學術產出-學位論文
文章檢視/開啟
書目匯出
-
題名 媒體報導對立法行為的影響:以第八屆環境法案為例
The Effect of Media Coverage on Legislative Behavior : The Case of Environment Bills(2012-2015)作者 黃彥琳
Huang, Yan Lin貢獻者 盛杏湲
Sheng, Shing Yuan
黃彥琳
Huang, Yan Lin關鍵詞 環境議題
提案類型
媒體報導
立法行為
議程設定
environmental issue
proposals type
media coverage
legislative behavior
agenda setting日期 2016 上傳時間 22-八月-2016 13:11:38 (UTC+8) 摘要 本文站在媒體會影響政治的框架下,探討媒體報導對立法委員在環境議題提案的影響。亦即,筆者認為立法委員對不同性質的環境議題提案,會因為媒體報導數量的多寡,而有不同的立法態度出現,並提出兩個研究問題:(1)在媒體報導下,立法委員對環境議題法案的提案模式為何? (2)環境議題提案在什麼樣貌的媒體報導下,能順利產出成為法律?因此,本文以第八屆立法院與環境議題有關的所有提案為研究對象,建立四個媒體報導與立法行為的研究假設,透過立法院國會圖書館搜集資料,再以交叉列表的方式檢證假設,並輔以質性資料補充說明研究結果。 研究結果顯示:在提案是屬於有利環境的情形時,媒體報導的多寡的確會對立法委員的行為產生影響,亦即當媒體報導的愈多,提案與連署人數會愈多、總提案數會愈多、審議時間會愈短以及三讀通過的機率會愈高;反之,當提案是屬於不利環境的情形時,媒體報導的多寡帶給立法行為的影響不一,因為當媒體報導的愈多,提案與連署人數只有在超過特定的媒體報導數量才會愈少、而總提案數會愈少與審議時間會愈長的假設,則無法被證實,但三讀通過的機率被證實會愈低。
In the framework of agenda setting, this thesis focuses on exploring the effect of media coverage on legislators in environmental bills. That is, with various amount of media coverage, the legislators have different attitudes and behaviors towards different type of environmental proposals. The research questions are as following: what are legislators’ proposal modes concerning the environmental issues? What kind of media coverage can make a proposal become a law? Therefore, I collect all of the environmental proposals from 2012 to 2015, and establish four hypotheses of media coverage and legislative behaviors. The data comes from the parliamentary library database. By applying cross tabulation, I try to elaborate their relationship. I also gather some qualitative research material as a supplement for the result. The research result suggests that media coverage does affect legislators’ behaviors towards environmental friendly proposals. To be more exact, under the condition of large amount of media coverage, proposers and sponsors are willing to participate in, and also there will be more proposals on the table. Moreover, a proposal will need little examination day and get higher probability to be passed. However, the media coverage did not completely conform to hypotheses on the part of unfavorable environment. The more media coverage, the fewer participants happened at a particular condition. The hypothesis of proposals amount and examination day could not be confirmed in this study, but the lower probability of legislative success was proved indeed.參考文獻 I. 中文部分公民監督國會聯盟,2016,〈透視公督盟〉,公民監督國會聯盟網站:http://www.ccw.org.tw/about,檢索日期:2016年7月15日。立法院智庫,2015,〈立法院法律系統〉,立法院國會圖書館網站:http://npl.ly.gov.tw/do/www/dbMaintainNew?dbKind=立法院智庫&blockId=4&titleName=立法院智庫,檢索日期:2015年2月15日。立法院智庫,2015,〈立法院新聞知識管理系統〉,立法院國會圖書館網站:http://nplnews.ly.gov.tw,檢索日期:2015年2月15日。立法院智庫,2015,〈立法院法律提案審議進度〉,立法院國會圖書館網站:http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lylgmeetc/lgmeetkm_lgmem,檢索日期:2015年2月15日。《立法院公報》,2014,〈委員會紀錄〉,103(6): 71-72、96。《立法院公報》,2015,〈院會紀錄〉,104(11): 474。王文科,2001,《教育研究法:教育研究的理論與實務》,台北:五南。王筱璇、勤淑瑩譯,Melvin L. DeFleur and Everette E. Dennis原著,2012,《大眾傳播概論》,台北市:雙葉書廊。余致力,2008,《公共政策》,台北:智勝。於幼華,2006,《台灣環境議題特論》,台北:五南。吳孟寧,2007,〈由媒體議題設定功能探討卡奴條款之政策發展〉,《T&D飛訊》,58:1-16。李人豪、張美慧,2007,〈立法委員的電視媒體策略與表演行為〉,《廣告學研究》,27:79-104。李映璇,2002,〈布林邏輯在資料庫查詢上的實務性運用〉,《國立中央圖書館台灣分館館刊》,8(3):34-44。李淑莉,2016,〈環境立法中的提案連署行為:社會網絡分析的應用〉,中國文化大學政治學系碩士學位論文。林姿儀,2006,〈回顧2005-206年之台灣卡債風暴〉,《財團法人國家政策研究基金會國政分析報告》,財金(研) 095-009號。陳虹余,2003,〈比較海峽兩岸電視廣告中的性別角色〉,政治大學心理研究所碩士論文。陳昌宏,2010,〈從法案到法律-立委立法行為之實證分析:「公共事務類」法案之個案分析〉,《國家發展研究》,10(1):53-96。