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題名 論彼得‧薛佛《戀馬狂》中焦慮之意義
On the Meaning of Anxiety in Peter Shaffer`s Equus
作者 曾志峰
Tseng, Chih Feng
貢獻者 羅狼仁
Brian David Phillips
曾志峰
Tseng, Chih Feng
關鍵詞 《戀馬狂》
焦慮
存在主義心理學
社會價值
認同危機
理想自我
心靈成長
Equus
anxiety
existential psychology
inner conflict
social value
identity crisis
ideal self
spiritual growth
日期 2016
上傳時間 1-七月-2016 14:50:52 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文以存在主義心理學來檢視彼得薛佛《戀馬狂》中兩位主角，病人艾倫‧斯壯與心理醫生馬汀‧戴瑟的內在衝突。本劇所描繪的社會建構了許多教條式的價值並將其灌輸給人們，而這些內化了的社會價值致使人們與內在自我產生衝突，做出違背自己本性的行為並表現出行為與信念上之差異。本劇暗示了，盲目地接受社會價值將使人面臨「焦慮」以及可能隨之而來的認同危機。許多人通常認為「焦慮」對人類之健全有負面影響，然而，「焦慮」在彼得‧薛佛的《戀馬狂》中是個人掙扎實現其理想自我的隱喻。雖然兩位主角內化社會價值並因此有了不好的自我形象，本論文認為，他們所經歷的治療過程協助他們處理焦慮，檢視自身信念並且獲得心靈成長，原諒他者，接受自己。
The present thesis examines the inner conflict of the protagonists in Peter Shaffer’s Equus, the patient Alan Strang and the psychiatrist Martin Dysart, from the perspective of
existential psychology. The play depicts a society that constructs many dogmatic values and instils them within people for the sustainability of the community, and these internalized social values often lead people to come into conflict with their own inner self, acting against their nature and displaying a discrepancy between actions and beliefs. The play implies that accepting social values blindly will result in man’s "anxiety" and identity crisis that may come afterwards. “Anxiety” is normally considered by many to influence man’s well-being in a negative way; however, “anxiety” for Shaffer in this play is a metaphor of an individual’s struggle to fulfill the ideal self. Although Alan and Dysart internalize social values and thus have a poor self-image, I argue that the therapy they go through help them cope with anxiety, examining their own beliefs and achieving spiritual growth through showing self-acceptance and forgiveness of others.
參考文獻 Albert and Loy Morehead. Ed. Fourth Ed. The New American Webster Handy College Dictionary. New York: New American Library, a division of Penguin Group, 2006.
Bakhtin, Mikhail. Rabelais and His World. Tran. Helene Iswolsky. Bloomington: Indiana U P, 1984. Print.
B. Ewen, Robert. An Introduction to Theories of Personality. 7th Ed. New York and London: Psychology Press, 2010. Print.
Braham, Carol, et al. Collins Cobuild Intermediate Dictionary of American English. Massachusetts: Thomson Heinle, 2008. Print.
Busiel, Christopher G. “Equus.” Drama for Students. Detroit: Gale. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 19 June 2016.
Cassirer, Ernst. The Myth of the State. Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag, 2007.
Cowman, L. B. Streams in the Desert. Michigan: Zondervan, 1997. Print.
E. Kalson. Albert. “Equus by Peter Shaffer.” Educational Theatre Journal, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Dec., 1973), pp 514-515. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Accessed 25/02/2014 22:03.
Ellenzweig, Allen. “Domestication and Its Discontents.” Gay & Lesbian Review/Worldwide 16.1 (Jan.-Feb 2009): 50. Rpt, in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 291. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 1 Nov. 2013.
Ewen, Robert B. An Introduction to Theories of Personality. New York and London: Psychology Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2010. Print.
Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its Discontent. New York: Norton & Company Inc., 1961. Print.
Foster, Laurel and Sue Harper, Ed. British Culture and Society in the 1970s: The Lost Decade. UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Print.
Fu-Shan, Lai. Peter Shaffer’s Dramatic Vision of the Failure of Society: A Study of The Royal Hunt of the Sun, Equus and Amadeus. MA thesis. Simon Fraser University, 1989. Print.
Gavrila, Rebecca. “Review.” Theatre Journal, Vol. 59, No. 4, Performance and Cognition (Dec., 2007), pp. 674-676.
George, Theodore D. “The Disruption of Health: Shaffer, Foucault and ‘the Normal’.” Journal of Medical Humanities. Vol. 20, Issue 4 (Winter). 231-245. Print.
Gianakaris, C. J. Peter Shaffer. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992. Print.
