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題名 土地槓桿比率與房價變動關聯性之研究
A Study of Relationship between Land Leverage Ratio and Housing Price Change
作者 葉士郁
Yeh, Shi Yu
貢獻者 陳奉瑤
Chen, Fong Yao
葉士郁
Yeh, Shi Yu
關鍵詞 土地槓桿比率
房價變動
土地
Land Leverage
Land
Housing Price Change
日期 2016
上傳時間 21-Jul-2016 10:35:45 (UTC+8)
摘要   我國近十年來房價上漲幅度相當驚人,政府雖然祭出許多針對投資需求之政策,以求減少房地產不當投資行為,解決高房價問題下造成的諸多社會問題。惟此些政策對抑制高房價之效果並不明顯,是否仍有影響漲價之重要因素未掌握,以致房價上漲情形未得趨緩。本論文根據Bostic et al.(2007)提出之土地槓桿假說,基於土地與建物屬性不同,其認為土地供給彈性相對僵固,故房地產中土地成分越高者,其房價變動率越大。此種有別過去政策指向總體性投資需求之觀點,以房地產個體性差異之角度解釋房地產漲價,或許是相關政策可以參考的方向之一。進一步結合經濟理論建構房地產增值迴路之支持,更突顯了房地產市場與土地間之關聯性密不可分。
  本論文以臺北市、臺中市、高雄市作為研究範圍,採用不動產實價登錄資料中之近似交易案例進行實證,計算個案房價變動率與土地槓桿比率,透過複迴歸模型進行分析。研究結果指出,土地槓桿比率與房價變動率確有明顯的正向關係,房價變動與土地成分有重要關聯,且即使在土地高度立體利用下,土地槓桿比率仍有一定影響力。基於本論文主張之房地產增值迴路,在土地槓桿比率確有影響之實證結果下,欲改善房價不當上漲問題,宜透過土地評價合理化,做為將土地要素納入政策之首要手段;並避免個案因土地低度利用,造成其土地槓桿比率偏高,所引起土地槓桿比率之漲價效果。
 Housing price grew soon and intensely in the past decade in Taiwan. The government has made lots of policies to resolve the social issue caused by high housing price, but most of them didn’t play a role. It said there were some important factors which are the policies ignored. Based on the “Land Leverage Hypothesis” of Bostic et al.(2007) that the higher land leverage ratio is, the higher housing price changes. We support that land is a considerable factor with housing price change.
 This article used housing price sale data in Taipei, Taichung and Kaohsiung from Actual Selling Price Database. We picked up the repeat sales sample from the data set to calculate the ratio of housing price change, and applied land residual method to compute the land leverage ratio of each case. In empirical study, we found that land leverage hypothesis is true and the land leverage ratio has an enhanced effect on housing price change even in condominium-building submarket.
 As the result, we suggested that policies should consider the importation of land. First, the assessment of land must be corrected to press close to market value, then policy makers could put the accurate land value into policy planning. Second, because of the effect of land leverage ratio, we thought such policies like urban renew which could maintain suitable land leverage ratio level.
參考文獻 專書
馬克思(Karl Marx)著,2004,「資本論第三卷」,北京:人民出版社。
林森田,2008,「土地經濟學」,台北:巨流政大書城。
李承嘉,2012,「台灣土地政策析論-從改革到投機的福爾摩沙」,台北:五南出版社。
殷章甫,2004,「土地經濟學」,台北:五南出版社。

中文參考文獻
吳孟璇,2015,「臺北市高房價成因剖析─以租價關係、總體因素與預期因素探討」,『國立政治大學地政學系碩士論文』,臺北市。
李景國、袁一正,2012,「北京市房價和地價關係分析」,『建築經濟』,253:61-64。
杜宇璇、宋豐荃、曾禹瑄、葛仲寧、陳奉瑤,2013,「台灣特徵價格模型之回顧分析」,『土地問題研究季刊』,12(2):44-57。
周豫,2014,「土地槓桿影響城市住宅價格波動的美國經驗」,『建築經濟』,379:74-76。
林子欽、李汪穎、陳國華,2011,「公寓建物之折舊估算與房屋稅負」,『都市與計劃』,38(1):31-46。
林祖嘉、馬毓駿,2007,「特徵方程式大量估價法在台灣不動產市場之應用」,『住宅學報』,16(2):1-22。
利秀蘭,2012,「不動產相關稅制之研究」,『經濟研究』,12:73-80。
徐美茹,2011,「金融衝擊需求拉動:房價與地價因果關係研究」,『浙江金融』,10:30-34。
高峰,2010,「中美房地產土地槓桿研究」,『現代經濟』,7(11):31-32。
高毓穗,2007,「房地分離下建物折舊之研究」,『國立政治大學地政學系碩士學位論文』,臺北市。
張金鶚、陳明吉、鄧筱蓉、楊智元,2009,「臺北市房價泡沫知多少?—房價vs.租金、房價vs.所得」,『住宅學報』,18(2):1-22。
張金鶚、楊宗憲、洪御仁,2008,「中古屋及預售屋房價指數之建立、評估與整合-臺北市之實證分析」,『住宅學報』,17(2):13-34。梁仁旭,2012,「不動產價值逆折舊之探討」,『住宅學報』,21(2):71-90。
梁仁旭、廖彬傑、陳奉瑤、葉惠中,2015,「應用克利金法輔助地價區段劃設之研究」,『臺灣土地研究』,18(2)。
