理 LIDAR 測區之高精度及高解析度數值地形測繪、資料庫建置與應用推廣工作案期中報告-2」。共141頁，工研院能資所執行。
     2.王敏雄、劉至忠、劉正倫、蕭輔導，2006，「e-GPS 衛星基準網之VBS-RTK即時動態定位系統測量成果分析」，地籍測量，第廿五卷第2期，1-21。
     3.王匯智，2007，「完整波形分析對於提升空載光達系統定位精度之研究」，國立台灣大學土木工程學系，碩士論文：台北。
     4.王蜀嘉、曾義星，2003，「高精度及高解析度數值地形模型測製規範研究報告」，內政部地政司衛星測量中心。
     5.史天元，2005，「測深光達原理與國外測試成果」，內政部『辦理LIDAR 測區之高精度及高解析度數值地形測繪、資料庫建置與應用推廣工作案』成果發表暨應用研討會，119-122
     6.史天元、彭淼祥，2003，「空載雷射掃描數據精度評估程序之研究」，第二十一屆測量學術及應用研討會論文集，247-256。
     7.吳紹禎，2006，「不同時期空載光達成果比對探討─以新竹地區為例」，國立交通大學土木工程學系碩士論文
     8.柳志錫，2008，「地層下陷之調查與監測方法介紹」。Web: http://www.scps.cyc.edu.tw/ ~vpc /data/950322L.doc，取用日期 2008年02月18日
     9.柳志錫、諶凱英，2008，「地層下陷之監測方法」。Web: http://www.subsidence.org.tw/，取用日期 2008年02月18日
     10.國立交通大學防災研究中心，2008，「空載光達主題介紹」，國立交通大學Web: http://nhmrc.nctu.edu.tw/subject/LiDAR/lidar.html，取用日期 2008年02月18日
     11.國科會，2008，「95年土木水利學門重點研究項目：地陷區水文特性及減緩地層下陷之研究」，Web: http://proj.ncku.edu.tw/~civilpro/field/9509research%20 item.pdf，取用日期 2008年02月18日
     12.張小紅，2002，「機載激光掃描測高數據濾波及地物提取」，東北測繪季刊，第二十五卷，第四期，3-5
     13.許海龍、林襟江、張坤樹、陳威翔，2005，「台灣西部外傘頂洲沙洲地形變遷調查研究」，內政部『辦理LIDAR測區之高精度及高解析度數值地形測繪、資料庫建置與應用推廣工作案』成果發表暨應用研討會，199-209。
     14.彭淼祥、史天元，2004，「空載雷射掃描儀量測地表三維形貌技術介紹」，量測資訊第98期（93年7月）。
     15.彭淼祥、史天元、楊名、劉進金，2001，「雲林地層下陷高程監測」。第二十屆測量學術及應用研討會，337-344。
     16.湯凱佩、曾義星，2005，「以共軛平面特徵進行光達點雲資料結合之平差模式」，內政部『辦理LIDAR 測區之高精度及高解析度數值地形測繪、資料庫建置與應用推廣工作案』成果發表暨應用研討會，15-24。
     17.經濟部水利署，2005，「近4年度臺灣地區地層下陷概況」，水利統計簡訊148期，Web: http://file.wra.gov.tw/public/Data/51269161271.xls，取用日期 2009年06月12日
     18.經濟部水利署，2007a，「96年度地層下陷水準檢測及相關分析計畫」
     19.經濟部水利署，2007b，「雲林地層下陷地區地形變遷調查研究」，8-1
     20.經濟部水利署，2008a，「97年度地層下陷水準檢測及相關分析計畫」
     21.經濟部水利署，2008b，「地層下陷管理資訊系統：94-95雲林成果圖資」。Web: http://www.subsidence.org.tw/，取用日期 2008年02月18日
     22.廖永淦，2005，「應用適應性卡曼濾波器演算法偵測空載光達點雲資料中隱含於地表覆蓋面上的異常點」，國立成功大學土木工程學系，碩士論文：台南。
     23.劉進金，2005，「空載光達技術之發展現況空載光達技術之發展現況」，「國內高解析空載及衛載遙測之現況及未來」研討會，93年10月8日。行政院農業委員會及國立中央大學太空及遙測研究中心共同主辦。
     24.蕭國鑫、劉進金、游明芳、陳大科、徐偉城、王晉倫，2006，「結合空載LiDAR與航測高程資料應用於地形變化偵測」，航測及遙測學刊，11（3）：283-295。
     
     
     
     外文部分
     1.Abshire, J. M., J.F. McGarray, L.K. Pacini, J.B. Blair,&C.G. Elman, 1994, Laser Altimetry Simulator version 3.0, User’s Guide, NASA Technical Memorandum 104588, 66.