盛杏湲,1997,〈立法委員的立法參與:概念、本質、測量〉,《問題與研究》,36(3):1-25。盛杏湲、陳義彥,2003,〈政治分歧與政黨競爭:2001年立法委員選舉的分析〉,《選舉研究》,10(1):7-40。盛杏湲,2005,〈立法委員的立法提案:第五屆立法院的分析〉,2005年臺灣政治學會年會,12月10-11日,台北:臺灣政治學會。盛杏湲,2012,〈媒體報導對企業型政治立法成敗的影響〉,《東吳政治學報》,30(1): 1-42。盛杏湲,2014a,〈再探選區服務與立法問政:選制改革前後的比較〉,《東吳政治學報》,32(2):65-116。盛杏湲,2014b,〈選制變革前後立委提案的持續與變遷:一個探索性的研究〉,《臺灣政治學刊》,18(1):73-127。游美惠,2000,〈內容分析、文本分析與論述分析在社會研究的運用〉,《調查研究-方法與應用》,8:5-42。楊開煌,1988,〈中共研究中的內容分析法及其爭議與反省〉,《東亞季刊》,20(2):27-44。蔡炯青、黃瓊儀,2002,〈公共政策議題的議程設定研究-以「台北市垃圾費隨袋徵收」政策為例〉,中華傳播學會年會2002傳播、民主化與認同,6月28-30日。鄧志松、黃嘉芳、吳親恩,2015,〈環保抗爭與綠黨得票有關嗎?2012年立委選舉政黨票的考察〉,《選舉研究》,22(2): 41-69。盧鏡臣、周素卿與江尚書,2011,〈重大災害事件對媒體議題設定及政府決策之影響基隆河流域河川整治的個案研究〉,《地理學報》,63: 89-113。DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.6161/jgs.2011.63.04羅清俊,2009,《重新檢視台灣分配政策與政治》,台北:揚智文化。羅清俊、郭益玟 2012,〈管制政策的分配政治特質:台灣環境保護訴願決定的實證分析〉,《行政暨政策學報》,54:1-40。龔意琇,2002,〈單一選區兩票制:並立制與聯立制(補償制)之分析〉,財團法人國家政策研究基金會:http://old.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/CL/091/CL-B-091-054.htm,檢索日期:檢索日期:2016年7月15日。II. 英文部分Atkinson, Mary L., Lovett, John, and Baumgartner, Frank R. “Measuring the Media Agenda” Political Communication 31(2): 355-380.Berelson, Bernard R., Lazarsfeld, Paul F., and McPhee, William N. 1954. Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Berelson, Bernard. 1952. Content Analysis in Communication Research. Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press.Birkland, Thomas A. 1997. After disaster: Agenda setting, public policy, and focusing events. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Birkland, Thomas A. 1998. “Focusing Events, Mobilization, and Agenda Setting.” Journal of Public Policy 18(1): 53-74.Birkland, Thomas A. 2006. Lessons of disaster: Policy change after catastrophic events. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Campbell, Angus, Converse, P.E., Miller, Warren E., and Stokes, D.E. 1960. The American Voter. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.Campbell, Angus, Gurin, Gerald, and Miller, Warren E. 1954. The Voter Decides. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.Cook, Timothy E. 1989. Making Laws and Making News: Media Strategies in the U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.Cook, Timothy E. 1998. Governing with the News. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Cooper, Christopher A. 2002. “Media Tactics in the State Legislature.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 2(4): 353-371.David, Kennamer J. 1992. Public Opinion, the Press, and Public Policy. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.Danielian, Lucing H. 1992. “Interest Groups and the News.” In Public Opinion, the Press, and Public Policy, ed. David Kennamer. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.Dearing, James W., and Rogers, Everett M. 1996. Agenda Setting. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Graber, Doris A. 2010. Mass Media and American Politics. Washington, DC: CQ Press.Gisbert, Javier P. 1973. Fundamentals of Sociology. Kolkata: Orient Longman.George, Edwards III C., and Wood, Dan B. 1999. “Who Influences Whom? The President, Congress, and the Media.” The American Political Science Review 93(2): 327-344.Helfer, Luzia. 2016. “Media Effects on Politicians: An Individual-level Political Agenda-Setting Experiment.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 21(2): 232-252.Herrnson, Paul. 1998. Congressional Elections: Campaigning at Home and in Washington. