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題名 外援對民主化及人權運動的影響:1994-2014
The Effect of Democracy and Human Rights Promotion Through Foreign Aid: A Case of The Gambia-EU Relations from 1994-2014.作者 英子杰
Njie, Ennu貢獻者 柯惠敏
Ko, Ariel
英子杰
Njie, Ennu關鍵詞 國際援助
民主
人權
foreign aid
democracy
human rights日期 2016 上傳時間 21-Jul-2016 10:48:46 (UTC+8) 摘要 世界上以國際援助提升民主化與人權並非是近期的現象。儘管在援助上需要一些微妙的條件，國際組織與已發展中的自由民主仍然經常使用援助來提升良善治理。但在近20年間，援助的重點已經放在民主與人權的原則上。儘管目前已經有研究持續發現國際對民主及人權的援助的效果很低，但是目前為止還沒有找出可被接受的解釋。此研究以感知差異和非傳統援助的能力為基礎，致力於找出更進一步在國際援助上，對於無法有效促進民主及人權的解釋。本研究以甘比亞與歐盟的關係進行個案研究，如果甘比亞與歐盟對於民主與人權的感知有明顯的不同，另外甘比亞也可以接受無條件援助，因此本研究假設歐盟的國際援助對甘比亞將僅有些許的影響。本研究結論是，甘比亞與歐盟對於人權的感知有很大的不同；再者，本研究發現有條件援助在促進民主與人權上的效果，會造成無條件的援助無法發揮其功能。關鍵字：國際援助、民主化、人權
The use of foreign aid to promote democracy and human rights around the world is not a recent phenomenon. International organisations and developed liberal democra-cies have often used aid to promote good governance albeit with subtle conditionali-ties. In the last two decades however, there have been emphasis in the conditioning of aid to democracy and human rights principles. Even though studies continue to unrav-el the low effect foreign aid have on democracy and human rights promotion, there is yet no agreeable explanation why this is so. In this research, I seek to advance an ex-planation based on perception difference and availability of other non-traditional do-nors as causal for the low effect of foreign aid on democracy and human rights pro-motion. Using a case study of The Gambia–EU Relations, I hypothesised that EU foreign aid will have little impact, if The Gambia and EU perception of democracy and human rights are significantly different and The Gambia can access aid from other non-conditional donors. The study concludes that while The Gambia and EU have no significant perception difference of democracy, there is important difference of human rights perception. Moreover the study found that conditional aid effect on democracy and human rights promotions is thwarted by non-conditional aid Key words: foreign aid, democracy and human rights參考文獻 Alesina, A. and Dollar, D. (2000). Who give foreign aid to whom and why? Journal of Economic Growth, 5(1),33-63 Ambrose, B. P. (1995). Democratization and the protection of human rights in Africa: Problems and prospects. Westport, U.S.A: Praeger Publishers.Armony C.A. and Schamis, H.E. (2005). Babel in democratization studies. Journal of Democracy vol.16 (4), 113-128Ausderan, J. (2014). How naming and shaming affects human rights perceptions in shamed country. Journal of Peace Research, 51(1), 81-96. Babarinde, O. and Gerrit, F. (ed.). (2005). The European Union and developing coun-tries:The Cotonou Agreement. Lieden, Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.Balla, E. and Reinhardt, G.Y. (2008) Giving and receiving foreign aid: does conflict count? World Development Vol.36,12, 2566-2585Bermeo, B. S. (2011). Foreign aid and regime Change: A role for donor intent. World Development, 39, (11), 2021–2031, Boadi, G .E. (2015). Africa’s waning democratic commitment. Journal of Democracy, 26(1), 101-113.Bomah James (2007). Democracy across ‘from Dêmos to Dêmoi’ .The MIT PressCambridge, Massachusetts and London, England.Bountagkidis, G. K., Fragkos, C. K., & Fragos, C. C. (2015). EU development aid towards Sub-Saharan Africa: Exploring the normative principle. Social Science, 4, 85-116.Brown, S. (2005). Foreign aid and democracy promotion: Lessons from Africa. The European Journal of Development Research, 17(2), 179-198 Brown, W. (2013). Sovereignty matters: Africa, donors and aid relationships. African Affairs, 112(447), 262-282.Burnside, C. & Dollar, D. (2000). Aid policies and growth. American Economic Re-view, 90(4), 847-869.Burnell,P. (2000). Democracy assistance: Origin and organizations, in idem (ed.): Democracy assistance. International Co-operation for Democratization, London: Frank Cass, S. 34-64Carothers, T. (2015). Democracy aid at 25: Time to choose. Journal of Democracy, 26(1), 59-73.Clist, P. (2011). 