---. Peter Shaffer: A Casebook. New York and London: Carland Publishing Inc., 1991. Print.
Han-Yang, Chang. Conflicts and Confrontations between Two Culture in Peter Shaffer’s Equus and Amadeus. MA thesis. National Taiwan Normal University, 1999. Print.
Heller, Fran. “Equus Treated to Awesome Production at Beck.” Cleveland Jewish News 106.7 (9 Feb. 2007): 64. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 291. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 1. Nov. 2013.
"Ideal self." Dictionary of Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine by Churchill Livingstone. 2008. Elsevier Limited 24 Apr. 2016
“Identity Crisis.” Oxford Dictionaries: Language Matters. Web. 14 March 2016.
Indick, William. Psychology for Screenwriters. USA: Michael Wiese Productions, 2004. Print.
Innces, Christopher. Holy Theatre: Ritual and the Avant Garde. Melbourne, New York: the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. Print.
“Inner Self.” Collins Online Dictionary. Web 24 Apr. 2016.
Jentsch, Ernst. “On the Psychology of the Uncanny.” Uncanny Modernity. Jo Collins & John Jervis. Ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillian, 2008. Print.
Jeffrey Chih-Hsin, Pai. Alan Strang’s Subjectivity: Lacanian Unconscious in Peter Shaffer’s Equus. MA thesis. Fu-Jen University, 2013. Print.
Judt, Tony. Post War: A History of Europe Since 1945. New York: Penguin Books, 2005. Print.
Kage, Melanie. Of Men and Centaurs: Identity and the Relationship of Humans and Horses in Peter Shaffer’s Equus. MA thesis. Linköping University, 2010. Print.
Kalson, Albert E. “Equus by Peter Shaffer.” Educational Theatre Journal, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Dec., 1973), pp. 514-515. The Johns Hopkins University Press. .
King James Version Bible. Taipei: United Bible Societies, 1961. Print.
King, Kimball. Ed. Modern Dramatists: a Case Book of Major British, Irish, and American playwrights. New York: Routledge, 2001. Print.
Knowles, Ronald. Ed. Introduction. Shakespeare and Carnival: After Bakhtin. London: Macmillan, 1998. Print.
MacMurraugh-Kavanagh, M. K. Peter Shaffer: Theatre and Drama. London: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1998. Print.
May, Rollo. Man’s Search for Himself. USA: Vail-Ballou Press. 1953. Print.
---. Psychology and the Human Dilemma. New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc, 1967. Print.
---. The Courage to Create. London: W. W. Norton, 1994. Print.
---. The Cry for Myth. London: Souvenir Press, 1993. Print.
---. The Meaning of Anxiety. New York: The Roland Press Company, 1950. Print.
Murphy, Michael. Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture. UK: Longman, 2005. Print.
Palmer, Richard H. The Contemporary British History Play. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. 1998.
Pancotan, Antonia. “The ‘Madman’ Who Cures the Psychiatrist of Sanity.” Partium Christian University. Print.
Parvu, Ligia. “Peter Shaffer’s S and the Re-Inventing of Theatricality.” B. A. S.: British and American Studies/Revista de StudiiBritanice Si Americane 6 (2000): 86-93. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 291. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 1 Nov. 2013.
Rundell, Michael. Ed. English-Chinese Edition of the Macmillan English Dictionary For Advanced Learners. Taipei: Bookman, 2008. Print.
Ruth, Coates. Christianity in Bakhtin: God and the Exiled Author. UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1998. Print.
Ryckman, Richard M. Theories of Personality. United States: University of Maine. 2013. Print.
Shaffer, Peter. Equus. New York: Penguin Books, 1977. Print.
Shao-Wen, Emily Su. “Beyond the Unconscious: “Gaze” in Peter Shaffer’s Equus.” Tamkang Review, Vol. XXXXVI, No. 3. (2006): 137-168. Print.
Shao-Gang, Yang 楊韶剛. Xun Zhao Cun Zai De Zhen Di: Luo Luo Mei De Cun ZaiZhu Yi Xin Li Xue尋找存在的真諦：羅洛梅的存在主義心理學. Taipei: Mao Tou Ying Chu Ban She, 2001. Print.
Shu-Mei, Chang. The Duality in Peter Shaffer’s The Royal Hunt of the Sun, Equus, and Amadeus: a Psychoanalytic View. MA thesis. Chinese Culture University, 2004. Print.
Smith, Warren Sylvester, and C. J. Gianakaris. “Peter (Levin) Shaffer.” British Dramatist Since World War II. Ed. Stanley Weintraub. Detroit: Gale Research, 1982. Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 13. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 1 Nov. 2013.