     2.Baltsavias, E.P., 1999, “Airborne laser scanning: basic relations and formulas”, ISPRS JPRS, 54:199-214.
     3.Brenner,C., 2005,The Visited data of Hannover University of Germany, Web: http://www. ikg.uni-hannover.de/（Date visited: Nov 30,2007）
     4.Burman, H., 2000.”Adjustment of laserscanner data for correction of orientation errors”. In: The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol. 33, Part B3/1, 125-132.
     5.Burman, H., 2002,”Laser Strip Adjustment for Data Calibration and Verification”, In ISPRS Commission III, Symposium 2002, Austria: Graz,, A067-A072.
     6.Clode, S. P. and Rottensteiner, F., 2005,”Classification of trees and powerlines from medium resolution airborne laserscanner data in urban environments”, Proceedings of the APRS workshop on digital image computing （WDIC）, Australia: Brisbane, 191-196.
     7.Crombaghs, M.J.E., Bruegelmann, R. and de Min, E.J.,,2000,”On the adjustment of overlapping strips of. laseraltimeter height data”,International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote. Sensing, Vol.XXXIII, Part B3,230-237
     8.Elbelink, O.S. and Maas, H.-G., 2000,”The use of anisotropic height texture measures for the segmentation of laserscanner data”. In: The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol. 33, Part B3/2, 678-684.
     9.Elberink, O.S., Brand, G. and Brugelmann, R.,2003, “Quality improvement of laser altimetry DEM`s, International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing”, vol. 34, part 3/W13,proceedings of the ISPRS workshop III/3 "3-D reconstruction from airborne laserscanner and InSAR data",Germany:Dresden: 51-58.
     10.Favey, E., 2001, Investigation and Improvement of Airborne Laser Scanning Technique for Monitoring Surface Elevation Changes of Glaciers, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich PhD.
     11.Guo T., Yoshifumi Y.,1998,”Combining high-resolution satellite imagery and airborne laser scanning data for generating bareland DEM in urban areas[A]”, ISPRS, Vol. 32, Part 4 "GIS-Between Visions and Applications", Stuttgart
     12.Habib, A.F., Cheng, R.W.T., Kim, E.-M., Mitishita, E.A., Frayne, R. and Ronsky, J.L.,2006,”Automatic Surface Matching for the Registration of LIDAR Data and MR Imagery”, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute Journal, vol.28, no.2:162-174.
     13.Hofle,B., Geist,T., Rutzinger,M. and Pfeifer,N.,2007,”Glacer surface segmention using airborne laser scanning point cloud and intensity data”, ISPRS Workshop on Laser Scanning 2007 and SilviLaser 2007, September 12-14, 2007, Finland: Espoo
     14.Hofton, M.A. and Blair, J.B., 2002,”Laser altimeter return pulse correlation: a method for detecting surface topographic change”, Journal of Geodynamics, 34 （2002）: 477-489
     15.Krabill,W.B.,Abdalati,W.,Frederick,E.B.,Manizade,S.S.,Martin,C.F.,Sonntag,J.G.,Swift,R.N.,Thomas,R.H. and Yungel,J.G.,2002,”Aircraft laser altimetry measurement of elevation changes of the greenland ice sheet: technique and accuracy assessment”, Journal of Geodynamics, Volume 34,Issues 3-4:357-376
     16.Krabill,W.B.,Wright,C.W.,Swift,R.N.,Frederick,E.B., Mankade,S.S.,Yungel,J.K., Martin,C.F.,Sonntag, J.G., Duffy, M.,Hulslander,W. and Brock, J. C.,2000, “Airborne Laser Mapping of Assateague National Seashore Beach”, Photogram- metric Engineering & Remote Sensing Vol. 66, No. 1, January 2000: 65-71.
     17.Latypov,D.,2002,”Estimating relative lidar accuracy information from overlapping flight lines”, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 56（2002）（4）:236-245.
