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題名 新光、鎮西堡原住民部落森林農業 多功能性之研究
The Multifunctionality of Forest Farming in Indigenous Communities of Smangus-Cinsbu
作者 許書騰
Hsu, Shu Teng
貢獻者 顏愛靜
許書騰
Hsu, Shu Teng
關鍵詞 新光與鎮西堡原住民部落
森林農業
複合式農林業
多功能性
永續發展
Indigenous Communities of Smangus-Cinsbu
Forest farming
Agroforestry
Multifunctionality
Sustainable Agriculture
日期 2016
上傳時間 22-Aug-2016 13:10:16 (UTC+8)
摘要 森林農業是一種高山農林混種土地利用方式,國外研究稱「複合式農林業」或「混農林業」,其原理是透過農耕與森林空間的妥適安排,能減緩土壤侵蝕、過度開墾、土壤肥力衰退等負外部性,不會危害山坡地水土保持,同時可生產高品質農產品,維持高山部落原住民基本生活。目前森林農業的土地利用方式,雖適合高山空間不連續的地形,但因現行法規命令對非都市土地使用管制之限制,在編定為林業用地上作農業使用即屬違規超限利用,致使賴以農業維生的高山部落原住民遭受打擊。儘管如此,仍有一群原住民努力透過森林農業營造多功能性試圖打破外界長期對高山農業的誤解。
新光、鎮西堡原住民部落是森林農業成功典範,推行森林農業與國外複合式農林業類似,這不是新的技術,而是一種回到最古老農耕方式,透過農與林的自然交互作用生產高品質農作物,展現多功能性顯著。然而,新光、鎮西堡原住民部落森林農業逐漸產生成效時,仍難以避免超限利用之指控或質疑。為能釐清此等疑慮,本研究嘗試以多功能性分析框架,檢視新光、鎮西堡原住民部落森林農業,並以資料分析法、現地查勘法及團體訪談法探究森林農業多功能性及森林農業遭遇法令限制,分析檢討目前對森林農業規定有何過當之處,期能提供改善建議,使部落森林農業得以合法發展。
研究結果顯示,森林農業多功能性顯著。在商品功能面,可使部落族人糧食安全、糧食自給率得以提高,且促進部落休閒遊憩觀光,創造許多就業機會,使離鄉青年逐漸回到部落,亦可提高農民所得;非商品面則包含生態與社會文化功能,前者可增進土壤地力,加強水土保持、預防洪氾、保護水資源提高資源利用永續性、維持生物多樣性;後者則是傳承文化資產、形塑部落生活環境、引導部落發展。
本研究認為現行政策限制高山部落原住民原有森林農業耕作土地利用模式,原目的是讓森林保留,另一方面卻欲藉著攔砂壩的興建,將高山的土石阻擋下來防止土石流,至今效果不彰,現有攔砂壩沒多久即塞滿,原本水道改變,致非水道處承受不住大雨造成崩塌,且治標不治本,與原住民生活連結性薄弱;相反的森林農業解決大雨時來的逕流、防止土石崩塌所造成災害,並促進觀光旅遊及部落發展,產生多功能性連結,是一種永續發展土地利用模式,應予推廣。
Forest farming, also called "Agroforestry Composite" or "agroforestry" in overseas studies, is the cultivation of high-value specialty crops. By its proper space arrangements between farming and forest, forest farming can slow negative externalities such as soil erosion, excessive reclamation, soil fertility recession. Besides, forest farming not only conserve soil and water, but also produce natural and high-quality agricultural products. Most importantly, forest farming can maintain the basic livelihood of indigenous people in mountainous communities. Now, although the current land use patterns of forest farming have been doing well in non-continuous mountain terrain, Regulations on Non-urban Land Use Control prohibit people from farming in forestry land. Such restriction makes indigenous people in mountainous communities hard to live, especially for whom depends on forest farming. Nevertheless, there are some indigenous people still making effort to operate the multifunctionality of the forest farming, and trying to break the long-term misunderstand of mountain farming.
This case study is located in Smangus-Cinsbu Indigenous Communities, which is a successful example of forest farming in mountain areas. Some farmers in this communities use forest farming to produce high quality crops. As their forest farming have been developed, indigenous people take the blame for illegal use of forestry land. Therefore, this study use the analytical framework of multifunctionality to view its forest farming in Smangus-Cinsbu Indigenous Communities. This research adopts methods of data analysis, transect walks, group interviews to explore the limitations and problems of forest farming under current land and soil conservation law and regulations, and finally provide some recommendations regarding forest agricultural development for indigenous communities.