Stevens, Mark A. Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. USA: Merriam-Webster, 2000. Print.
Summers, Della. Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture. Third Ed. England: Pearson Education Limited.
Timm, Neil. “Equus as a Modern Tragedy.” West Virginia Philosophical Papers 25 (1979): 128-134. Rpt. in Drama Criticism. Ed. Lawrence J. Trudeau. Vol. 7. Detroit: Gale Research, 1997. Literature Resources from Gale. Web 1 Nov. 2013.
VandenBos, Gary R. APA Concise Dictionary of Psychology. Washington: American Psychology Association, 2009. Print.
Vandenbrouke, Russell. “Equus: Modern Myth in the Making .” Drama and Theatre 12.2 (Spring 1975): 129-133. Rpt. in Drama Criticism. Ed. Lawrence J. Trudeau. Vol. 7. Detroit: Gale Research, 1997. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 1 Nov. 2013.
Walls, Doyle W. “Equus: Shaffer, Nietzsche, and the Neuroses of Health.” Modern Drama 27.3 (Sep. 1984): 314-323. Rpt. In Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Roger Matuz and Cathy Falk. Vol. 60. Detroit: Gale Research, 1990. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 1 Nov. 2013.
Witham, Barry B. “The Anger in Equus.” Modern Drama 22.1 (Mar. 1979): 61-66. Rpt, in Cotemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Roger Matuz and Cathy Falk. Vol. 60. Detroit: Gale Research, 1990. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 1 Nov. 2013.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學系
100551003
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1005510031
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 羅狼仁zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Brian David Phillipsen_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 曾志峰zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Tseng, Chih Fengen_US
dc.creator (作者) 曾志峰zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Tseng, Chih Fengen_US
dc.date (日期) 2016en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-七月-2016 14:50:52 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-七月-2016 14:50:52 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-七月-2016 14:50:52 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G1005510031en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/98523-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 英國語文學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100551003zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文以存在主義心理學來檢視彼得薛佛《戀馬狂》中兩位主角，病人艾倫‧斯壯與心理醫生馬汀‧戴瑟的內在衝突。本劇所描繪的社會建構了許多教條式的價值並將其灌輸給人們，而這些內化了的社會價值致使人們與內在自我產生衝突，做出違背自己本性的行為並表現出行為與信念上之差異。本劇暗示了，盲目地接受社會價值將使人面臨「焦慮」以及可能隨之而來的認同危機。許多人通常認為「焦慮」對人類之健全有負面影響，然而，「焦慮」在彼得‧薛佛的《戀馬狂》中是個人掙扎實現其理想自我的隱喻。雖然兩位主角內化社會價值並因此有了不好的自我形象，本論文認為，他們所經歷的治療過程協助他們處理焦慮，檢視自身信念並且獲得心靈成長，原諒他者，接受自己。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The present thesis examines the inner conflict of the protagonists in Peter Shaffer’s Equus, the patient Alan Strang and the psychiatrist Martin Dysart, from the perspective of
existential psychology. The play depicts a society that constructs many dogmatic values and instils them within people for the sustainability of the community, and these internalized social values often lead people to come into conflict with their own inner self, acting against their nature and displaying a discrepancy between actions and beliefs. The play implies that accepting social values blindly will result in man’s "anxiety" and identity crisis that may come afterwards. “Anxiety” is normally considered by many to influence man’s well-being in a negative way; however, “anxiety” for Shaffer in this play is a metaphor of an individual’s struggle to fulfill the ideal self. Although Alan and Dysart internalize social values and thus have a poor self-image, I argue that the therapy they go through help them cope with anxiety, examining their own beliefs and achieving spiritual growth through showing self-acceptance and forgiveness of others.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Plot Summary 3
1.2 Literature Review 4
1.3 Peter Shaffer: A Humanistic Playwright 7
1.4 A New Perspective: Reading Equus through Rollo May 10
1.5 Chapter Organization 13
Chapter 2 Anxiety, Signs and Consequence 17
2.1 Mapping Anxiety 18
2.2 Man of Anxiety I: The Ignorant Man 21
2.2.1 Anxiety of the Public 21
2.2.2 Anxiety within the Household 24
2.2.2.1 A Father: Frank Strang 25
2.2.2.2 A Mother: Dora Strang 29
2.3 Man of Anxiety II: The Waking Man 34
2.3.1 Alan Strang 34
2.3.2 Martin Dysart 45
Chapter 3 Transforming Anxiety I: Emergence of the Ideal Self 49
3.1 Mapping Canivalesque 50
3.2 Narrative Structure as a Circle of Spiritual Renewal 52
3.3 The Presence of the Ideal Self 57
3.3.1 Alan Strang 58
3.3.2 Martin Dysart 65
Chapter 4 Transforming Anxiety II: Integration of the Broken Self 69
4.1 Mapping Uncertainty 69
4.1.1 Alan Strang 70
4.1.2 Martin Dysart 75
Chapter 5 Conclusion 83
Works Cited 89		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1615221 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1005510031en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 《戀馬狂》zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 焦慮zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 存在主義心理學zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會價值zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 認同危機zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 理想自我zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 心靈成長zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Equusen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) anxietyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) existential psychologyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) inner conflicten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) social valueen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) identity crisisen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) ideal selfen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) spiritual growthen_US
dc.title (題名) 論彼得‧薛佛《戀馬狂》中焦慮之意義zh_TW
dc.title (題名) On the Meaning of Anxiety in Peter Shaffer`s Equusen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Albert and Loy Morehead. Ed. Fourth Ed. The New American Webster Handy College Dictionary. New York: New American Library, a division of Penguin Group, 2006.
