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題名 有機之根： 台灣泰雅族部落替代性食物網路與發展之研究
Organic Roots: Alternative Food Networks and Development in Atayal Indigenous Communities, Taiwan
作者 梅佳穎
Madeline, Mills
貢獻者 官大偉
Kuan, Dawei
梅佳穎
Madeline, Mills
關鍵詞 有機農業
永續發展
原住民文化
泰亞族文化
Organic Agriculture
Alternative Economic Spaces
Alternative Development
Indigenous Culture
Atayal
日期 2016
上傳時間 3-Aug-2016 11:39:11 (UTC+8)
摘要 Taiwan’s Indigenous Peoples, Austronesian speakers with cultural ties to other Pacific Islanders, have encountered waves of outside political, cultural and economic forces. While their political situation has markedly improved with Taiwan’s democratization, their social and economic marginalization remains an issue. Reflecting recent shifts in Taiwan towards more human-centered, post-modern development policies, Atayal People of Jianshi Township have started a movement promoting community values and the transition to organic farming.
This paper explores this transition and the work of the Jianshi “Farmers’ Academy.” Their aims are to collectivize organic agricultural production, transportation and marketing, promote and share traditional crops and knowledge as well as connect spread-out villages through shared culture, education and development. Situated in the broader contexts of Alternative Food Networks and Alternative Economic Spaces, which are typically explored in Western contexts, and Alternative Development (typically explored in the developing world), this qualitative research examines these marginalized communities’ efforts to formulate a grassroots model of culturally and environmentally sustainable development.
The findings suggest that the people in the research area are choosing organic farming for various economic and non-material factors as many of their livelihood goals are culturally bound, outside the purview of conventional macroeconomic theories and critical of mainstream capitalist practices, thus supporting a more locally informed, pluralistic concept of economic development.
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Bello, Walden. 2002. Deglobalization: Ideas for a New Global Economy. Global Issues. Fernwood, Nova Scotia, Canada
Bellwood, P. S. 1991. The Austronesian dispersal and the origin of languages. Scientific American 265:88-93.
Berg, K.J. 2013. Ecological and Ethnoecological Classification of a Forested Landscape in the Tayal Mrqwang Territories, Taiwan (ROC) PhD Dissertation. Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Canada.
Blust, Robert. 1999. Pazeh phonology and morphology. Oceanic Linguistics 38.2: 321–365.
Blusse, L., Everts, N. and Fretch, E. 2000. The Formosan Encounter: Notes on Formosa`s Aboriginal Society – A selection of Documents from Dutch Archival Sources Vol. I & II. Taipei: Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines.
Buck, D., C. Getz and J. Guthman. 1997. ‘From Farm to Table: The Organic Vegetable Commodity Chain of Northern California,’ Sociologia Ruralis. Polity Press: Oxford, UK.
Blundell, D. 2000. Austronesian Taiwan : linguistics, history, ethnology, and prehistory. Taipei: SMC Publishing.