The result shows that forest farming do well in multifunctionality. First, in the aspect of commodity function, forest farming not only improve food security, but also enhance food self-sufficiency rate of mountain communities. Furthermore, forest farming create many job opportunities, allowing youth to back to the village gradually. As a result, forest farming indirect improve farmers` income. Second, in the aspect of Non-commodity function, forest farming can strengthen soil and water conservation, flood prevention, protect water resources, and improve resource utilization resiliency in dimension of biodiversity. As for social and cultural aspect, forest farming passes down cultural heritage assets, shapes settlement living environment, and guide the development of indigenous communities.
This study suggests that the current policy limits mountain indigenous peoples’ living in the land use of forest farming. The original purpose of this policy is to reserve the forest by the construction of dams to prevent landslides. However, up to now, it is ineffective, because the dams was filled soon after, and the original watercourse changed, causing non-watercourse collapse under heavy rains. Besides, this dams have weak link with indigenous communities. On the other view, forest farming solve the runoff, prevent soil and rock collapse, which keeps indigenous communities from disasters. Moreover, forest farming can promote tourism and communities development of indigenous people, and generate the links between diversity. Therefore, forest farming is a sustainable land-use patterns, and it is worthwhile to promote.
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16. 洪泉湖,1992。臺灣地區山地保留地政策制定與研究。政治大學三民主義研究所博士論文。
17. 陳怡婷,2008。臺灣農地使用策略調整之研究-以農業多功能性為核心。國立臺北大學不動產與城鄉環境學系碩論。
18. 張奮前,1962。臺灣山之保留地。臺灣文獻。
19. 張孟軒、林士淵,2014。原住民農耕區位選取知識之數位化─以尖石泰雅族部落為例。
20. 孫稚堤、顏愛靜,2014。流域治理與土地倫理之研究─以石門水庫上游集水區的原住民族部落為例。永續國土論文集社會文化篇。政治大學顏愛靜教授60壽慶委員會。
21. 薛心淳,2012。國有放租林地發展混農林業之研究-以臺大實驗林契約林地為例。政治大學碩士論文。
22. 劉佩琪,2009,原住民族農地利用與部落發展之研究-以新竹縣尖石鄉泰雅族部落為例。
23. 顏愛靜,2014。行政院國家科學委員會補助專題原住民地區實施森林農業與多功能性之研究─以新竹縣尖石鄉泰雅族部落為例。(NSC 103-2420-H-004-007-MY3)研究計畫期中報告。
24. 顏愛靜、楊國柱,2004。原住民族土地制度與經濟發展,臺北,稻香。
25. 顏愛靜、楊國柱、吳樹叢、鄧華玉、楊鴻謙,1998,臺灣地區原住民各族群土地制度變遷之研究—總論篇,行政院原住民委員會、中國土地經濟學會。
26. 羅紹麟,2005。臺灣民營森林之永續經營.,森林生態系永續經營研討會論文集。
27. 謝豪榮、林炤光,1996。林地超限利用對坡地滲透影響之研究。
28. 財團法人臺灣大學建築與城鄉研究發展基金會宜蘭分會,2015。擬定北泰雅原住民族特定區域計劃草案(原住民族特定區域計畫:以泰雅族鎮西堡部落為例)
英文文獻
1. Bene, J. G., H. W. Beall, and Albert Côté. Trees, food, and people,1977. land management in the tropics. IDRC.
2. Garrity, D. P., 2004. Agroforestry and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Agroforestry Systems 61: 5–17.
3. Huylenbroeck, Guido Van; Valerie Vandermeulen, Evy Mettepenningen, Ann Verspecht, 2007, “Multifunctionality of Agriculture: A Review of Definitions, Evidence and Instruments,” Living Review Landscape Research, 1, 3. http://www.livingreviews.org/lrlr-2007-3.
4. King, K.F.S, 1979. Agroforestry: Proceedings of the Fiftieth Symposium on Tropical Agriculture, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
5. Leakey, R.R.B. and A-M.N. Izac, 1996. “Linkages between domestication and commercialization of non-timber forest products: implications for agroforestry.” Domestication and Commercialisation of Non-timber Forest Products. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
6. Lundgren B., 1982. Introduction (Editorial).Agroforestry Systems1 Digitization of Indigenous Knowledge of FarmingSite Selection –A Case.
7. Nair, P.K.R., 1991. “State-of-the-art of agroforestry systems.” Forest Ecology and Management.
8. Nair. P. K. Ramachandran, 1992. An Introduction to Agroforestry, in cooperation with International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), Kluwer Academic Publishers.
9. OECD, 1998. Agriculture in a Changing World: which Policies for Tomorrow? Meeting of the Committee for Agriculture at the Ministerial level, Press Communiqué, Paris, 5-6 March.
10. OECD, 2001. Multifunctionality: towards an analytical framework- summary and conclusions.
11. Piorr, A., S. Uthes, K. Müller, C. Sattler and K. Happe, 2005. Design of a MEA-compatible multifunctionality concept, Müncheberg: European Commission.