Bakhtin, Mikhail. Rabelais and His World. Tran. Helene Iswolsky. Bloomington: Indiana U P, 1984. Print.
B. Ewen, Robert. An Introduction to Theories of Personality. 7th Ed. New York and London: Psychology Press, 2010. Print.
Braham, Carol, et al. Collins Cobuild Intermediate Dictionary of American English. Massachusetts: Thomson Heinle, 2008. Print.
Busiel, Christopher G. “Equus.” Drama for Students. Detroit: Gale. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 19 June 2016.
Cassirer, Ernst. The Myth of the State. Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag, 2007.
Cowman, L. B. Streams in the Desert. Michigan: Zondervan, 1997. Print.
E. Kalson. Albert. “Equus by Peter Shaffer.” Educational Theatre Journal, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Dec., 1973), pp 514-515. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Accessed 25/02/2014 22:03.
Ellenzweig, Allen. “Domestication and Its Discontents.” Gay & Lesbian Review/Worldwide 16.1 (Jan.-Feb 2009): 50. Rpt, in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 291. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 1 Nov. 2013.
Ewen, Robert B. An Introduction to Theories of Personality. New York and London: Psychology Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2010. Print.
Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its Discontent. New York: Norton & Company Inc., 1961. Print.
Foster, Laurel and Sue Harper, Ed. British Culture and Society in the 1970s: The Lost Decade. UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Print.
Fu-Shan, Lai. Peter Shaffer’s Dramatic Vision of the Failure of Society: A Study of The Royal Hunt of the Sun, Equus and Amadeus. MA thesis. Simon Fraser University, 1989. Print.
Gavrila, Rebecca. “Review.” Theatre Journal, Vol. 59, No. 4, Performance and Cognition (Dec., 2007), pp. 674-676.
George, Theodore D. “The Disruption of Health: Shaffer, Foucault and ‘the Normal’.” Journal of Medical Humanities. Vol. 20, Issue 4 (Winter). 231-245. Print.
Gianakaris, C. J. Peter Shaffer. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992. Print.
---. Peter Shaffer: A Casebook. New York and London: Carland Publishing Inc., 1991. Print.
Han-Yang, Chang. Conflicts and Confrontations between Two Culture in Peter Shaffer’s Equus and Amadeus. MA thesis. National Taiwan Normal University, 1999. Print.
Heller, Fran. “Equus Treated to Awesome Production at Beck.” Cleveland Jewish News 106.7 (9 Feb. 2007): 64. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 291. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 1. Nov. 2013.
"Ideal self." Dictionary of Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine by Churchill Livingstone. 2008. Elsevier Limited 24 Apr. 2016
“Identity Crisis.” Oxford Dictionaries: Language Matters. Web. 14 March 2016.
Indick, William. Psychology for Screenwriters. USA: Michael Wiese Productions, 2004. Print.
Innces, Christopher. Holy Theatre: Ritual and the Avant Garde. Melbourne, New York: the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. Print.
“Inner Self.” Collins Online Dictionary. Web 24 Apr. 2016.
Jentsch, Ernst. “On the Psychology of the Uncanny.” Uncanny Modernity. Jo Collins & John Jervis. Ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillian, 2008. Print.
Jeffrey Chih-Hsin, Pai. Alan Strang’s Subjectivity: Lacanian Unconscious in Peter Shaffer’s Equus. MA thesis. Fu-Jen University, 2013. Print.
Judt, Tony. Post War: A History of Europe Since 1945. New York: Penguin Books, 2005. Print.