25 years of aid allocation practice: Whither selectivity? World Devel-opment, 39(10), 1724–1734Dreher, A., Minasyan, A. & Nunnenkamp, P. (2013). Government ideology in donor and recipient countries: Does political proximity matter for the effectiveness of aid? Kiel institute for the world economy, Hindenburgufer 66, 24105 Kiel, Germany, Working Paper No. 1870.Dunning, T. (2004). Conditioning the effects of aid: Cold War politics, donor credibil-ity, and democracy in Africa. International Organization, 58(2), 409-423 Dutta, N., Lesson, P. T.& Willaimson, C. R., (2013). Amplification effects: Foreign aid impacts on political institutions. Kyklos, 66(2), 208-228.Fareed, Z. (1997). The Rise of illiberal democracy .Foreign Affairs, 76 (6), 22-43Fisher, J. (2012). Managing donor perceptions: Contextualizing Uganda’s 2007 inter-vention in Somalia. African Affairs, 111 (444), 404- 423. Fleck, R. K. and Kilby, C. (2010). Changing aid regimes? U.S. foreign aid from the Cold War to the War on Terror, Journal of Development Economics, 91 (2), 185–197. Gazibo, M. (2012). Beyond Electoral Democracy: Foreign Aid and the Challenge of Deepening Democracy in Benin. WIDER Working Paper 2012/033. Helsinki: UNU-WIDER.Griffiths, M. (ed.) (2007). International relations theory for the 21st Century. New York, U.S.A: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Heckelman,J.C. (2010). Aid and democratization in the transition economies .Kyklos, 63 (4) 558–57 Kaballo, S. (1995). Human rights and democratization in Africa. Political Studies, XLIII, 189-203 Kersting, E. and Kibly, C. (2014) Aid and democracy redux. European Economic Re-view. 67,125-143Knack, S. (2004). Does foreign aid promotes democracy. International Studies Quar-terly, (48) 251-266.Kreutz, J. (2015). Human rights, geostrategy, and EU foreign policy, 1989-2008. In-ternational Organizations, 69, (1)195-217. Kurki, M.(2012). Democracy and conceptual contestability: reconsidering concepts of democracy in democracy promotion. International Studies Review 12 (3) 362-386Lebovic, J. H. & Voeten, E. (2009). The cost of shame: International organizations and foreign aid in the punishing of human rights violators. Journal of Peace Research, 46(1): 79–97.Lipset, M. S. (1969). Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy. American Political Science Review, 53(1), 69-105.Manners, I. (2008). Creative efforts: Normative power of the European Union.International Affairs, 84( I), 45-60. Mingst, K. A. & Arreguin-Toft, I.M. (2011). Essentials of international relations, New York, U.S.A, London, UK, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.McCrudden, C. (2008). Human dignity and judicial interpretation of human rights .European Journal of International Law, 19(4), 1-70.McCormick,J.M. and Mitchell, N.J. (1988).Economic and political explanations of human rights violations. World Politics,Vol.40 (4) 476-498.Nielson, R. A. (2013). Rewarding human rights? Selective aid sanctions against hu-man rights repressive states. International Studies Quarterly, 57,791-803Pace M. Dr. (2009). Liberal or social democratic aspects of the EU democracy promo-tion agenda in the Middle East. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA).Resnick, D. and Van de Walle, N. (2013). Democratic trajectories in Africa: Unravel-ing the impact of foreign aid. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.Van de Veen, M. A. (2011). Ideas, interest and aid, Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.Young, R. (2009). Democracy promotion as external governance? Journal of European Public Policy, 16(6), 895-915 Wendt A.,(1994).Collective identity formation and the international state. American Political Science Review. Vol 88. No.2, 384-396.Wendt A.