Chang, L.C. 2008. “From Quarantine to Colonization: Qing Debates on Territorialization of Aboriginal Taiwan in the Nineteenth Century” in Academic Quarterly. Academia Sinica, Taipei.
Chi, Chun-Chieh. 2001. “Capitalist Expansion and Indigenous Land Rights: Emerging Environmental Justice Issues in Taiwan.” In The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 2(2):135-153
Ching, Leo. T.S. 2001. Becoming ‘Japanese’: colonial Taiwan and the politics of identity formation. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Cook, C.D. 2004. Diet for a Dead Planet: How the Food Industry is Killing Us, New Press: New York, USA.
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Darnhofer, I. 2005. ‘Organic Farming and Rural Development: Some Evidence from Austria,’ in Sociologia Ruralis 45:4. 308-323
Escobar, Arturo.1995. Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World Princeton University Press: Princeton, USA.
Fuller, Duncan and Andrew E.G Jonas. 2003. “Alternative Financial Spaces,” In A. Leyshon, R. Lee and C. Williams (eds), Alternative Economic Spaces. Sage: London, UK, 55-73.
Fuller, Duncan, Andrew E.G. Jonas and Roger Lee (eds). 2010. Interrogating Alterity: Alternative Economic and Political Spaces. Ashgate Publishing: Surrey, UK.
Gibson-Graham, J.K. 2006. A Postcapitalist Politics. University of Minneapolis Press, Minneapolis, USA.
Gregoire, Carolyn. 2013. “The 75-Year Study That Found The Secrets To A Fulfilling Life” in The Huffington Post Online. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/11/how-this-harvard-psycholo_n_3727229.html
Guthman, J. 1998. ‘Regulating Meaning, Appropriating Nature: The Codification of California Organic Agriculture,’ In Antipode 30:2, 135-154.
Harrison, Henrietta. 2003. “Clothing and Power on the Periphery of Empire: The Costumes of the Indigenous People of Taiwan” in Positions 11.2:331–60
Holloway, L., R. Cox, M. Kneafsey, E. Dowler, L. Venn and H. Tuomainen. 2010. ‘Are You Alternative? ‘Alternative’ Food Networks and Consumers’ Definitions of Alterity’ In Fuller, D., Jonas, A.E.G. and Lee, R. (eds), Interrogating Alterity: Alternative Economic and Political Spaces. Ashgate: Farnham, UK.
Hsiao, H.-C. 2008. `Ecology` and indigenous political and cultural struggles in Taiwan: A case study of two Atayal villages. The Fifth EATS Conference, Prague.
Icyeh, L. 2011. Tnunan Smangus: The mutual enjoyment, preservation and appreciation of Smangus. Shei-Pa National Park headquarters, Fushing Village, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Ilbery, B. and Maye, D. 2005. ‘Alternative (shorter) food supply chains and specialist livestock products in the Scottish-English borders,’ In Environment and Planning A 37, 823-844.
Jones, O., K. James, C. Morris, H. Buller, R. Dunn, A. Hopkins, W. Whittington and J. Wood. 2010. ‘On the Alternativeness of Alternative Food Networks: Sustainability and the Co-production of Social and Ecological Wealth,’ In Fuller, D., Jonas, A.E.G. and Lee, R. (eds), Interrogating Alterity: Alternative Economic and Political Spaces. Ashgate: Farnham, UK.
Kaneko, E. 2009. Glimpses at the other world: Traditional mortuary practices of the Atayal. Pages 246-281 in D. Blundell, editor. Austronesian Taiwan.