     18.Lohr.U., Hellmeier,A. and Barruncho,L.,2004,”Precise LiDAR data - an efficient way to build up virtual 3D city models”, International Workshop on Vision Techniques Applied to the Rehabilitation of City Centres organized by CIPA, Portugal: Lisbon
     19.Luzum, B., Starek, M. and Slatton, K.C., 2006,”Normalizing ALSM intensities, Geosensing Engineering and Mapping（GEM）”, Center Report No. Rep_2006-12- 001, Civil and Coastal Engineering Department, University of Florida
     20.Maas, H.G., 2001. “On the use of pulse reflectance data for laserscanner strip adjustment”. In: The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol. 34, Part 3/W4, 53-56.
     21.Maas, H.G,2002,”Methods for measuring height and planimetry discrepancies in airborne laserscanner data”, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, Vol.68, No. 9,P933~ 940
     22.Matikainen, L., Hyyppa, J., and Hyyppa, H., 2003. “Automatic detection of buildings from laser scanner data for map updating”. In: The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol. 34, Part 3/W13,218-224.
     23.Maune, D.,2001,Digital Elevation Model Technologies and Application：The DEM User Manual, ASPRS,P431~434
     24.Morin, K.W.,2002, Calibration of Airborne Laser Scanners, UCGE Report Number 20179
     25.Optech,2006, Realm survey suite data processing manual（2006）
     26.Renslow,M., 2001,”Development of A Bare Ground DEM and Canopy Layer In NW Forestlands Using High Performance LIDAR”,ESRI international user conference.
     27.Shin J.I.,Yoon J.S.,Lee K.S. and Kim T.K,2006,”Characteristics of Intensity Signal from Airborne LiDAR Data”, Asian Association on Remote Sensing, ACRS 2006 M-2_M8
     28.Song, J.H., Han, S.H., Yu, K., and Kim, Y.I., 2002,”Assessing the possibility of land-cover classification using lidar intensity data”, In: The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol. 34, Part 3B, 259-262.
     29.Guo T., Yoshifumi Y.,1998,”Combining high-resolution satellite imagery and airborne laser scanning data for generating bareland DEM in urban areas[A]”, ISPRS, Vol. 32, Part 4 "GIS-Between Visions and Applications", Stuttgart
     30.TerraSolid, 2006, TerraMatch User’s Guide.
     31.USGS,1997, Coastal Erosion Along the U.S. West Coast During the 1997-98 El Nino:Expectations and Observations, Web: http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/lidar/ AGU_fall98/（Date visited: May 12,2009）
     32.USGS,NASA,2005, Laser Technology Helps Track Changes in Mount St. Helens, Web: http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/lookingatearth/mshelenslidar.html（Date visited: May 12,2009）
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
地政學系
95923002
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095923002
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 邱式鴻zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chio, Shih Hongen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 李景中zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lee, Chin Chungen_US
dc.creator (作者) 李景中zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lee, Chin Chungen_US
dc.date (日期) 2009en_US
dc.date.accessioned 9-May-2016 15:40:10 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 9-May-2016 15:40:10 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 9-May-2016 15:40:10 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0095923002en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/95307-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 地政學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 95923002zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 台灣地區地層下陷問題肇始於六十年代迄今已逾三十餘載，持續下陷面積已達1,194平方公里，最大累積下陷量達到三公尺以上。而目前地層下陷地表監測所採用的傳統水準測量耗費人力、時間較多，且不易獲得連續和全面性之地層下陷資料，目前國內水利單位限於人力時間，無法針對所有監測區域每年皆施測一次。近年來由於空載光達測量技術興起，其具有短時間內獲取大區域高密度、高精度高程資料的特性，因此本研究之目的在探討如何利用空載光達測量技術快速獲取高精度之三維點雲資訊，進行大區域的地層下陷監測及其成效。
     研究方法係首先將監測區內掃瞄的光達點雲資料進行網格化分群；接著，計算網格區域內所有光達點擬合平面的中心高程；然後，以人工或自動方法萃取出平坦、穩固的網格區域做為監測面；最後，進行不同時期網格監測面高程差異之統計測試分析，以求出地層下陷量。
     實驗結果顯示改善點雲高程精度至5公分以內後，經由網格監測面的精度、坡度、坡向、反射強度、道路範圍等為門檻值，可萃取出80%以上正確率的穩固監測面，且其高差成果與長期監測成果的平均值差異在1.3公分至2.9公分之間，由此成果可以說明本研究成果對建立一套省時省力的監測模式，進而達到地層下陷監測自動化的目的有相當幫助。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The issue of land subsidence in Taiwan has been concerned for over 30 years since 1970. Land subsidence area has been already over 1194 km2, the maximum amount of accumulative subsidence is more than 3 meters. The conventional leveling for the land subsidence monitoring is labor-intensive and time-consuming, so that the Water Resources Agency could not monitor all the subsidence area every year. Airborne LIDAR technology was developed in recent years, it has the characteristics of collecting 3-D point data at the high density and high elevation accuracy in short time. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to discuss how to utilize the airborne LIDAR technology to monitor the land subsidence.
