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題名 通過以個人優勢為基礎之活動介入達到有意義之人生：嬰兒潮之顧客觀點
Achieving Life Meaningfulness through Strength-Based Activity Intervention: the Baby Boomers’ perspective
作者 王祖韵
Wang, Tsu Yun
貢獻者 苑守慈
Yuan, Soe Tsyr
王祖韵
Wang, Tsu Yun
關鍵詞 正向心理學
娛樂正向循環模型
人生意義
Positive psychology
Flourishing through leisure
Meaning in life
日期 2016
上傳時間 9-Aug-2016 10:45:20 (UTC+8)
摘要 隨著社會戰後嬰兒潮的生活型態改變，既有的服務並不能完全符合戰後嬰兒潮人群的需求，現今，戰後嬰兒潮人群們正在尋求一個能增加他們新鮮感、增加刺激並增加他們的人生意義的服務，該服務必須能符合他們追求與眾不同並且滿足他們對人生意義追尋的需求。我們利用娛樂正向循環模型(Flourishing through leisure model)及以個人優勢為基礎之介入(Strength-based intervention)為基礎設計我們的服務。傳統介入的服務都是透過專家或心理治療師約談的方式進行，但此種方式，既耗時又耗費金錢。
在本研究當中，基於上述的需求，我們開發出一個概念性架構並且依此建構一個系統服務。並在學術上，藉由以個人優勢為基礎之介入幫助戰後嬰兒潮人群透過增加人生目的存在的感受程度(the sense of presence of purpose)及計畫滿足程度(plan fulfillment)，進而達到人生意義程度的增加(meaningful degree)。
本研究所使用的探索性評估方式顯示出「以個人優勢為基礎之介入」對於「行為與介入的符合程度(behavior and intervention alignment)」及「計畫滿足程度」的正向影響，而「行為與介入的符合程度」也會對於「人生目的存在的感受程度」產生正向影響，此外，我們也發現戰後嬰兒潮人群的個人優勢組合(the combination of strengths)也會隨著時間及人生意義的目標改變而不斷進行調整。
Facing the changing lifestyles of the elderly in developed world, it is still a big room for improvement on existing services to meet the need of Baby Boomers. Baby Boomers nowadays are seeking for some new, excited, and meaningful in their life. They want to be different, unique, and fulfilling, i.e., making them flourish. The key pillar for flourish is meaning. Traditionally, the services toward flourish usually executed by specialist and conducted by an offline process. However, that is time-consuming and cost-wasting. In this study, we develop a conceptual framework to build an affective intervention through wearable devices. This study will focus on strength-based intervention which can make user get higher level of sense of purpose, make plan more fulfilling, and finally lead to meaningful degree maximization. Our exploratory evaluations show that “strength-based intervention” will positively influence on “plan fulfillment” and “behavior and intervention alignment” and that “behavior and intervention alignment” will positively influence on “sense of presence of purpose”. In addition, the combination of strengths of Baby Boomers would change as time goes by.
參考文獻 [1] Jang, S. S., & Ham, S. (2009). A double-hurdle analysis of travel expenditure: Baby boomer seniors versus older seniors. Tourism Management, 30(3), 372-380.
[2] Peel, N. M., McClure, R. J., & Bartlett, H. P. (2005). Behavioral determinants of healthy aging. American journal of preventive medicine, 28(3), 298-304.
[3] Park, C. L. (2014). Integrating positive psychology into health-related quality of life research. Quality of Life Research, 1-7.
[4] Seligman, M. E. (2012). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Simon and Schuster.
[5] Steger, M. F. (2012). Experiencing meaning in life. The human quest for meaning: Theories, research, and applications, 165-184.
[6] Crumbaugh, J. C., & Maholick, L. T. (1964). An experimental study in existentialism: The psychometric approach to Frankl`s concept of noogenic neurosis. Journal of clinical psychology, 20(2), 200-207.
[7] Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life.Journal of counseling psychology, 53(1), 80.
[8] Morgan, J., & Farsides, T. (2009). Measuring meaning in life. Journal of happiness Studies, 10(2), 197-214.
[9] Cooperrider, D., Whitney, D. D., & Stavros, J. M. (2008). The appreciative inquiry handbook: For leaders of change. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
[10] Sweeney, P. (2014). The Silver Realigning: How Baby Boomers Can Become More Positive and Find New Meaning After Losing Their Jobs.