(1999).The social theory of international politics. Cambridge university press. The Pitt Building,Trumpington street, Cambridge CB2 IRP.TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS European Convention of Human RightsConstitution of the Republic of The Gambia, 1997Cotonou Agreement, 2000, Revised edition,2010Lomè Convention 1975 Lisbon Treaty, 2007 NEWSPAPERS Hussain Misha, ‘Middle East Fund Gambia as EU Cuts Aid over Human Rights con-cerns,’ Reuters, December 10th, 2014.Ndow Musa, ‘Gambians protest against EU demands ‘Daily Observer Newspaper, January 14th, 2013.Touray Suiwaibu, ‘Gambia: Result of 1996 presidential election put Jammeh as win-ner,’ Forayaa Newspaper, October 21st, 1996. Dialogue or rhetoric: what does The Gambia government wants in its relationship with EU? Forayaa Newspaper editorial, December 2nd, 2014.‘Hamat Bah Condemns Indemnity Act Bill, ‘Daily Observer, April 18th, 2001.Retrived from :( http://allafrica.com/stories/200104180438.html) ‘Banjul is a dictatorship Darboe tells coalition supporters’, The Independent Newspa-per 24th, May 2005. (http://allafrica.com/stories/200205240432.html)REPORTS AND PRESS RELEASES European Commission ‘General Report on the Activities of the European Union 2014. Adopted by the European Commission on 13 February 2015 under reference number COM(2015) 57.European Union, (2012). Statement by the EU High Representative, Catherine Ashton on the execution in The Gambia. (http://www.eeas.europa.eu) EU Presidency Statement – United Nations Human Rights Council: Item 3: Promotion and protection of all human rights, including right to development. retrieved from :(http://eu-un.europa.eu/articles/en/article_9260_en.htm)Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the republic of China (Taiwan) April 29th, 2014, International Cooperation and Development Report, 2013.National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, (1995). Finding of NDI Assessment mission to The Gambia.National Authorizing Office, The Gambia Ministry of Finance,(2014)The Gambia-EU Cooperation Annual Cooperation Report.The Gambia -European Community Cooperation Joint Annual Report 2008.July,2009.International Bar Association,. ‘Under pressure: A report on the rule of law in The Gambia.August, 2006 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程 (IMPIS)
103862007資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1038620071 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 柯惠敏 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Ko, Ariel en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 英子杰 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Njie, Ennu en_US dc.creator (作者) 英子杰 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Njie, Ennu en_US dc.date (日期) 2016 en_US dc.date.accessioned 21-Jul-2016 10:48:46 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 21-Jul-2016 10:48:46 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 21-Jul-2016 10:48:46 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1038620071 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/99466 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國際研究英語碩士學位學程 (IMPIS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 103862007 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 世界上以國際援助提升民主化與人權並非是近期的現象。儘管在援助上需要一些微妙的條件，國際組織與已發展中的自由民主仍然經常使用援助來提升良善治理。但在近20年間，援助的重點已經放在民主與人權的原則上。儘管目前已經有研究持續發現國際對民主及人權的援助的效果很低，但是目前為止還沒有找出可被接受的解釋。此研究以感知差異和非傳統援助的能力為基礎，致力於找出更進一步在國際援助上，對於無法有效促進民主及人權的解釋。本研究以甘比亞與歐盟的關係進行個案研究，如果甘比亞與歐盟對於民主與人權的感知有明顯的不同，另外甘比亞也可以接受無條件援助，因此本研究假設歐盟的國際援助對甘比亞將僅有些許的影響。本研究結論是，甘比亞與歐盟對於人權的感知有很大的不同；再者，本研究發現有條件援助在促進民主與人權上的效果，會造成無條件的援助無法發揮其功能。