     The proposed approach, therefore, is first to divide the collecting DSM points in the monitor area into regular grids. Secondly, all the points in the regular grids are fitted to one set planar parameters by least squares principle and the centric elevation of each grid is calculated. Third, the flatness and well-defined planar grids are selected as the monitoring surfaces with the manual or automatic method. Finally, the difference of centric elevation in each monitoring surfaces at different period is calculated and analyzed with statistical approach.
     This study shows that after refining the elevation accuracy of point clouds within 5 cm, our approach can extract stable monitoring surfaces by limiting planar fitting accuracy, flatness, slope, intensity, or by using road information. The extracted correct rate can be more than 80%. The discrepancy of elevation difference between this study and long-term monitoring result is between 1.3 cm and 2.9 cm. It proves the proposed approach is helpful on constructing the monitoring model in timesaving and efficient way, and our proposed approach has the potential for developing automatic land subsidence monitoring method.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 授 權 頁 .............................I
     口試委員 ............................II
     謝 辭 ...........................III
     中文摘要 ............................IV
     英文摘要 .............................V
     圖 目 錄 ..........................VIII
     表 目 錄 .............................X
     第一章 緒論 ............................1
     第一節 研究動機與目的 ...................1
     第二節 研究方法與流程 ...................3
     第三節 研究範圍與限制 ...................8
     第二章 文獻回顧與理論基礎 ................9
     第一節 相關文獻回顧 .....................9
     一、空載光達在地形變遷偵測的應用 ..........9
     二、空載光達測量精度 ...................10
     三、空載光達測量之反射強度 ..............15
     四、空載光達測量之高程比較 ..............17
     五、空載光達監測 .......................18
     第二節 理論基礎 ........................21
     一、空載光達測量原理 ...................21
     二、擬合平面 ..........................23
     三、雙線性內插 ........................25
     第三章 研究數據 .......................29
     第一節 數據來源 .......................29
     第二節 空載光達測量工作說明 .............29
     一、空載光達儀器 ......................29
     二、飛航規劃 ..........................30
     三、地面主站GPS控制測量 ................30
     四、率定飛航 ..........................31
     五、實地測量 ..........................37
     第三節 飛航資料處理 ....................38
     一、掃瞄資料處理計算 ...................38
     二、航帶平差及內部精度 .................39
     第四節 外部精度分析 ....................41
     第四章 實驗成果與分析 ..................45
     第一節 點雲網格化及擬合面計算 ...........46
     一、測區網格化 ........................46
     二、擬合平面計算 ......................47
     第二節 監測面的萃取 ....................48
     一、擬合平面坡度 ......................48
     二、擬合平面精度 ......................48
     三、反射強度 ..........................48
     四、坡向與坡度差異 ............. .......50
     五、萃取門檻值 ........................50
     第三節 下陷量成果 ......................51
     一、不考慮是否為穩固監測網格面的高差成果 ..51
     二、萃取穩固監測網格面的高差成果 .........51
     三、以低反射強度萃取監測網格面的高差成果 ..53
     四、以道路範圍萃取監測網格面的高差成果 ....57
     第四節 下陷量檢核 ......................60
     一、2008年雲林地區水準點沉陷紀錄的比對 ..60
     二、2008年雲林地區下陷等值圖的比對 .......62
     三、小結 ..............................65
     第五節 成果分析 ........................66
     第五章 結論與建議 ......................69
     第一節 結論 ...........................69
     第二節 建議 ...........................71
     參考文獻 ..............................72		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095923002en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 空載光達zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 地層下陷zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 監測zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 擬合平面zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 反射強度zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Airborne LIDARen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Land Subsidenceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Monitoren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Fitting planeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Intensityen_US
dc.title (題名) 空載光達技術在地層下陷監測之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The investigations on land subsidence monitoring by using the airborne LIDAR technologyen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文部分
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