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題名 邊沁的最大幸福原則：其理論內涵及應用
Jeremy Bentham’s Greatest Happiness Principle: Its Theory and Application作者 吳文和 貢獻者 陳建綱
吳文和關鍵詞 最大幸福原則
邊沁
效益主義
多元成家
同性婚姻
同志
少數
羅爾斯
彌爾
康德
諾奇克
Greatest Happiness Principle
Jeremy Bentham
Utilitarianism
Pluralistic Family
Same-sex marriage
LGBT
minorities
John Rawls
John Stuart Mill
Immanuel Kant
Robert Nozick日期 2016 上傳時間 9-Aug-2016 11:56:50 (UTC+8) 摘要 邊沁和效益主義主張「最大多數的最大幸福」，這樣的主張引起了擔憂，如羅爾斯擔憂是否會對少數者有不合理的要求。由於羅爾斯著作的深遠影響，本文試圖重新反思這些對邊沁和效益主義的批判。本文回到邊沁的著作，依據邊沁的理論前提和內涵，進而回應羅爾斯與諾奇克等對邊沁思想之疑問，並說明邊沁的最大幸福原則與康德批評的幸福原則之不同。批評者時常過度簡化了邊沁的思想，這不僅是對邊沁人性觀的片面解讀，也有違邊沁講求「證據」的經驗主義知識論。呼應諾貝爾經濟學獎得主康納曼所提出的「回到邊沁」之主張，本文的結論是「經驗效益的理性計算」、「依賴經驗的假設檢定」和「外力的法律制裁」只是用來協助道德，最大幸福原則的主要道德動力來源是人自身同情共感地不想讓她/他/牠者受苦，此與羅爾斯的互惠式正義理論不同；同時，效益必須以客觀經驗證據為基礎，最大幸福原則不只不會對少數者有不合理之要求，還主張為少數者爭取合理之「公民與法律權利」。此外，本文承繼邊沁將理論應用於社會改革之精神，效仿邊沁生前曾為英國性少數發聲和對婚姻改革之努力，將最大幸福原則應用於我國伴侶盟提出的多元成家草案。本文的觀點是，最大幸福原則能突破目前人權理論遭遇之各說各話的困境，不只為多元成家草案提供一個雙方均能接受之原則，最大幸福原則也足以作為個人道德生活和公共立法的指引。 參考文獻 邊沁原著及縮寫Fragment1995 “A Fragment on Government,” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 1. London: Thoemmes Press.Principles1995 “Principles of Morals and Legislation,” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 1. London: Thoemmes Press.Civil1995 “Principles of the Civil Code,”in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 1. London: Thoemmes Press.Rationale1995 “The Rationale of Reward,” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 2. London: Thoemmes Press.Book1995 “The Book of Fallacies,” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 2. London: Thoemmes Press.Fallacies1995 “Anarchical Fallacies,” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 2. London: Thoemmes Press.Manual1995 “Manual of Political Economy” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 3. London: Thoemmes Press.View1995 “View of a Complete Code of Laws,” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 3. London: Thoemmes Press.Pannomial1995 “Pannomial Fragments,” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 3. London: Thoemmes Press.Bill1995 “Radical Reform Bill,” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 3. London: Thoemmes Press.Evidence1995 “Rationale of Evidence,” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 6. London: Thoemmes Press.Judicial Evidence1995 “Rationale of Judicial Evidence,” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 7. London: Thoemmes Press.Constitutional Code1995 “Constitutional Code,” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 9. London: Thoemmes Press.Table1983 “A Table of the Springs of Action ” in Amnon Goldworth ed., The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham: Deontology together with A table of the springs of action and the article on Utilitarianism. New York: Oxford University Press.Deontology1983 “Deontology ” in Amnon Goldworth ed., The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham: Deontology together with A table of the springs of action and the article on Utilitarianism. New York: Oxford University Press.Article1983 “The Article on Utilitarianism ” in Amnon Goldworth ed., The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham: Deontology together with A table of the springs of action and the article on Utilitarianism. New York: Oxford University Press.Code1983 “Constitutional Code ” in F. Rosen ed., The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham: Constitutional Code. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Constitutional1989 “Constitutional Code Rationale ” in Philip Schofield ed., The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham: First Principles Preparatory to Constitutional Code. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Greece1990 “Constitutional Code: Greece ” in Philip Schofield ed., The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham: Securities against misrule and other constitutional writings for Tripoli and Greece. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Codification1998 “Codification Proposal ” in F. Rosen and Philip Schofield ed., The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham: Legislator of the world. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Sexual2014 “Of Sexual Irregularities” in Philip Schofield ed., The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham. New York: Oxford University Press.FG1988 A Fragment on Government, ed. by J. H. Burns and H. L. A. Hart, with an introduction by Ross Harrison. 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Oxford: Clarendon Press.1996 “Contending Interpretations of Bentham’s Utilitarianism” Canadian Journal of Political Science 29(4):751-777.2002 “Bentham and Hobbes: An Issue of Influence” Journal of the History of ideas 63(4):677-696.Campos Boralevi, Lea1984 Bentham and the Oppressed. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Diogenes Laertius1925 Lives of eminent philosophers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Giddens, Anthony1992 The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Societies. Cambridge: Polity Press.Halevy, Elie1960 The Growth of Philosophic Radicalism. Boston: The Beacon Press.Hare, R. M.1982 “Ethical theory and Utilitarianism,” in Amartya Sen and Bernard Williams ed., Utilitarianism and beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press., pp.23-38.Hart, H. L. A.1982 Essays on Bentham: Jurisprudence and Political Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.1983 Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Harsanyi John. C.1982 “Morality and the theory of rational behaviour,” in Amartya Sen and Bernard Williams ed., Utilitarianism and beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press., pp.39-62.Himmelfarb, Gertrude.1970 “Bentham’s Utopia: The National Charity Company” Journal of British Studies 10(1):80-125.Hobbes, Thomas1950 Leviathan, with an introduction by A. D. Lindsay. New York: E. P. Dutton and Co., Inc.Hume, David1978 A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. by L. A. Selby-Bigge, with text revised and variant readings by P. H. Nidditch. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Jevons, William Stanley2013 The Theory of Political Economy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Kahneman, Daniel1997 “Back to Bentham? Explorations of Experienced Utility” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 112(2):375-405.Kelly, Paul Joseph1990 Utilitarianism and Distributive Justice: Jeremy Bentham and the Civil Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Kant, Immanuel1949 Fundamental Principle of the Metaphysic of Morals. Oxford: Clarendon Press, translated by Tomas K. Abbott. New York: Liberal Arts Press, Inc.1799 The Metaphysic of Morals: divided into Metaphysical Elements of Law and od Ethics. London: Printed for the translatior; and sold by William Richardson.Kymlicka, Will2002 Contemporary Political Philosophy. (2nd) Oxford: Oxford University Press.Lyons, D1993 “Was Bentham a Utilitarian,” in Bhikhu Parekh ed., Jeremy Bentham: Critical Assessments: Vol. 2. London: Routledge, pp.381-403.Mill, John Stuart1979 Utilitarianism. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.1950 On Bentham and Coleridge. New York: Harper & Brothers.1937 Autobiography and Essay on Liberty. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Corporation.Morrow, John2005 History of Western Political Thought: A Thematic Introduction.(2nd) New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Mather, James1834 The Constitutions of Great Britain, France, and the United States of America. London:Effingham Wilson.Nozick, Robert1974 Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Basic Books, Inc.Ng, Yew-Kwang.1975 “Bentham or Bergson? Finite Sensibility, Utility Functions and Socail Welfare Function” The Review of Economic Studies 42(4):545-569.Parekh, Bhikhu1993 “Bentham’s Theory of Equality,” in Bhikhu Parekh ed., Jeremy Bentham:Critical Assessments: Vol. 3. London: Routledge, pp.645-663.Place F.1970 “The Greatest Happiness of Principle,” in Bhikhu Parekh ed., Jeremy Bentham:Critical Assessments: Vol. 2. London: Routledge, pp.645-663.Plamenatz, John1966 The English Utilitarians. (2nd) Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Posner, Eric A.2008 “Human Welfare, not Human Rights” Colubia Law Review 108:1758-1801.Rawls, John1971 A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Rosen, Harvey S.2002 Public Finance. New York: McGraw-Hill.Rosen, Frederick1983 Jeremy Bentham and Representative Democracy: A Study of the Constitutional Code. Oxford: Oxford University Press.2003 Classical Utilitarianism from Hume to Mill. London: Routledge.Rousseau1994 The Social Contract. New York: Oxford.Schofield, Philip2006 Utility and Democracy: The Political Thought of Jeremy Bentham. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Singer, Peter2002 Animal Liberation. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc.Smart, J. J. C.1973 Utilitarianism: for and against. New York: Cambridge University Press.Skinner, Quentin2002 “Meaning and understanding in the history of ideas,” in Visions of Politics: Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 55-89.Sokol, Mary.2011 Bentham, Law and Marriage. London: Bloomsbury.Twinning, William1975 “The Contemporary Significance of Bentham’s Anarchical Fallacies” Archives for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy 61(3):325-356.中文著作卡維波2015 〈為何同性戀平權不是同婚的有效理由？〉，《應用倫理評論》，58：57-67。何思瑩2015 〈只破不立，無以為繼—談毀家廢婚派的幾點問題〉，《應用倫理評論》，58：69-99。余淑娟2014 〈效益主義的當代省思〉，輔仁大學哲學系碩士在職專班。娄伶俐2010 《主觀幸福感的經濟學理論與實證研究》上海：人民出版社。海耶克著，鄭正來、張守東、李靜冰譯2000 《法律、立法與自由》北京：中國大百科全書出版社。徐偉初、歐俊男、謝文盛2012 《財政學》，臺北：華泰。孫善豪2002 〈價值形式與統治形式〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，2：47-83。許國賢1995 〈福利權與使用他人的政治〉，《人文及社會科學集刊》，7(1)：223-245。2004 〈德行、干預與個人自由〉，《政治科學論叢》，20：1-28。2011 〈民主生活與公共利益：一個預備性的考察〉，《行政暨政策學報》，53：1-24。2014 〈潘恩與邁斯特：革命時代裡的政治理論時刻〉，《東吳政治學報》，32(1)：143-213。梁文韜 2004 〈政治經濟學的哲學基礎、性質與方法論：古典效益主義思想家的觀點〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，10：33-82。陳昭如2010〈婚姻作為法律上的異性戀父權與特權〉，《女學學誌：婦女與性別研究》，27：113-199。陳建綱2011 〈從同情共感到效益：論《人性論》與《道德原理探索》的異與同〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，38：1-56。2015 〈休謨是契約論者嗎？對高提也的”David Hume, Contractarian”之批判性反思〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，55：1-49。黃偉合 2005《英國近代自由主義研究─從洛克、邊沁到彌爾》北京：北京大學出版社。甯應斌2007 〈同性戀是社會建構嗎？─保守與革命的社會建構論〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，20：1-55。簡至潔2012 〈從同性婚姻到多元家庭─朝向親密關係民主化的立法運動〉，《台灣人權學刊》，1(3)：187-201。關啟文2015 〈婚姻平權的反思〉，《應用倫理評論》，58：13-55。波斯特瑪(Postema)著，徐同遠譯2013 《邊沁與普通法傳統》北京：法律出版社。葉浩http://hpe.org.tw/3rdNHI_3_Program.pdf，查詢日期2015年9月20日。台灣社會變遷調查 http://www.ios.sinica.edu.tw/sc/cht/scDownload2.php#fourth，查詢日期2015年9月20日。法規資料庫http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=A0000001，查詢日期2015年9月19日。公視新聞網http://news.pts.org.tw/detail.php?NEENO=304707，查詢日期2015年8月28日。行政院主計總處2014 《國民幸福指數年報》，臺北：行政院主計總處。立法院國會圖書館http://npl.ly.gov.tw/do/www/homePage，查詢日期2015年7月8日。台灣同志遊行http://twpride.org/twp/，查詢日期2015年7月8日。台灣伴侶權益推動聯盟https://tapcpr.wordpress.com/，查詢日期2015年7月8日。台灣守護家庭https://taiwanfamily.com/，查詢日期2015年7月8日。同志諮詢熱線http://hotline.org.tw/，查詢日期2015年7月8日。婦女新知基金會http://www.awakening.org.tw/chhtml/news_dtl.asp?id=1030，查詢日期2015年8月28日。國立國父紀念館 中山學術資料庫http://sunology.culture.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/s1gsweb.cgi/ccd=vQCm.3/record?r1=1&h1=4，查詢日期2015年8月16日。國家教育研究院http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/229952/，查詢日期2015年8月11日。美國心理學學會http://www.apa.org/about/policy/parenting.aspx 查詢日期2016年4月5日。衛生福利部疾病管制署 http://www.cdc.gov.tw/diseaseinfo.aspx?treeid=8d54c504e820735b&nowtreeid=dec84a2f0c6fac5b&tid=0D62EE0F6D4EBF8C 查詢日期2016年4月5日。參照大大養成所 http://leplab.blogspot.tw/2013/11/blog-post_8.html 查詢日期2016年4月5日。國政評論http://www.npf.org.tw/1/12363 查詢日期2016年4月5日。財團法人罕見疾病基金會 http://www.tfrd.org.tw/tfrd/service_d/main/category_id/ 3查詢日期2016年4月5日。拉媽報http://blog.yam.com/la_ma_news/article/9153706 查詢日期2016年4月5日。科學人http://www.guokr.com/article/59746/ 查詢日期2016年4月5日。司法院大法官 http://www.judicial.gov.tw/constitutionalcourt/p10_02.asp?id=381 查詢日期2016年4月1日。公共政策網路參與平臺http://join.gov.tw/openup/policies/detail/f69c2804-ba8c-46b0-b24f-6ae5db845789 查詢日期2016年3月28日。 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
政治學系