Kage, Melanie. Of Men and Centaurs: Identity and the Relationship of Humans and Horses in Peter Shaffer’s Equus. MA thesis. Linköping University, 2010. Print.
Kalson, Albert E. “Equus by Peter Shaffer.” Educational Theatre Journal, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Dec., 1973), pp. 514-515. The Johns Hopkins University Press. .
King James Version Bible. Taipei: United Bible Societies, 1961. Print.
King, Kimball. Ed. Modern Dramatists: a Case Book of Major British, Irish, and American playwrights. New York: Routledge, 2001. Print.
Knowles, Ronald. Ed. Introduction. Shakespeare and Carnival: After Bakhtin. London: Macmillan, 1998. Print.
MacMurraugh-Kavanagh, M. K. Peter Shaffer: Theatre and Drama. London: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1998. Print.
May, Rollo. Man’s Search for Himself. USA: Vail-Ballou Press. 1953. Print.
---. Psychology and the Human Dilemma. New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc, 1967. Print.
---. The Courage to Create. London: W. W. Norton, 1994. Print.
---. The Cry for Myth. London: Souvenir Press, 1993. Print.
---. The Meaning of Anxiety. New York: The Roland Press Company, 1950. Print.
Murphy, Michael. Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture. UK: Longman, 2005. Print.
Palmer, Richard H. The Contemporary British History Play. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. 1998.
Pancotan, Antonia. “The ‘Madman’ Who Cures the Psychiatrist of Sanity.” Partium Christian University. Print.
Parvu, Ligia. “Peter Shaffer’s S and the Re-Inventing of Theatricality.” B. A. S.: British and American Studies/Revista de StudiiBritanice Si Americane 6 (2000): 86-93. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 291. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 1 Nov. 2013.
Rundell, Michael. Ed. English-Chinese Edition of the Macmillan English Dictionary For Advanced Learners. Taipei: Bookman, 2008. Print.
Ruth, Coates. Christianity in Bakhtin: God and the Exiled Author. UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1998. Print.
Ryckman, Richard M. Theories of Personality. United States: University of Maine. 2013. Print.
Shaffer, Peter. Equus. New York: Penguin Books, 1977. Print.
Shao-Wen, Emily Su. “Beyond the Unconscious: “Gaze” in Peter Shaffer’s Equus.” Tamkang Review, Vol. XXXXVI, No. 3. (2006): 137-168. Print.
Shao-Gang, Yang 楊韶剛. Xun Zhao Cun Zai De Zhen Di: Luo Luo Mei De Cun ZaiZhu Yi Xin Li Xue尋找存在的真諦：羅洛梅的存在主義心理學. Taipei: Mao Tou Ying Chu Ban She, 2001. Print.
Shu-Mei, Chang. The Duality in Peter Shaffer’s The Royal Hunt of the Sun, Equus, and Amadeus: a Psychoanalytic View. MA thesis. Chinese Culture University, 2004. Print.
Smith, Warren Sylvester, and C. J. Gianakaris. “Peter (Levin) Shaffer.” British Dramatist Since World War II. Ed. Stanley Weintraub. Detroit: Gale Research, 1982. Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 13. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 1 Nov. 2013.
Stevens, Mark A. Ed. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Encyclopedia. USA: Merriam-Webster, 2000. Print.
Summers, Della. Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture. Third Ed. England: Pearson Education Limited.
Timm, Neil. “Equus as a Modern Tragedy.” West Virginia Philosophical Papers 25 (1979): 128-134. Rpt. in Drama Criticism. Ed. Lawrence J. Trudeau. Vol. 7. Detroit: Gale Research, 1997. Literature Resources from Gale. Web 1 Nov. 2013.
VandenBos, Gary R. APA Concise Dictionary of Psychology. Washington: American Psychology Association, 2009. Print.
Vandenbrouke, Russell. “Equus: Modern Myth in the Making .” Drama and Theatre 12.2 (Spring 1975): 129-133. Rpt. in Drama Criticism. Ed. Lawrence J. Trudeau. Vol. 7. Detroit: Gale Research, 1997. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 1 Nov. 2013.
Walls, Doyle W. “Equus: Shaffer, Nietzsche, and the Neuroses of Health.” Modern Drama 27.3 (Sep. 1984): 314-323. Rpt. In Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Roger Matuz and Cathy Falk. Vol. 60. Detroit: Gale Research, 1990. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 1 Nov. 2013.
Witham, Barry B. “The Anger in Equus.” Modern Drama 22.1 (Mar. 1979): 61-66. Rpt, in Cotemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Roger Matuz and Cathy Falk. Vol. 60. Detroit: Gale Research, 1990. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 1 Nov. 2013.		zh_TW