12. Smith , J , 2010. Agroforestry: Reconciling Production with Protection of the Environment, A Synopsis of Research Literature ,The Organic Research Centre, Elm Farm.
13. Torquebiau, E. F., 2000. A renewed perspective on agroforestry concepts and classification. Comptes Rendus de l`Academie des Sciences-Series III-Sciences de la Vie, 323(11), 1009-1017.
14. World Bank, 1991, Forestry Policy Paper, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA.
15. Young, A, 1986. Evaluation of agroforestry potential in sloping areas. In: W. Siderius, ed., Land Evaluation for Land Use Planning and Conservation in Sloping Areas” Wageningen, Netherlands: International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement.
網路查詢
1. 維基百科網站轉繪新竹鄉尖石鄉位置圖,http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%96%E7%9F%B3%E9%84%89,搜尋日期:2014.10.12。
2. 慣行農業定義,http://library.taiwanschoolnet.org/cyberfair2006/ne94002/c/c-1.htm,搜尋日期:2014.10.12。
3. 行政院環境保護署,http://edw.epa.gov.tw/docGEMET.aspx?WID=3381,搜尋日期:2014.08.25。
4. 聯合國森林議題,環境署呼籲各國廣泛發展”綠色農業”,http://www.un.org/zh/development/forest/newsdetails.asp?newsID=11994,搜尋日期:2014.08.25。
5. Johnson, C, 2006, An Introduction to Agroforestry,http://www.kerrcenter.com/publications/Agroforestry-CJ06.pdf,搜尋日期:2014.08.31。
6. 臺灣鄉土書目http://localdoc.ncl.edu.tw/tmld/browse_map.jsp?map=0512,搜尋日期:2015.09.25。
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
地政學系碩士在職專班
101923013
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101923013
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 顏愛靜zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 許書騰zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Hsu, Shu Tengen_US
dc.creator (作者) 許書騰zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Hsu, Shu Tengen_US
dc.date (日期) 2016en_US
dc.date.accessioned 22-Aug-2016 13:10:16 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 22-Aug-2016 13:10:16 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 22-Aug-2016 13:10:16 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0101923013en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/100518-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 地政學系碩士在職專班zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101923013zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 森林農業是一種高山農林混種土地利用方式,國外研究稱「複合式農林業」或「混農林業」,其原理是透過農耕與森林空間的妥適安排,能減緩土壤侵蝕、過度開墾、土壤肥力衰退等負外部性,不會危害山坡地水土保持,同時可生產高品質農產品,維持高山部落原住民基本生活。目前森林農業的土地利用方式,雖適合高山空間不連續的地形,但因現行法規命令對非都市土地使用管制之限制,在編定為林業用地上作農業使用即屬違規超限利用,致使賴以農業維生的高山部落原住民遭受打擊。儘管如此,仍有一群原住民努力透過森林農業營造多功能性試圖打破外界長期對高山農業的誤解。
新光、鎮西堡原住民部落是森林農業成功典範,推行森林農業與國外複合式農林業類似,這不是新的技術,而是一種回到最古老農耕方式,透過農與林的自然交互作用生產高品質農作物,展現多功能性顯著。然而,新光、鎮西堡原住民部落森林農業逐漸產生成效時,仍難以避免超限利用之指控或質疑。為能釐清此等疑慮,本研究嘗試以多功能性分析框架,檢視新光、鎮西堡原住民部落森林農業,並以資料分析法、現地查勘法及團體訪談法探究森林農業多功能性及森林農業遭遇法令限制,分析檢討目前對森林農業規定有何過當之處,期能提供改善建議,使部落森林農業得以合法發展。
研究結果顯示,森林農業多功能性顯著。在商品功能面,可使部落族人糧食安全、糧食自給率得以提高,且促進部落休閒遊憩觀光,創造許多就業機會,使離鄉青年逐漸回到部落,亦可提高農民所得;非商品面則包含生態與社會文化功能,前者可增進土壤地力,加強水土保持、預防洪氾、保護水資源提高資源利用永續性、維持生物多樣性;後者則是傳承文化資產、形塑部落生活環境、引導部落發展。
本研究認為現行政策限制高山部落原住民原有森林農業耕作土地利用模式,原目的是讓森林保留,另一方面卻欲藉著攔砂壩的興建,將高山的土石阻擋下來防止土石流,至今效果不彰,現有攔砂壩沒多久即塞滿,原本水道改變,致非水道處承受不住大雨造成崩塌,且治標不治本,與原住民生活連結性薄弱;相反的森林農業解決大雨時來的逕流、防止土石崩塌所造成災害,並促進觀光旅遊及部落發展,產生多功能性連結,是一種永續發展土地利用模式,應予推廣。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Forest farming, also called "Agroforestry Composite" or "agroforestry" in overseas studies, is the cultivation of high-value specialty crops. By its proper space arrangements between farming and forest, forest farming can slow negative externalities such as soil erosion, excessive reclamation, soil fertility recession. Besides, forest farming not only conserve soil and water, but also produce natural and high-quality agricultural products. Most importantly, forest farming can maintain the basic livelihood of indigenous people in mountainous communities. Now, although the current land use patterns of forest farming have been doing well in non-continuous mountain terrain, Regulations on Non-urban Land Use Control prohibit people from farming in forestry land. Such restriction makes indigenous people in mountainous communities hard to live, especially for whom depends on forest farming. Nevertheless, there are some indigenous people still making effort to operate the multifunctionality of the forest farming, and trying to break the long-term misunderstand of mountain farming.