101252007資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1012520071 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 陳建綱 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) 吳文和 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) 吳文和 zh_TW dc.date (日期) 2016 en_US dc.date.accessioned 9-Aug-2016 11:56:50 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 9-Aug-2016 11:56:50 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 9-Aug-2016 11:56:50 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1012520071 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/99829 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 政治學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 101252007 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 邊沁和效益主義主張「最大多數的最大幸福」，這樣的主張引起了擔憂，如羅爾斯擔憂是否會對少數者有不合理的要求。由於羅爾斯著作的深遠影響，本文試圖重新反思這些對邊沁和效益主義的批判。本文回到邊沁的著作，依據邊沁的理論前提和內涵，進而回應羅爾斯與諾奇克等對邊沁思想之疑問，並說明邊沁的最大幸福原則與康德批評的幸福原則之不同。批評者時常過度簡化了邊沁的思想，這不僅是對邊沁人性觀的片面解讀，也有違邊沁講求「證據」的經驗主義知識論。呼應諾貝爾經濟學獎得主康納曼所提出的「回到邊沁」之主張，本文的結論是「經驗效益的理性計算」、「依賴經驗的假設檢定」和「外力的法律制裁」只是用來協助道德，最大幸福原則的主要道德動力來源是人自身同情共感地不想讓她/他/牠者受苦，此與羅爾斯的互惠式正義理論不同；同時，效益必須以客觀經驗證據為基礎，最大幸福原則不只不會對少數者有不合理之要求，還主張為少數者爭取合理之「公民與法律權利」。此外，本文承繼邊沁將理論應用於社會改革之精神，效仿邊沁生前曾為英國性少數發聲和對婚姻改革之努力，將最大幸福原則應用於我國伴侶盟提出的多元成家草案。本文的觀點是，最大幸福原則能突破目前人權理論遭遇之各說各話的困境，不只為多元成家草案提供一個雙方均能接受之原則，最大幸福原則也足以作為個人道德生活和公共立法的指引。 zh_TW dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 前言.............................................1第二章 理論前提..........................................7第一節 道德上的善為何？從「心理」到「道德」的過渡............9第二節 理論的基礎：道德心理學.............................14第三節 邊沁對各方思想的繼承與批判.........................21第四節 小結.............................................31第三章 邊沁的理論........................................34第一節 為什麼要談立法？從「道德」到「立法」的過渡...........36第二節 理論的內涵：道德與立法的原則........................42第三節 邊沁學說的影響與其招致的批判........................50第四節 小結.............................................60第四章 最大幸福原則與少數族群的關係........................62第一節 邊沁學說是否會對少數者有不合理的要求.................63第二節 為什麼要回到邊沁？應用最大幸福原則的好處.............74第三節 應用最大幸福原則的步驟.............................80第四節 小結.............................................86第五章 邊沁理論的應用：以多元成家立法草案為例...............89第一節 歷史背景.........................................91第二節 法案內容及正反雙方所宣稱的理由......................95第三節 邊沁學說在該法案的應用............................100第四節 小結............................................106第六章 結論............................................108參考文獻...............................................115 zh_TW dc.format.extent 2321543 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1012520071 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 最大幸福原則 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 邊沁 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 效益主義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 多元成家 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 同性婚姻 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 同志 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 少數 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 羅爾斯 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 彌爾 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 康德 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 諾奇克 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Greatest Happiness Principle en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Jeremy Bentham en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Utilitarianism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Pluralistic Family en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Same-sex marriage en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) LGBT en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) minorities en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) John Rawls en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) John Stuart Mill en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Immanuel Kant en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Robert Nozick en_US dc.title (題名) 邊沁的最大幸福原則：其理論內涵及應用 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Jeremy Bentham’s Greatest Happiness Principle: Its Theory and Application en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 邊沁原著及縮寫Fragment1995 “A Fragment on Government,” in John Bowring ed., The Works of Jeremy Bentham: Vol. 1. 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