Linguistics, history, and prehistory. Pheobe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
Kimbrell, A. 2002. The Fatal Harvest Reader. Island Books: Forst Kronkite, USA.
Kjeldsen, C. and J.H. Ingemann. 2010. ‘The Danish Organic Movement: From Social Movement to Market Mainstream and Beyond…?’ In Fuller, D., Jonas, A.E.G. and Lee, R. (eds), Interrogating Alterity: Alternative Economic and Political Spaces. Ashgate: Farnham, UK.
Kleeman, Faye Yuan. 2003. Under An Imperial Sun: Japanese Colonial Literature of Taiwan and The South. Honolulu, HA: University of Hawaii Press
Kuan D-W. 2009. “A River Runs Through it: Story of Resource Management, Place Identity and Indigenous Knowledge in Marqwang, Taiwan.” PhD Dissertation. Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa.
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Lin, Y. 2011. Politicizing nature: The Maqaw National Park controversy in Taiwan. Capitalism Nature Socialism 22:88-103.
Lin, Y., L. Icyeh, and D.-W. Kuan. 2007. Indigenous language-informed participatory policy in Taiwan: A socio-political perspective. Pages 134-161 in D. V. Rau and M. Florey, editors. Language Documentation and Revitalization Special Publication No. 1: Documenting and Revitalizing Austronesian Languages. University of Hawai`i Press.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
100926033
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1009260333
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 官大偉zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Kuan, Daweien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 梅佳穎zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Madeline, Millsen_US
dc.creator (作者) 梅佳穎zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Madeline, Millsen_US
dc.date (日期) 2016en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-Aug-2016 11:39:11 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-Aug-2016 11:39:11 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Aug-2016 11:39:11 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1009260333en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/99674-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100926033zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Taiwan’s Indigenous Peoples, Austronesian speakers with cultural ties to other Pacific Islanders, have encountered waves of outside political, cultural and economic forces. While their political situation has markedly improved with Taiwan’s democratization, their social and economic marginalization remains an issue. Reflecting recent shifts in Taiwan towards more human-centered, post-modern development policies, Atayal People of Jianshi Township have started a movement promoting community values and the transition to organic farming.
This paper explores this transition and the work of the Jianshi “Farmers’ Academy.” Their aims are to collectivize organic agricultural production, transportation and marketing, promote and share traditional crops and knowledge as well as connect spread-out villages through shared culture, education and development. Situated in the broader contexts of Alternative Food Networks and Alternative Economic Spaces, which are typically explored in Western contexts, and Alternative Development (typically explored in the developing world), this qualitative research examines these marginalized communities’ efforts to formulate a grassroots model of culturally and environmentally sustainable development.
The findings suggest that the people in the research area are choosing organic farming for various economic and non-material factors as many of their livelihood goals are culturally bound, outside the purview of conventional macroeconomic theories and critical of mainstream capitalist practices, thus supporting a more locally informed, pluralistic concept of economic development.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 1. INTRODUCTION 7