[11] Smith, J. W., & Clurman, A. S. (2009). Generation ageless. Harper Collins.
[12] Lusch, R. F., & Brown, J. R. (1996). Interdependency, contracting, and relational behavior in marketing channels. The Journal of Marketing, 19-38.
[13] Anderson, L. S., & Heyne, L. A. (2012). Flourishing through leisure: An ecological extension of the leisure and well-being model in therapeutic recreation strengths-based practice. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 46(2), 129.
[14] Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2006). The Values in Action (VIA) classification of strengths. A life worth living: Contributions to positive psychology, 29-48.
[15] Rashid, T., & Anjum, A. (2005). 340 ways to use VIA character strengths. Unpublished manuscript.
[16] Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Oxford University Press.
[17] Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 141-166.
[18] Steger, M. F., Kashdan, T. B., Sullivan, B. A., & Lorentz, D. (2008). Understanding the search for meaning in life: Personality, cognitive style, and the dynamic between seeking and experiencing meaning. Journal of personality, 76(2), 199-228.
[19] Steger, M. F., Shin, J. Y., Shim, Y., & Fitch-Martin, A. (2013). Is meaning in life a flagship indicator of well-being?.
[20] Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction (Vol. 55, No. 1, p. 5). American Psychological Association.
[21] Alex Linley, P., Joseph, S., Harrington, S., & Wood, A. M. (2006). Positive psychology: Past, present, and (possible) future. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(1), 3-16.
[22] Land, K. C., Michalos, A. C., & Sirgy, M. J. (Eds.). (2011). Handbook of social indicators and quality of life research. Springer Science & Business Media.
[23] Lopez, S. J., & Snyder, C. R. (2009). Oxford handbook of positive psychology. Oxford University Press, USA.
[24] Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life. Basic Books.
[25] Bonebright, C. A., Clay, D. L., & Ankenmann, R. D. (2000). The relationship of workaholism with work–life conflict, life satisfaction, and purpose in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(4), 469.
[26] Fry, P. S. (2001). The unique contribution of key existential factors to the prediction of psychological well-being of older adults following spousal loss.The Gerontologist, 41(1), 69-81.
[27] Pearson, P. R., & Sheffield, B. F. (1989). Psychoticism and purpose in life.Personality and Individual Differences, 10(12), 1321-1322.
[28] Jung, C. G. (2001). Modern man in search of a soul. Psychology Press.
[29] Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality.
[30] Maslow, A. H. (2013). Toward a psychology of being. Start Publishing LLC.
[31] Rogers, C. R. (1966). Client-centered therapy (p. xi). American Psychological Association.
[31] Frankl, V. E. (1985). Man`s search for meaning. Simon and Schuster.
[32] Riff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it. Explorations on the meaning of.
[33] O`Connor, K., & Chamberlain, K. (2000). Dimensions and discourses of meaning in life: Approaching meaning from qualitative perspectives. na.
[34] Reker, G. T. (2000). Theoretical perspective, dimensions, and measurement of existential meaning. Exploring existential meaning: Optimizing human development across the life span, 39-55.
[35] Park, C. L., & Folkman, S. (1997). Meaning in the context of stress and coping. Review of general psychology, 1(2), 115.
[36] Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: an integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological bulletin, 136(2), 257.
[37] Klinger, E. (1998). The search for meaning in evolutionary perspective and its clinical implications. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
[38] George, L. S., & Park, C. L. (2014). Existential Mattering: Bringing Attention to a Neglected but Central Aspect of Meaning?. In Meaning in Positive and Existential Psychology (pp. 39-51). Springer New York.
[39] King, L. A., Hicks, J. A., Krull, J. L., & Del Gaiso, A. K. (2006). Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Journal of personality and social psychology, 90(1), 179.
[40] Steger, M. F. (2006). An illustration of issues in factor extraction and identification of dimensionality in psychological assessment data. Journal of personality assessment, 86(3), 263-272.
[41] Battista, J., & Almond, R. (1973). The development of meaning in life.Psychiatry, 36(4), 409-427.
[42] Antonovsky, A. (1987). Unraveling the mystery of health: How people manage stress and stay well. Jossey-Bass.
[43] Jung, C. G. (2001). Modern man in search of a soul. Psychology Press.
[44] Maddi, S. R. (1967). The existential neurosis. Journal of abnormal psychology,72(4), 311.