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press.Howlett, Michael, and Giest, Sarah. 2013. “The Policy-Making Process.” In Routledge Handbook of Public Policy, eds. Eduardo Araral, Scott Fritzen, Michael Howlett, M. Ramesh, and Xun Wu. New York: Routledge.Iyengar, Shanto, and Reeves, Richard. 1997. Do the Media Govern?: Politicians, Voters, and Reporters in America. London: SAGE Publications.Jones, Bryan D., and Baumgartner, Frank R. 2005. The Politics of Attention: How Government Prioritizes Problems. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Katrin Voltmer and Sigrid Koch-Baumgarten. 2010. “Mass Media and Public Policy- is There a Link?.” In Public Policy and the Mass Media: The Interplay of Mass Communication Political Decision Making, ed. Katrin Voltmer and Sigrid Koch-Baumgarten. New York: Routledge.Kedrowski, Karen. 1996. Media Entrepreneurs in the Unite States Congress. Creskill, NJ: Hampton Press.Kingdon, John M. 1984. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Boston, MA: Little Brown.Lazarsfeld, Paul F., Berelson, Bernard, and Gaudet, Hazel. 1948. The People’s Choice: How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce.Linsky, Martin. 1986. How the Press Affects Federal Policy Making. New York: Norton.Lippmann, W. 1922. Public Opinion. New York: Simon& Schuster Inc.Cohen, Bernard C. 1963. Press and Foreign Policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.McCombs, Maxwell E., and Shaw, Donald L. 1972. “The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media.” The Public Opinion Quarterly 36(2): 176-187.McNair, B. 1995. An Introduction to Political Communication. London: Routledge.Pritchard, David. 1992. “The News Media and Public Policy Agendas.” In Public Opinion, the Press and Public Policy, ed. David Kennamer. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. Ranney, Austin. 1983. Channels of Power: The Impact of Television on American Politics. New York: Basic Books.Rosenthal, Alan. 1998. The Decline of Representative Democracy. Washington, DC: CQ Press.Schattschneider, Eric E. 1960. The Semi-Sovereign People. New York: Rineheart and Wilson.Schlozman, Kay L., and Tierney, John T. 1983. “More of the same: Washington pressure group activity in a decade of change.” Journal of Politics, 45, 353-373.Sellers, Patrick J. 2012. “Manipulating the Message in the U.S. Congress.” In Media Power in Politics, ed Graber, Doris A. Washington, DC: CQ Press.Shaw, Donald L., and McCombs, Maxwell E. 1997. The Emergence of American Political Issues. St. Paul MN: West.Smith, Jackie, McCarthy, John D., McPhail, Clark, and Augustyn, Boguslaw. 2001. “From Protest to Agenda Building: Description Bias in Media Coverage of Protest Events in Washington, D.C.” Oxford Journals 79(4): 1397-1423.Soroka, Stuart. 2002. Agenda-Setting Dynamics in Canada. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.Stefaan Walgrave, Stuart Soroka, and Michiel Nuytemans. 2008. “The Mass Media’s Political Agenda-Setting Power: A Longitudinal Analysis of Media, Parliament, and Government in Belgium (1993 to 2000).” Comparative Political Studies 41(6): 814-36.Stuart Soroka, Andrea Lawlor, Stephen Farnsworth, and Lori Young. 