1.1 MOTIVATION 7

1.2 PURPOSE 8

1.3 NOMINAL DEFINITIONS 8

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 11

1.5 METHODOLOGY 12

1.5.1 Methods 12

1.5.2 Analysis 13

1.5.3 Ethical Considerations 13

1.6 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS 14

2. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 15

2.1 OVERVIEW 15

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 15

2.2.1 Alterity and Alternative Economic Spaces 15

2.2.2 Alternative Food Networks 18

2.2.3 Post-Development 22

2.3 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE 24

3. CONTEXT AND CASE 26

3.1 GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY AND DEMOGRAPHICS OF TAIWAN 26

3.2 HISTORY OF TAIWAN’S INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 28

3.2.1 Ancient History (more than 8000 years ago – 1623) 28

3.2.2 European period (1623–1662) 29

3.2.3 Qing Dynasty ( 1683 - 1895) 30

3.2.4 Japanese Period (1985-1945) 32

3.2.5 Marshal Law Period (1949- 1987) 34

3.2.6 Democratic Period (1989 – present) 36

3.3 ATAYAL HISTORY AND CULTURE 37

3.3.1 Creation Myth and Historic Migration 39

3.3.2 Atayal Social Organization 41

3.3.3 Gaga 42

3.3.4 Atayal Resource Management Systems 42

3.4 THE CASE AREA HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 44

6

3.4.1 Location, Terrain and Industry 45

3.4.2 Traditional Swidden Agriculture Period (before 1920s) 47

3.4.3 Terraced Rice Farming (1920s-1980s) 49

3.4.4 Conventional Agriculture (1980s to present) 51

3.4.5 Alternative Agriculture (1990 to present) 54

4 THE FARMERS’ ACADEMY 60

5 FIELDWORK EXPERIENCE 69

5.1 FIRST CONTACT: CINSBU 鎮西保部落 69

5.2 A WEEKEND IN THE CLOUDS: SMANGUS TNUNAN司馬庫斯部落 72

5.3 TENSIONS IN CO-MANAGEMENT: PYANAN 南山部落, QURI 石磊部落, TBAHU 田埔 73

5.4 INDEPENDENT FIELD WORK: MAGALAN (APRIL 2014) 80

5.5 THE FARMERS’ ACADEMY COMES TO CHENGCHI UNIVERSITY (JUNE 2014) 83

5.6 WORKSHOP IN CINSBU AND FIELDWORK IN QURI AND PAGA (AUGUST 2014) 84

6. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 89

6.1 DEVELOPMENT BASED ON ALTERNATIVE ECONOMIC VALUES 89

6.1.1 Land, God, Gaga 90

6.1.2 Non-competitiveness 95

6.1.3 Multigenerational Concerns 97

6.1.4 Autonomy from outsiders and Collective Decision-making 99

6.1.5 Low prioritization of Profit-making and Emphasis on Community Work 102

6.1.6 Sense of identity, belonging, cultural confidence 103

6.2 INTERACTION WITH OUTSIDE WORLD 105

6.2.1 Interaction with Mainstream 105

6.2.2 Interaction with other AES 107

6.3 DISCUSSION 108

6.3.1 Implications for Alternative Development 108

6.3.2 Implications for Theories of Alterity, AES, and AFN 109

6.3.3 Policy Implications 111

6.3.4 Criticisms 112

7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 114

8. REFERENCES 116		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 3469587 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1009260333en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 有機農業zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 永續發展zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 原住民文化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 泰亞族文化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Organic Agricultureen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Alternative Economic Spacesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Alternative Developmenten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Indigenous Cultureen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Atayalen_US
dc.title (題名) 有機之根： 台灣泰雅族部落替代性食物網路與發展之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Organic Roots: Alternative Food Networks and Development in Atayal Indigenous Communities, Taiwanen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abrahams, C.N. 2006. ‘Globally useful conceptions of Alternative Food Networks in the developing south: the case of Johannesburg’s urban food supply system,’ Institute of Geography, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh.
Association of Taiwan Organic Agriculture Promotion (ATOAP). Organic Regulation in Taiwan. Retrieved from http://atoap.page.tl/Organic-Regulation-in-Taiwan.htm
Bello, Walden. 2002. Deglobalization: Ideas for a New Global Economy. Global Issues. Fernwood, Nova Scotia, Canada
Bellwood, P. S. 1991. The Austronesian dispersal and the origin of languages. Scientific American 265:88-93.
Berg, K.J. 2013. Ecological and Ethnoecological Classification of a Forested Landscape in the Tayal Mrqwang Territories, Taiwan (ROC) PhD Dissertation. Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Canada.
Blust, Robert. 1999. Pazeh phonology and morphology. Oceanic Linguistics 38.2: 321–365.
Blusse, L., Everts, N. and Fretch, E. 2000. The Formosan Encounter: Notes on Formosa`s Aboriginal Society – A selection of Documents from Dutch Archival Sources Vol. I & II. Taipei: Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines.
Buck, D., C. Getz and J. Guthman. 1997. ‘From Farm to Table: The Organic Vegetable Commodity Chain of Northern California,’ Sociologia Ruralis. Polity Press: Oxford, UK.
Blundell, D. 2000. Austronesian Taiwan : linguistics, history, ethnology, and prehistory. Taipei: SMC Publishing.
Chang, L.C. 2008. “From Quarantine to Colonization: Qing Debates on Territorialization of Aboriginal Taiwan in the Nineteenth Century” in Academic Quarterly. Academia Sinica, Taipei.
Chi, Chun-Chieh. 2001. “Capitalist Expansion and Indigenous Land Rights: Emerging Environmental Justice Issues in Taiwan.” In The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 2(2):135-153
Ching, Leo. T.S. 2001. Becoming ‘Japanese’: colonial Taiwan and the politics of identity formation. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Cook, C.D. 2004. Diet for a Dead Planet: How the Food Industry is Killing Us, New Press: New York, USA.
Council of Indigenous Peoples. 2005. The Indigenous Peoples Basic Law. Retrieved from http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docDetail.html?CID=74DD1F415708044A&DID=3E651750B4006467D4B40DD3AC1D7378
Dali, Y. 2013. “Lecture on the Farmers’ Academy and Spi na Tayal” In The International Dialogue in Issues of Taiwan’s Indigenous Land Use and
‧