[45] Maslow, A. H. (1964). Religions, values, and peak-experiences (Vol. 35). Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
[46] Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. Basic Books.
[47] Van Dierendonck, D. (2004). The construct validity of Ryff`s Scales of Psychological Well-being and its extension with spiritual well-being. Personality and individual differences, 36(3), 629-643.
[48] Crumbaugh, J. C. (1968). Cross-validation of Purpose-in-Life test based on Frankl`s concepts. Journal of individual psychology.
[49] Linley, P. A., Maltby, J., Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., Harrington, S., Peterson, C., ... & Seligman, M. E. (2007). Character strengths in the United Kingdom: The VIA inventory of strengths. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(2), 341-351.
[50] Buckingham, M., & Clifton, D. O. (2001). Now, discover your strengths. Simon and Schuster.
[51] Greenberg, H., & Sweeney, P. (2006). Succeed on your own terms: lessons from top achievers around the world on developing your unique potential. McGraw-Hill Companies.
[52] Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). The how of happiness: A scientific approach to getting the life you want. Penguin.
[53] Segerstrom, S. C. (2001). Optimism and attentional bias for negative and positive stimuli. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(10), 1334-1343.
[54] Rath, T. (2008). Strengths-based Leadership: Great Leaders, Teams, and why People Follow.
[55] Biswas-Diener, R., Kashdan, T. B., & Minhas, G. (2011). A dynamic approach to psychological strength development and intervention. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(2), 106-118.
[56] Niemiec, R. M. (2013). VIA character strengths: Research and practice (The first 10 years). In Well-Being and Cultures (pp. 11-29). Springer Netherlands.
[57] Linley, P. A., Maltby, J., Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., Harrington, S., Peterson, C., ... & Seligman, M. E. (2007). Character strengths in the United Kingdom: The VIA inventory of strengths. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(2), 341-351.
[58] Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2003). Character strengths before and after September 11. Psychological Science, 14(4), 381-384.
[60] Gander, F., Proyer, R. T., Ruch, W., & Wyss, T. (2013). Strength-based positive interventions: further evidence for their potential in enhancing well-being and alleviating depression. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(4), 1241-1259.
[61] Proyer, R. T., Ruch, W., & Buschor, C. (2013). Testing strengths-based interventions: A preliminary study on the effectiveness of a program targeting curiosity, gratitude, hope, humor, and zest for enhancing life satisfaction.Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(1), 275-292.
[62] Sin, N. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009). Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: A practice-friendly meta-analysis. Journal of clinical psychology, 65(5), 467-487.
[63] Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: the architecture of sustainable change. Review of general psychology, 9(2), 111.
[64] Seligman, M. E., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: empirical validation of interventions. American psychologist, 60(5), 410.
[65] Proyer, R. T., Ruch, W., & Buschor, C. A preliminary study on strengths-based interventions: The effectiveness of a program targeting curiosity, gratitude, hope, humor, and zest for enhancing life satisfaction. Journal of Happiness Studies. doi, 10, 1007.
[66] Carruthers, C., & Hood, C. D. (2007). Building a life of meaning through therapeutic recreation: The leisure and well-being model, part I. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 41(4), 276.
[67] Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2002). The pursuit of meaningfulness in life.Handbook of positive psychology, 608-618.
[68] Frankl, V. E. (1963). Man’s Search for MeaningWashington Square Press. New York.