楊宗憲、蘇倖慧,2011,「迎毗設施與鄰避設施對住宅價格影響之研究」,『住宅學報』,20(2):61-80。
葉士郁、吳承曄、陳奉瑤,2015,「土地槓桿比率於基準地評價之實證分析」,『土地經濟年刊』,26:136-167。
謝炘宏,2013,「房地分離下建物折舊路徑之探討」,『國立臺北大學不動產與城鄉學系碩士學位論文』,新北市。

外文參考文獻
Bostic, R. W., S. D. Longhofer & C. L. Redfearn, 2007, “Land Leverage: Decomposing Home Price Dynamics", Real Estate Economics, 35(2): 183-208.
Bourassa, S. C., D. R. Haurin, J. L. Haurin, M. Hoesli & J. Sun, 2009, “House Price Changes and Idiosyncratic Risk: the Impact of Property Characteristics", Real Estate Economics, 37(2): 259-278.
Bourassa, S. C., M. Hoesli, D. Scognamiglio & S. Zhang, 2011, “Land Leverage and House Prices", Regional Science & Urban Economics, 41(2): 134-144.
Case, K. E., 2007, “The Value of Land in the United States: 1975-2005", Land Policies and Their Outcomes, 127-147.
Chen, M.& K. Patel, 1998, “Housing Price Dynamics and Granger Causality: An Analysis of Taipei New Dwelling Market", Journal of the Asia Real Estate Society, 1(1): 101-126.
Costello, G. & C. Leishman, 2012, “L& Leverage Dynamics in Property Markets", RICS Research.
Davis, M. A. & J. Heathcote, 2007, “The Price & Quantity of Residential Land in the United States", Journal of Monetary Economics, 54(8): 2595-2620.
Davis, M. A. & M. G. Palumbo., 2008, “The Price of Residential Land in Large US Cities", Journal of Urban Economics, 63(1): 352-384.
Du, H., Y. Ma & Y. An, 2011, “The Impact of Land Policy on the Relation between Housing and Land Prices: Evidence from China", The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 51(1): 19-27.
Glaeser, E. L.& J. Gyourko, 2005, “Urban Decline and Durable Housing", Journal of Political Economy, 113(2):345-375.
Huang, H. & Y. Tang, 2012, “Residential Land Use Regulation and the US Housing Price Cycle Between 2000 and 2009", Journal of Urban Economics, 71:93-99.
Hudson, M., 2010, “The Land-Residual vs. Building-Residual Methods of Real Estate Valuation."Retrieved July 14, 2015 from the Michael Hudson on the World Wide Web: http://michael-hudson.com/2010/08/the-land-residual-vs-building-residual-methods-of-real-estate-valuation-2/
Krause, A. L., & C. Bitter, 2012, “Spatial Econometrics, Land Values and Sustainability: Trends in Real Estate Valuation Research", Cities, 29 : S19-S25.
Lum, S. K., 2002, “Market Fundamentals, Public Policy and Private Gain: Housing Price Dynamics in Singapore", Journal of Property Research, 19(2): 121-143.
Mikhed, V., & Zemčík, P., 2009, “Do House Prices Reflect Fundamentals? Aggregate and Panel Data Evidence", Journal of Housing Economics, 18(2): 140-149.
Nichols, J. B., S. D. Oliner & M. R. Mulhall, 2013, “Swings in Commercial and Residential Land Prices in the United States", Journal of Urban Economics, 73(1): 57-76.
Oikarinen, E., 2010, “An Econometric Examination on the Share of Land Value of Single-Family Housing Prices in Helsinki", Research on Finnish Society, 3: 7-18.
Rauterkus, S. Y. & N. G. Miller, 2011, “Residential Land Values and Walkability", Journal of Sustainable Real Estate, 3(1):23-43.
Sirmans, S., Macpherson, D., & Zietz, E., 2005, “The Composition of Hedonic Pricing Models"Journal of Real Estate Literature, 13(1):1-44.