關鍵字：國際援助、民主化、人權 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The use of foreign aid to promote democracy and human rights around the world is not a recent phenomenon. International organisations and developed liberal democra-cies have often used aid to promote good governance albeit with subtle conditionali-ties. In the last two decades however, there have been emphasis in the conditioning of aid to democracy and human rights principles. Even though studies continue to unrav-el the low effect foreign aid have on democracy and human rights promotion, there is yet no agreeable explanation why this is so. In this research, I seek to advance an ex-planation based on perception difference and availability of other non-traditional do-nors as causal for the low effect of foreign aid on democracy and human rights pro-motion. Using a case study of The Gambia–EU Relations, I hypothesised that EU foreign aid will have little impact, if The Gambia and EU perception of democracy and human rights are significantly different and The Gambia can access aid from other non-conditional donors. The study concludes that while The Gambia and EU have no significant perception difference of democracy, there is important difference of human rights perception. Moreover the study found that conditional aid effect on democracy and human rights promotions is thwarted by non-conditional aid Key words: foreign aid, democracy and human rights en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Table of ContentsABSTRACT iACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vDEDICATIONS viABBREVIATIONS viLIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES viiCHAPTER ONE - 1 -1.1 BACKGROUND - 1 -1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES - 5 -1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS - 6 -1.4 DELIMITATION OF THE RESEARCH - 7 -1.6 ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK - 8 -CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW - 9 -2.1 FOREIGN AID - 9 -2.2 FOREIGN AID IMPACTS ON DEMOCRACY AND HUMAN RIGHT - 12 -2.3 DEMOCRATIZATION - 18 -2.4 HUMAN RIGHTS - 20 -2.5 THE GAMBIA –EU RELATIONS - 23 -2.6 EU PERCEPTION OF DEMOCRACY AND HUMAN RIGHTS - 25 -2.7 PERCEPTIONS OF DEMOCRACY AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE GAMBIA - 32 -CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY - 39 -3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN - 39 -3.2 RESEARCH PROCEDURE - 39 -CHAPTER FOUR: - 43 -4.1 DEMOCRACY AND HUMAN RIGHTS PERCEPTION - 43 -4.4 THE GAMBIA AND EU RELATIONS THROUGH THE EU-ACP - 45 -ARRANGEMENT - 45 -4.4.1 THE LOMЀ CONVENTION - 46 -4.4.2 THE COTONOU AGREEMENT - 48 -4.3 EUROPEAN UNION APPROACHES TO PROMOTE HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY - 50 -4.4 EU AID TO THE GAMBIA FOR DEMOCRACY, AND HUMAN RIGHT PROMOTION - 52 -4.5 KUWAITI FUND FOR ARAB ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (KFAED) - 54 -4.5.1 AID CONDITIONALITY - 55 -4.5.2 RELATION WITH THE GAMBIA - 55 -4.6 TAIWAN-THE GAMBIA RELATIONS. - 56 -4.6.1 CONDITIONALITY FOR ASSISTANCE - 57 -4.7 THE GAMBIA DEMOCRATIC AND HUMAN RIGHTS STATUS - 60 -4.7.1 FREEDOM HOUSE REPORT - 60 -4.7.2 POLITY IV - 62 -CHAPTER FIVE - 64 -5.1 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION - 64 -5.2 ARE THERE PERCEPTION DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE EU AND THE GAMBIA? - 65 -5.2 NON -TRADTIONAL DONORS VERSUS EU AID - 71 -5.3 FOREIGN AID CONDITIONALITY FOR DEMOCRACY AND HUMAN RIGHTS PROMOTION - 74 -5.4 A COMPARISON OF THE GAMBIA AND BENIN - 80 -CHAPTER SIX - 89 -6.1 CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATION - 89 -6.2 RECCOMENDATION FOR THE EUROPEAN UNION - 90 -6.3 RECCOMENDATION FOR THE GAMBIA - 92 -6.3 RESEARCH LIMITATION AND FURTHER STUDY - 94 -REFERENCES - 95 -APPENDIX I - 103 -APPENDIX II - 105 - zh_TW dc.format.extent 1614795 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1038620071 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國際援助 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 民主 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人權 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) foreign aid en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) democracy en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) human rights en_US dc.title (題名) 外援對民主化及人權運動的影響:1994-2014 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Effect of Democracy and Human Rights Promotion Through Foreign Aid: A Case of The Gambia-EU Relations from 1994-2014. en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alesina, A. and