This case study is located in Smangus-Cinsbu Indigenous Communities, which is a successful example of forest farming in mountain areas. Some farmers in this communities use forest farming to produce high quality crops. As their forest farming have been developed, indigenous people take the blame for illegal use of forestry land. Therefore, this study use the analytical framework of multifunctionality to view its forest farming in Smangus-Cinsbu Indigenous Communities. This research adopts methods of data analysis, transect walks, group interviews to explore the limitations and problems of forest farming under current land and soil conservation law and regulations, and finally provide some recommendations regarding forest agricultural development for indigenous communities.
The result shows that forest farming do well in multifunctionality. First, in the aspect of commodity function, forest farming not only improve food security, but also enhance food self-sufficiency rate of mountain communities. Furthermore, forest farming create many job opportunities, allowing youth to back to the village gradually. As a result, forest farming indirect improve farmers` income. Second, in the aspect of Non-commodity function, forest farming can strengthen soil and water conservation, flood prevention, protect water resources, and improve resource utilization resiliency in dimension of biodiversity. As for social and cultural aspect, forest farming passes down cultural heritage assets, shapes settlement living environment, and guide the development of indigenous communities.
This study suggests that the current policy limits mountain indigenous peoples’ living in the land use of forest farming. The original purpose of this policy is to reserve the forest by the construction of dams to prevent landslides. However, up to now, it is ineffective, because the dams was filled soon after, and the original watercourse changed, causing non-watercourse collapse under heavy rains. Besides, this dams have weak link with indigenous communities. On the other view, forest farming solve the runoff, prevent soil and rock collapse, which keeps indigenous communities from disasters. Moreover, forest farming can promote tourism and communities development of indigenous people, and generate the links between diversity. Therefore, forest farming is a sustainable land-use patterns, and it is worthwhile to promote.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1-1
第一節、研究動機與目的 1-1
第二節、研究範圍與名詞定義 1-5
第三節、研究方法與流程 1-10
第二章 研究面向 2-1
第一節、複合式農林業 2-1
第二節、多功能性 2-11
第三章 研究個案背景說明 3-1
第一節、新光、鎮西堡之農業經濟與文化 3-1
第二節、高山農業土地利用之限制 3-9
第四章 研究個案森林農業多功能性分析 4-1
第一節、訪談問題設計 4-1
第二節、森林農業之特質 4-5
第三節、森林農業多功能性之檢視 4-10
第四節、森林農業的限制 4-19
第五章 結論與建議 5-1
第一節、結論 5-2
第二節、研究建議 5-7
參考文獻 I
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dc.format.extent 1882218 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101923013en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新光與鎮西堡原住民部落zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 森林農業zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 複合式農林業zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 多功能性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 永續發展zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Indigenous Communities of Smangus-Cinsbuen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Forest farmingen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Agroforestryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Multifunctionalityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Sustainable Agricultureen_US
dc.title (題名) 新光、鎮西堡原住民部落森林農業 多功能性之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Multifunctionality of Forest Farming in Indigenous Communities of Smangus-Cinsbuen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文文獻
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網路查詢
1. 維基百科網站轉繪新竹鄉尖石鄉位置圖,http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%96%E7%9F%B3%E9%84%89,搜尋日期:2014.10.12。
2. 慣行農業定義,http://library.taiwanschoolnet.org/cyberfair2006/ne94002/c/c-1.htm,搜尋日期:2014.10.12。
3. 行政院環境保護署,http://edw.epa.gov.tw/docGEMET.aspx?WID=3381,搜尋日期:2014.08.25。
4. 聯合國森林議題,環境署呼籲各國廣泛發展”綠色農業”,http://www.un.org/zh/development/forest/newsdetails.asp?newsID=11994,搜尋日期:2014.08.25。
5. Johnson, C, 2006, An Introduction to Agroforestry,http://www.kerrcenter.com/publications/Agroforestry-CJ06.pdf,搜尋日期:2014.08.31。
6. 臺灣鄉土書目http://localdoc.ncl.edu.tw/tmld/browse_map.jsp?map=0512,搜尋日期:2015.09.25。
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