Tsai, I.& C. Peng., 2011, “Bubbles in the Taiwan Housing Market: The Determinants and Effects", Habitat Internationa, 135: 379-390.
Wheaton, W. C. & W. E. Simonton, 2007, “The Secular and Cyclic Behavior of “True"Construction Costs", Journal of Real Estate Research, 29(1): 1-26.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
地政學系
103257015
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1032570151
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 陳奉瑤zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chen, Fong Yaoen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 葉士郁zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Yeh, Shi Yuen_US
dc.creator (作者) 葉士郁zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Yeh, Shi Yuen_US
dc.date (日期) 2016en_US
dc.date.accessioned 21-Jul-2016 10:35:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 21-Jul-2016 10:35:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 21-Jul-2016 10:35:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1032570151en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/99435-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 地政學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 103257015zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要)   我國近十年來房價上漲幅度相當驚人,政府雖然祭出許多針對投資需求之政策,以求減少房地產不當投資行為,解決高房價問題下造成的諸多社會問題。惟此些政策對抑制高房價之效果並不明顯,是否仍有影響漲價之重要因素未掌握,以致房價上漲情形未得趨緩。本論文根據Bostic et al.(2007)提出之土地槓桿假說,基於土地與建物屬性不同,其認為土地供給彈性相對僵固,故房地產中土地成分越高者,其房價變動率越大。此種有別過去政策指向總體性投資需求之觀點,以房地產個體性差異之角度解釋房地產漲價,或許是相關政策可以參考的方向之一。進一步結合經濟理論建構房地產增值迴路之支持,更突顯了房地產市場與土地間之關聯性密不可分。
  本論文以臺北市、臺中市、高雄市作為研究範圍,採用不動產實價登錄資料中之近似交易案例進行實證,計算個案房價變動率與土地槓桿比率,透過複迴歸模型進行分析。研究結果指出,土地槓桿比率與房價變動率確有明顯的正向關係,房價變動與土地成分有重要關聯,且即使在土地高度立體利用下,土地槓桿比率仍有一定影響力。基於本論文主張之房地產增值迴路,在土地槓桿比率確有影響之實證結果下,欲改善房價不當上漲問題,宜透過土地評價合理化,做為將土地要素納入政策之首要手段;並避免個案因土地低度利用,造成其土地槓桿比率偏高,所引起土地槓桿比率之漲價效果。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要)  Housing price grew soon and intensely in the past decade in Taiwan. The government has made lots of policies to resolve the social issue caused by high housing price, but most of them didn’t play a role. It said there were some important factors which are the policies ignored. Based on the “Land Leverage Hypothesis” of Bostic et al.(2007) that the higher land leverage ratio is, the higher housing price changes. We support that land is a considerable factor with housing price change.
 This article used housing price sale data in Taipei, Taichung and Kaohsiung from Actual Selling Price Database. We picked up the repeat sales sample from the data set to calculate the ratio of housing price change, and applied land residual method to compute the land leverage ratio of each case. In empirical study, we found that land leverage hypothesis is true and the land leverage ratio has an enhanced effect on housing price change even in condominium-building submarket.
 As the result, we suggested that policies should consider the importation of land. First, the assessment of land must be corrected to press close to market value, then policy makers could put the accurate land value into policy planning. Second, because of the effect of land leverage ratio, we thought such policies like urban renew which could maintain suitable land leverage ratio level.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究方法與範圍 6
第三節 研究架構 9
第二章 立論基礎與文獻回顧 11
第一節 房價增值迴路之立論基礎 11
第二節 土地槓桿比率之相關研究 15
第三節 影響房價之重要因素 23
第四節 小結 28
第三章 研究設計 31
第一節 實證模型之建構 31
第二節 資料來源與說明 38
第四章 土地槓桿比率之實證分析 47
第一節 土地槓桿比率與房地產價格之關聯性 47
第二節 土地槓桿比率與房地產價格變動之關聯性 52
第三節 土地槓桿比率於政策運用之分析 67
第五章 結論與建議 71
第一節  研究結論 71
第二節  後續研究建議 73
參考文獻 74