Dollar, D. (2000). Who give foreign aid to whom and why? Journal of Economic Growth, 5(1),33-63 Ambrose, B. P. (1995). Democratization and the protection of human rights in Africa: Problems and prospects. Westport, U.S.A: Praeger Publishers.Armony C.A. and Schamis, H.E. (2005). Babel in democratization studies. Journal of Democracy vol.16 (4), 113-128Ausderan, J. (2014). How naming and shaming affects human rights perceptions in shamed country. Journal of Peace Research, 51(1), 81-96. Babarinde, O. and Gerrit, F. (ed.). (2005). The European Union and developing coun-tries:The Cotonou Agreement. Lieden, Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.Balla, E. and Reinhardt, G.Y. (2008) Giving and receiving foreign aid: does conflict count? World Development Vol.36,12, 2566-2585Bermeo, B. S. (2011). Foreign aid and regime Change: A role for donor intent. World Development, 39, (11), 2021–2031, Boadi, G .E. (2015). Africa’s waning democratic commitment. Journal of Democracy, 26(1), 101-113.Bomah James (2007). Democracy across ‘from Dêmos to Dêmoi’ .The MIT PressCambridge, Massachusetts and London, England.Bountagkidis, G. K., Fragkos, C. K., & Fragos, C. C. (2015). EU development aid towards Sub-Saharan Africa: Exploring the normative principle. Social Science, 4, 85-116.Brown, S. (2005). Foreign aid and democracy promotion: Lessons from Africa. The European Journal of Development Research, 17(2), 179-198 Brown, W. (2013). Sovereignty matters: Africa, donors and aid relationships. African Affairs, 112(447), 262-282.Burnside, C. & Dollar, D. (2000). Aid policies and growth. American Economic Re-view, 90(4), 847-869.Burnell,P. (2000). Democracy assistance: Origin and organizations, in idem (ed.): Democracy assistance. International Co-operation for Democratization, London: Frank Cass, S. 34-64Carothers, T. (2015). Democracy aid at 25: Time to choose. Journal of Democracy, 26(1), 59-73.Clist, P. (2011). 25 years of aid allocation practice: Whither selectivity? World Devel-opment, 39(10), 1724–1734Dreher, A., Minasyan, A. & Nunnenkamp, P. (2013). Government ideology in donor and recipient countries: Does political proximity matter for the effectiveness of aid? Kiel institute for the world economy, Hindenburgufer 66, 24105 Kiel, Germany, Working Paper No. 1870.Dunning, T. (2004). Conditioning the effects of aid: Cold War politics, donor credibil-ity, and democracy in Africa. International Organization, 58(2), 409-423 Dutta, N., Lesson, P. T.& Willaimson, C. R., (2013). Amplification effects: Foreign aid impacts on political institutions. Kyklos, 66(2), 208-228.Fareed, Z. (1997). The Rise of illiberal democracy .Foreign Affairs, 76 (6), 22-43Fisher, J. (2012). Managing donor perceptions: Contextualizing Uganda’s 2007 inter-vention in Somalia. African Affairs, 111 (444), 404- 423. Fleck, R. K. and Kilby, C. (2010). Changing aid regimes? U.S. foreign aid from the Cold War to the War on Terror, Journal of Development Economics, 91 (2), 185–197. Gazibo, M. (2012). Beyond Electoral Democracy: Foreign Aid and the Challenge of Deepening Democracy in Benin. WIDER Working Paper 2012/033. Helsinki: UNU-WIDER.Griffiths, M. (ed.) (2007). International relations theory for the 21st Century. New York, U.S.A: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Heckelman,J.C. (2010). Aid and democratization in the transition economies .Kyklos, 63 (4) 558–57 Kaballo, S. (1995). Human rights and democratization in Africa. Political Studies, XLIII, 189-203 Kersting, E. and Kibly, C. (2014) Aid and democracy redux. European Economic Re-view. 67,125-143Knack, S. (2004). Does foreign aid promotes democracy. International Studies Quar-terly, (48) 251-266.Kreutz, J. (2015). Human rights, geostrategy, and EU foreign policy, 1989-2008. In-ternational Organizations, 69, (1)195-217. Kurki, M.