[69] Eakman, A. M., Carlson, M. E., & Clark, F. A. (2010). The Meaningful Activity Participation Assessment: A measure of engagement in personally valued activities. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 70(4), 299-317.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
資訊管理學系
103356023
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103356023
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 苑守慈zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Yuan, Soe Tsyren_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 王祖韵zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Wang, Tsu Yunen_US
dc.creator (作者) 王祖韵zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Wang, Tsu Yunen_US
dc.date (日期) 2016en_US
dc.date.accessioned 9-Aug-2016 10:45:20 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 9-Aug-2016 10:45:20 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 9-Aug-2016 10:45:20 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0103356023en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/99769-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 資訊管理學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 103356023zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 隨著社會戰後嬰兒潮的生活型態改變，既有的服務並不能完全符合戰後嬰兒潮人群的需求，現今，戰後嬰兒潮人群們正在尋求一個能增加他們新鮮感、增加刺激並增加他們的人生意義的服務，該服務必須能符合他們追求與眾不同並且滿足他們對人生意義追尋的需求。我們利用娛樂正向循環模型(Flourishing through leisure model)及以個人優勢為基礎之介入(Strength-based intervention)為基礎設計我們的服務。傳統介入的服務都是透過專家或心理治療師約談的方式進行，但此種方式，既耗時又耗費金錢。
在本研究當中，基於上述的需求，我們開發出一個概念性架構並且依此建構一個系統服務。並在學術上，藉由以個人優勢為基礎之介入幫助戰後嬰兒潮人群透過增加人生目的存在的感受程度(the sense of presence of purpose)及計畫滿足程度(plan fulfillment)，進而達到人生意義程度的增加(meaningful degree)。
本研究所使用的探索性評估方式顯示出「以個人優勢為基礎之介入」對於「行為與介入的符合程度(behavior and intervention alignment)」及「計畫滿足程度」的正向影響，而「行為與介入的符合程度」也會對於「人生目的存在的感受程度」產生正向影響，此外，我們也發現戰後嬰兒潮人群的個人優勢組合(the combination of strengths)也會隨著時間及人生意義的目標改變而不斷進行調整。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Facing the changing lifestyles of the elderly in developed world, it is still a big room for improvement on existing services to meet the need of Baby Boomers. Baby Boomers nowadays are seeking for some new, excited, and meaningful in their life. They want to be different, unique, and fulfilling, i.e., making them flourish. The key pillar for flourish is meaning. Traditionally, the services toward flourish usually executed by specialist and conducted by an offline process. However, that is time-consuming and cost-wasting. In this study, we develop a conceptual framework to build an affective intervention through wearable devices. This study will focus on strength-based intervention which can make user get higher level of sense of purpose, make plan more fulfilling, and finally lead to meaningful degree maximization. Our exploratory evaluations show that “strength-based intervention” will positively influence on “plan fulfillment” and “behavior and intervention alignment” and that “behavior and intervention alignment” will positively influence on “sense of presence of purpose”. In addition, the combination of strengths of Baby Boomers would change as time goes by.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUNDS AND MOTIVATION 1
1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION 3
1.3 RESEARCH METHOD 4
1.4 PURPOSE AND CONTRIBUTION 5
1.5 CONTENT ORGANIZATION 6
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 MEANING IN LIFE 7
2.2 STRENGTH-BASED ACTIVITY INTERVENTION 12
CHAPTER 3 IENJORANGE PROJECT 18
3.1 THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF IENJORANGE 18
3.2 THE ECOSYSTEM OF IENJORANGE 21
3.3 THE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE OF IENJORANGE 24
3.4 THE SYSTEM FLOW 26
CHAPTER 4 THE STRENGTH-BASED INTERVENTION MECHANISM ON BEHAVIOR ADJUSTMENT TOWARD MEANINGFULNESS 30
4.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 30
4.2 DESIGN LOGIC AND RESEARCH APPROACH 37
4.3 RESOURCE INTEGRATION SYSTEM 39
4.4 IDENTIFICATION MODULE 44
4.5 INTERVENTION MODULE 47
4.6 MEASUREMENT MODULE 48
CHAPTER 5 SCENARIO 59
CHAPTER 6 EXPERIMENT AND EVALUATION 67
6.1 PROPOSITIONS / EXPERIMENT OBJECTIVE 67
6.2 ASSUMPTIONS 68
6.3 STRENGTH AND ACTIVITY MAPPING EXPERIMENT OF 30 BABY BOOMERS 68
6.4 STRENGTH CHANGING EXPERIMENT OF 4 BABY BOOMERS 69
6.5 CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT OF 4 BABY BOOMERS 73
6.6 THE COMPARISON RESULT 90

CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION 95
7.1 CONCLUSION AND ACADEMIC CONTRIBUTION 95
7.2 ACADEMIC AND MANAGERIAL CONTRIBUTIONS 98
7.3 DIRECTION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 99
REFERENCE 101		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2674729 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103356023en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 正向心理學zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 娛樂正向循環模型zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人生意義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Positive psychologyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Flourishing through leisureen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Meaning in lifeen_US
dc.title (題名) 通過以個人優勢為基礎之活動介入達到有意義之人生：嬰兒潮之顧客觀點zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Achieving Life Meaningfulness through Strength-Based Activity Intervention: the Baby Boomers’ perspectiveen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [1] Jang, S. S., & Ham, S. (2009). A double-hurdle analysis of travel expenditure: Baby boomer seniors versus older seniors. Tourism Management, 30(3), 372-380.