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 895742 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1032570151en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 土地槓桿比率zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 房價變動zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 土地zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Land Leverageen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Landen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Housing Price Changeen_US
dc.title (題名) 土地槓桿比率與房價變動關聯性之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A Study of Relationship between Land Leverage Ratio and Housing Price Changeen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 專書
馬克思(Karl Marx)著,2004,「資本論第三卷」,北京:人民出版社。
林森田,2008,「土地經濟學」,台北:巨流政大書城。
李承嘉,2012,「台灣土地政策析論-從改革到投機的福爾摩沙」,台北:五南出版社。
殷章甫,2004,「土地經濟學」,台北:五南出版社。

中文參考文獻
吳孟璇,2015,「臺北市高房價成因剖析─以租價關係、總體因素與預期因素探討」,『國立政治大學地政學系碩士論文』,臺北市。
李景國、袁一正,2012,「北京市房價和地價關係分析」,『建築經濟』,253:61-64。
杜宇璇、宋豐荃、曾禹瑄、葛仲寧、陳奉瑤,2013,「台灣特徵價格模型之回顧分析」,『土地問題研究季刊』,12(2):44-57。
周豫,2014,「土地槓桿影響城市住宅價格波動的美國經驗」,『建築經濟』,379:74-76。
林子欽、李汪穎、陳國華,2011,「公寓建物之折舊估算與房屋稅負」,『都市與計劃』,38(1):31-46。
林祖嘉、馬毓駿,2007,「特徵方程式大量估價法在台灣不動產市場之應用」,『住宅學報』,16(2):1-22。
利秀蘭,2012,「不動產相關稅制之研究」,『經濟研究』,12:73-80。
徐美茹,2011,「金融衝擊需求拉動:房價與地價因果關係研究」,『浙江金融』,10:30-34。
高峰,2010,「中美房地產土地槓桿研究」,『現代經濟』,7(11):31-32。
高毓穗,2007,「房地分離下建物折舊之研究」,『國立政治大學地政學系碩士學位論文』,臺北市。
張金鶚、陳明吉、鄧筱蓉、楊智元,2009,「臺北市房價泡沫知多少?—房價vs.租金、房價vs.所得」,『住宅學報』,18(2):1-22。
張金鶚、楊宗憲、洪御仁,2008,「中古屋及預售屋房價指數之建立、評估與整合-臺北市之實證分析」,『住宅學報』,17(2):13-34。梁仁旭,2012,「不動產價值逆折舊之探討」,『住宅學報』,21(2):71-90。
梁仁旭、廖彬傑、陳奉瑤、葉惠中,2015,「應用克利金法輔助地價區段劃設之研究」,『臺灣土地研究』,18(2)。
楊宗憲、蘇倖慧,2011,「迎毗設施與鄰避設施對住宅價格影響之研究」,『住宅學報』,20(2):61-80。
葉士郁、吳承曄、陳奉瑤,2015,「土地槓桿比率於基準地評價之實證分析」,『土地經濟年刊』,26:136-167。
謝炘宏,2013,「房地分離下建物折舊路徑之探討」,『國立臺北大學不動產與城鄉學系碩士學位論文』,新北市。

外文參考文獻
Bostic, R. W., S. D. Longhofer & C. L. Redfearn, 2007, “Land Leverage: Decomposing Home Price Dynamics", Real Estate Economics, 35(2): 183-208.
Bourassa, S. C., D. R. Haurin, J. L. Haurin, M. Hoesli & J. Sun, 2009, “House Price Changes and Idiosyncratic Risk: the Impact of Property Characteristics", Real Estate Economics, 37(2): 259-278.
Bourassa, S. C., M. Hoesli, D. Scognamiglio & S. Zhang, 2011, “Land Leverage and House Prices", Regional Science & Urban Economics, 41(2): 134-144.
Case, K. E., 2007, “The Value of Land in the United States: 1975-2005", Land Policies and Their Outcomes, 127-147.
Chen, M.& K. Patel, 1998, “Housing Price Dynamics and Granger Causality: An Analysis of Taipei New Dwelling Market", Journal of the Asia Real Estate Society, 1(1): 101-126.
Costello, G. & C. Leishman, 2012, “L& Leverage Dynamics in Property Markets", RICS Research.
Davis, M. A. & J. Heathcote, 2007, “The Price & Quantity of Residential Land in the United States", Journal of Monetary Economics, 54(8): 2595-2620.
Davis, M. A. & M. G. Palumbo., 2008, “The Price of Residential Land in Large US Cities", Journal of Urban Economics, 63(1): 352-384.
Du, H., Y. Ma & Y. An, 2011, “The Impact of Land Policy on the Relation between Housing and Land Prices: Evidence from China", The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 51(1): 19-27.
Glaeser, E. L.& J. Gyourko, 2005, “Urban Decline and Durable Housing", Journal of Political Economy, 113(2):345-375.
Huang, H. & Y. Tang, 2012, “Residential Land Use Regulation and the US Housing Price Cycle Between 2000 and 2009", Journal of Urban Economics, 71:93-99.
Hudson, M., 2010, “The Land-Residual vs. Building-Residual Methods of Real Estate Valuation."Retrieved July 14, 2015 from the Michael Hudson on the World Wide Web: http://michael-hudson.com/2010/08/the-land-residual-vs-building-residual-methods-of-real-estate-valuation-2/
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