(2012). Democracy and conceptual contestability: reconsidering concepts of democracy in democracy promotion. International Studies Review 12 (3) 362-386Lebovic, J. H. & Voeten, E. (2009). The cost of shame: International organizations and foreign aid in the punishing of human rights violators. Journal of Peace Research, 46(1): 79–97.Lipset, M. S. (1969). Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy. American Political Science Review, 53(1), 69-105.Manners, I. (2008). Creative efforts: Normative power of the European Union.International Affairs, 84( I), 45-60. Mingst, K. A. & Arreguin-Toft, I.M. (2011). Essentials of international relations, New York, U.S.A, London, UK, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.McCrudden, C. (2008). Human dignity and judicial interpretation of human rights .European Journal of International Law, 19(4), 1-70.McCormick,J.M. and Mitchell, N.J. (1988).Economic and political explanations of human rights violations. World Politics,Vol.40 (4) 476-498.Nielson, R. A. (2013). Rewarding human rights? Selective aid sanctions against hu-man rights repressive states. International Studies Quarterly, 57,791-803Pace M. Dr. (2009). Liberal or social democratic aspects of the EU democracy promo-tion agenda in the Middle East. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA).Resnick, D. and Van de Walle, N. (2013). Democratic trajectories in Africa: Unravel-ing the impact of foreign aid. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.Van de Veen, M. A. (2011). Ideas, interest and aid, Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.Young, R. (2009). Democracy promotion as external governance? Journal of European Public Policy, 16(6), 895-915 Wendt A.,(1994).Collective identity formation and the international state. American Political Science Review. Vol 88. No.2, 384-396.Wendt A.(1999).The social theory of international politics. Cambridge university press. The Pitt Building,Trumpington street, Cambridge CB2 IRP.TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS European Convention of Human RightsConstitution of the Republic of The Gambia, 1997Cotonou Agreement, 2000, Revised edition,2010Lomè Convention 1975 Lisbon Treaty, 2007 NEWSPAPERS Hussain Misha, ‘Middle East Fund Gambia as EU Cuts Aid over Human Rights con-cerns,’ Reuters, December 10th, 2014.Ndow Musa, ‘Gambians protest against EU demands ‘Daily Observer Newspaper, January 14th, 2013.Touray Suiwaibu, ‘Gambia: Result of 1996 presidential election put Jammeh as win-ner,’ Forayaa Newspaper, October 21st, 1996. Dialogue or rhetoric: what does The Gambia government wants in its relationship with EU? Forayaa Newspaper editorial, December 2nd, 2014.‘Hamat Bah Condemns Indemnity Act Bill, ‘Daily Observer, April 18th, 2001.Retrived from :( http://allafrica.com/stories/200104180438.html) ‘Banjul is a dictatorship Darboe tells coalition supporters’, The Independent Newspa-per 24th, May 2005. (http://allafrica.com/stories/200205240432.html)REPORTS AND PRESS RELEASES European Commission ‘General Report on the Activities of the European Union 2014. Adopted by the European Commission on 13 February 2015 under reference number COM(2015) 57.European Union, (2012). Statement by the EU High Representative, Catherine Ashton on the execution in The Gambia. (http://www.eeas.europa.eu) EU Presidency Statement – United Nations Human Rights Council: Item 3: Promotion and protection of all human rights, including right to development. retrieved from :(http://eu-un.europa.eu/articles/en/article_9260_en.htm)Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the republic of China (Taiwan) April 29th, 2014, International Cooperation and Development Report, 2013.National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, (1995). Finding of NDI Assessment mission to The Gambia.National Authorizing Office, The Gambia Ministry of Finance,(2014)The Gambia-EU Cooperation Annual Cooperation Report.The Gambia -European Community Cooperation Joint Annual Report 2008.July,2009.International Bar Association,. ‘Under pressure: A report on the rule of law in The Gambia.August, 2006 zh_TW