[2] Peel, N. M., McClure, R. J., & Bartlett, H. P. (2005). Behavioral determinants of healthy aging. American journal of preventive medicine, 28(3), 298-304.
[3] Park, C. L. (2014). Integrating positive psychology into health-related quality of life research. Quality of Life Research, 1-7.
[4] Seligman, M. E. (2012). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Simon and Schuster.
[5] Steger, M. F. (2012). Experiencing meaning in life. The human quest for meaning: Theories, research, and applications, 165-184.
[6] Crumbaugh, J. C., & Maholick, L. T. (1964). An experimental study in existentialism: The psychometric approach to Frankl`s concept of noogenic neurosis. Journal of clinical psychology, 20(2), 200-207.
[7] Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life.Journal of counseling psychology, 53(1), 80.
[8] Morgan, J., & Farsides, T. (2009). Measuring meaning in life. Journal of happiness Studies, 10(2), 197-214.
[9] Cooperrider, D., Whitney, D. D., & Stavros, J. M. (2008). The appreciative inquiry handbook: For leaders of change. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
[10] Sweeney, P. (2014). The Silver Realigning: How Baby Boomers Can Become More Positive and Find New Meaning After Losing Their Jobs.
[11] Smith, J. W., & Clurman, A. S. (2009). Generation ageless. Harper Collins.
[12] Lusch, R. F., & Brown, J. R. (1996). Interdependency, contracting, and relational behavior in marketing channels. The Journal of Marketing, 19-38.
[13] Anderson, L. S., & Heyne, L. A. (2012). Flourishing through leisure: An ecological extension of the leisure and well-being model in therapeutic recreation strengths-based practice. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 46(2), 129.
[14] Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2006). The Values in Action (VIA) classification of strengths. A life worth living: Contributions to positive psychology, 29-48.
[15] Rashid, T., & Anjum, A. (2005). 340 ways to use VIA character strengths. Unpublished manuscript.
[16] Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Oxford University Press.
[17] Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 141-166.
[18] Steger, M. F., Kashdan, T. B., Sullivan, B. A., & Lorentz, D. (2008). Understanding the search for meaning in life: Personality, cognitive style, and the dynamic between seeking and experiencing meaning. Journal of personality, 76(2), 199-228.
[19] Steger, M. F., Shin, J. Y., Shim, Y., & Fitch-Martin, A. (2013). Is meaning in life a flagship indicator of well-being?.
[20] Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction (Vol. 55, No. 1, p. 5). American Psychological Association.
[21] Alex Linley, P., Joseph, S., Harrington, S., & Wood, A. M. (2006). Positive psychology: Past, present, and (possible) future. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(1), 3-16.
[22] Land, K. C., Michalos, A. C., & Sirgy, M. J. (Eds.). (2011). Handbook of social indicators and quality of life research. Springer Science & Business Media.
[23] Lopez, S. J., & Snyder, C. R. (2009). Oxford handbook of positive psychology. Oxford University Press, USA.
[24] Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life. Basic Books.
[25] Bonebright, C. A., Clay, D. L., & Ankenmann, R. D. (2000). The relationship of workaholism with work–life conflict, life satisfaction, and purpose in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(4), 469.
[26] Fry, P. S. (2001). The unique contribution of key existential factors to the prediction of psychological well-being of older adults following spousal loss.The Gerontologist, 41(1), 69-81.
[27] Pearson, P. R., & Sheffield, B. F. (1989). Psychoticism and purpose in life.Personality and Individual Differences, 10(12), 1321-1322.
[28] Jung, C. G. (2001). Modern man in search of a soul. Psychology Press.
[29] Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality.
[30] Maslow, A. H. (2013). Toward a psychology of being. Start Publishing LLC.
[31] Rogers, C. R. (1966). Client-centered therapy (p. xi). American Psychological Association.
[31] Frankl, V. E. (1985). Man`s search for meaning. Simon and Schuster.
[32] Riff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it. Explorations on the meaning of.
[33] O`Connor, K., & Chamberlain, K. (2000). Dimensions and discourses of meaning in life: Approaching meaning from qualitative perspectives. na.
[34] Reker, G. T. (2000). Theoretical perspective, dimensions, and measurement of existential meaning. Exploring existential meaning: Optimizing human development across the life span, 39-55.
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