Natural Resources Management Policy 台灣原住民族土地與自然資源治理政策的國際對話Nov. 2013.
Darnhofer, I. 2005. ‘Organic Farming and Rural Development: Some Evidence from Austria,’ in Sociologia Ruralis 45:4. 308-323
Escobar, Arturo.1995. Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World Princeton University Press: Princeton, USA.
Fuller, Duncan and Andrew E.G Jonas. 2003. “Alternative Financial Spaces,” In A. Leyshon, R. Lee and C. Williams (eds), Alternative Economic Spaces. Sage: London, UK, 55-73.
Fuller, Duncan, Andrew E.G. Jonas and Roger Lee (eds). 2010. Interrogating Alterity: Alternative Economic and Political Spaces. Ashgate Publishing: Surrey, UK.
Gibson-Graham, J.K. 2006. A Postcapitalist Politics. University of Minneapolis Press, Minneapolis, USA.
Gregoire, Carolyn. 2013. “The 75-Year Study That Found The Secrets To A Fulfilling Life” in The Huffington Post Online. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/11/how-this-harvard-psycholo_n_3727229.html
Guthman, J. 1998. ‘Regulating Meaning, Appropriating Nature: The Codification of California Organic Agriculture,’ In Antipode 30:2, 135-154.
Harrison, Henrietta. 2003. “Clothing and Power on the Periphery of Empire: The Costumes of the Indigenous People of Taiwan” in Positions 11.2:331–60
Holloway, L., R. Cox, M. Kneafsey, E. Dowler, L. Venn and H. Tuomainen. 2010. ‘Are You Alternative? ‘Alternative’ Food Networks and Consumers’ Definitions of Alterity’ In Fuller, D., Jonas, A.E.G. and Lee, R. (eds), Interrogating Alterity: Alternative Economic and Political Spaces. Ashgate: Farnham, UK.
Hsiao, H.-C. 2008. `Ecology` and indigenous political and cultural struggles in Taiwan: A case study of two Atayal villages. The Fifth EATS Conference, Prague.
Icyeh, L. 2011. Tnunan Smangus: The mutual enjoyment, preservation and appreciation of Smangus. Shei-Pa National Park headquarters, Fushing Village, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Ilbery, B. and Maye, D. 2005. ‘Alternative (shorter) food supply chains and specialist livestock products in the Scottish-English borders,’ In Environment and Planning A 37, 823-844.
Jones, O., K. James, C. Morris, H. Buller, R. Dunn, A. Hopkins, W. Whittington and J. Wood. 2010. ‘On the Alternativeness of Alternative Food Networks: Sustainability and the Co-production of Social and Ecological Wealth,’ In Fuller, D., Jonas, A.E.G. and Lee, R. (eds), Interrogating Alterity: Alternative Economic and Political Spaces. Ashgate: Farnham, UK.
Kaneko, E. 2009. Glimpses at the other world: Traditional mortuary practices of the Atayal. Pages 246-281 in D. Blundell, editor. Austronesian Taiwan.

Linguistics, history, and prehistory. Pheobe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
Kimbrell, A. 2002. The Fatal Harvest Reader. Island Books: Forst Kronkite, USA.
Kjeldsen, C. and J.H. Ingemann. 2010. ‘The Danish Organic Movement: From Social Movement to Market Mainstream and Beyond…?’ In Fuller, D., Jonas, A.E.G. and Lee, R. (eds), Interrogating Alterity: Alternative Economic and Political Spaces. Ashgate: Farnham, UK.
Kleeman, Faye Yuan. 2003. Under An Imperial Sun: Japanese Colonial Literature of Taiwan and The South. Honolulu, HA: University of Hawaii Press
Kuan D-W. 2009. “A River Runs Through it: Story of Resource Management, Place Identity and Indigenous Knowledge in Marqwang, Taiwan.” PhD Dissertation. Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa.
Lin, E. 2009. “Community Vulnerability Assessment: a notice of co-evolution of human-environment systems for environmental management” prepared for Munich Re Foundation and United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security co-organized “2009 Summer Academy on Social Vulnerability: Tipping Points in Humanitarian Crises” Munich Germany.
Lin, N., Tsai, B. 2011. Agrarian Land-use Change and Constructions of the Commons: A case of Indigenous Agricultural Development in Taiwan’s Mountain Areas. Conference paper for Sustaining Commons http://hdl.handle.net/10535/7376
Lin, Y. 2011. Politicizing nature: The Maqaw National Park controversy in Taiwan. Capitalism Nature Socialism 22:88-103.
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