2012. “Mass Media and Policymaking.” In Routledge Handbook of Public Policy, eds. Eduardo Araral, Scott Fritzen, Michael Howlett, M. Ramesh, and Xun Wu. New York: Routledge.Tan, Yue, and Weaver, David H. 2009. “Local Media, Public Opinion, and State Legislative Policies: Agenda Setting at the State Level.” The International Journal of Press 14(4): 454-476.Weaver, D., Graber, Doris A., McCombs, Maxwell E., and Eyal, C. 1981. Media Agenda Setting in a Presidential election: Issues, Images and Interest. New York: Praeger.Wilson, James Q. 1986. American Government: Institutions and Policies. 3rd ed. Lexington: D. C. Heath and Company.Yanovitzky, Itzhak. 2002. “Effect of News Coverage on Policy Attention and Actions.” Communication Research 29(4): 422-451. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
政治學系
102252016資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102252016 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 盛杏湲 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Sheng, Shing Yuan en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 黃彥琳 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Huang, Yan Lin en_US dc.creator (作者) 黃彥琳 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Huang, Yan Lin en_US dc.date (日期) 2016 en_US dc.date.accessioned 22-八月-2016 13:11:38 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 22-八月-2016 13:11:38 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 22-八月-2016 13:11:38 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0102252016 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/100520 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 政治學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 102252016 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文站在媒體會影響政治的框架下,探討媒體報導對立法委員在環境議題提案的影響。亦即,筆者認為立法委員對不同性質的環境議題提案,會因為媒體報導數量的多寡,而有不同的立法態度出現,並提出兩個研究問題:(1)在媒體報導下,立法委員對環境議題法案的提案模式為何? (2)環境議題提案在什麼樣貌的媒體報導下,能順利產出成為法律?因此,本文以第八屆立法院與環境議題有關的所有提案為研究對象,建立四個媒體報導與立法行為的研究假設,透過立法院國會圖書館搜集資料,再以交叉列表的方式檢證假設,並輔以質性資料補充說明研究結果。 研究結果顯示:在提案是屬於有利環境的情形時,媒體報導的多寡的確會對立法委員的行為產生影響,亦即當媒體報導的愈多,提案與連署人數會愈多、總提案數會愈多、審議時間會愈短以及三讀通過的機率會愈高;反之,當提案是屬於不利環境的情形時,媒體報導的多寡帶給立法行為的影響不一,因為當媒體報導的愈多,提案與連署人數只有在超過特定的媒體報導數量才會愈少、而總提案數會愈少與審議時間會愈長的假設,則無法被證實,但三讀通過的機率被證實會愈低。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) In the framework of agenda setting, this thesis focuses on exploring the effect of media coverage on legislators in environmental bills. That is, with various amount of media coverage, the legislators have different attitudes and behaviors towards different type of environmental proposals. The research questions are as following: what are legislators’ proposal modes concerning the environmental issues? What kind of media coverage can make a proposal become a law? Therefore, I collect all of the environmental proposals from 2012 to 2015, and establish four hypotheses of media coverage and legislative behaviors. The data comes from the parliamentary library database. By applying cross tabulation, I try to elaborate their relationship. I also gather some qualitative research material as a supplement for the result. The research result suggests that media coverage does affect legislators’ behaviors towards environmental friendly proposals. To be more exact, under the condition of large amount of media coverage, proposers and sponsors are willing to participate in, and also there will be more proposals on the table. Moreover, a proposal will need little examination day and get higher probability to be passed. However, the media coverage did not completely conform to hypotheses on the part of unfavorable environment. The more media coverage, the fewer participants happened at a particular condition. The hypothesis of proposals amount and examination day could not be confirmed in this study, but the lower probability of legislative success was proved indeed. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1第一節 研究動機與問題 1第二節 章節安排 5第二章 文獻檢閱 7第一節 媒體的政治功能 9第二節 國會議員在議會中的表現 14第三節 環境類法案的立法特徵 17第四節 小結 19第三章 理論建構與研究假設 21第一節 理論建構與架構圖 21第二節 研究假設 26第四章 研究設計及變數建構 31第一節 資料來源與選擇 31第二節 樣本選取方式 32第三節 變數說明與測量 34第四節 資料呈現方式 41第五章 資料分析 42第一節 提案類型與媒體報導 42第二節 媒體報導與立法委員的立法行為 46第三節 小結 55第六章 研究結論 62第一節 研究發現 62第二節 研究限制與建議 68參考書目 72附錄 78 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1324465 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102252016 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 環境議題 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 提案類型 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 媒體報導 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 立法行為 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 議程設定 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) environmental issue en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) proposals type en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) media coverage en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) legislative behavior en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) agenda setting en_US dc.title (題名) 媒體報導對立法行為的影響:以第八屆環境法案為例 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Effect of Media Coverage on Legislative Behavior : The Case of Environment Bills(2012-2015) en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) I. 中文部分公民監督國會聯盟,2016,〈透視公督盟〉,公民監督國會聯盟網站:http://www.ccw.org.tw/about,檢索日期:2016年7月15日。立法院智庫,2015,〈立法院法律系統〉,立法院國會圖書館網站:http://npl.ly.gov.tw/do/www/dbMaintainNew?dbKind=立法院智庫&blockId=4&titleName=立法院智庫,檢索日期:2015年2月15日。立法院智庫,2015,〈立法院新聞知識管理系統〉,立法院國會圖書館網站:http://nplnews.ly.gov.tw,檢索日期:2015年2月15日。立法院智庫,2015,〈立法院法律提案審議進度〉,立法院國會圖書館網站:http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lylgmeetc/lgmeetkm_lgmem,檢索日期:2015年2月15日。《立法院公報》,2014,〈委員會紀錄〉,103(6): 71-72、96。《立法院公報》,2015,〈院會紀錄〉,104(11): 474。王文科,2001,《教育研究法:教育研究的理論與實務》,台北:五南。王筱璇、勤淑瑩譯,Melvin L. DeFleur and Everette E. Dennis原著,2012,《大眾傳播概論》,台北市:雙葉書廊。余致力,2008,《公共政策》,台北:智勝。於幼華,2006,《台灣環境議題特論》,台北:五南。吳孟寧,2007,〈由媒體議題設定功能探討卡奴條款之政策發展〉,《T&D飛訊》,58:1-16。李人豪、張美慧,2007,〈立法委員的電視媒體策略與表演行為〉,《廣告學研究》,27:79-104。李映璇,2002,〈布林邏輯在資料庫查詢上的實務性運用〉,《國立中央圖書館台灣分館館刊》,8(3):34-44。李淑莉,2016,〈環境立法中的提案連署行為:社會網絡分析的應用〉,中國文化大學政治學系碩士學位論文。林姿儀,2006,〈回顧2005-206年之台灣卡債風暴〉,《財團法人國家政策研究基金會國政分析報告》,財金(研) 095-009號。陳虹余,2003,〈比較海峽兩岸電視廣告中的性別角色〉,政治大學心理研究所碩士論文。陳昌宏,2010,〈從法案到法律-立委立法行為之實證分析:「公共事務類」法案之個案分析〉,《國家發展研究》,10(1):53-96。盛杏湲,1997,〈立法委員的立法參與:概念、本質、測量〉,《問題與研究》,36(3):1-25。盛杏湲、陳義彥,2003,〈政治分歧與政黨競爭:2001年立法委員選舉的分析〉,《選舉研究》,10(1):7-40。盛杏湲,2005,〈立法委員的立法提案:第五屆立法院的分析〉,2005年臺灣政治學會年會,12月10-11日,台北:臺灣政治學會。盛杏湲,2012,〈媒體報導對企業型政治立法成敗的影響〉,《東吳政治學報》,30(1): 1-42。盛杏湲,2014a,〈再探選區服務與立法問政:選制改革前後的比較〉,《東吳政治學報》,32(2):65-116。盛杏湲,2014b,〈選制變革前後立委提案的持續與變遷:一個探索性的研究〉,《臺灣政治學刊》,18(1):73-127。游美惠,2000,〈內容分析、文本分析與論述分析在社會研究的運用〉,《調查研究-方法與應用》,8:5-42。楊開煌,1988,〈中共研究中的內容分析法及其爭議與反省〉,《東亞季刊》,20(2):27-44。蔡炯青、黃瓊儀,2002,〈公共政策議題的議程設定研究-以「台北市垃圾費隨袋徵收」政策為例〉,中華傳播學會年會2002傳播、民主化與認同,6月28-30日。鄧志松、黃嘉芳、吳親恩,2015,〈環保抗爭與綠黨得票有關嗎?2012年立委選舉政黨票的考察〉,《選舉研究》,22(2): 41-69。盧鏡臣、周素卿與江尚書,2011,〈重大災害事件對媒體議題設定及政府決策之影響基隆河流域河川整治的個案研究〉,《地理學報》,63: 89-113。DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.6161/jgs.2011.63.04羅清俊,2009,《重新檢視台灣分配政策與政治》,台北:揚智文化。羅清俊、郭益玟 2012,〈管制政策的分配政治特質:台灣環境保護訴願決定的實證分析〉,《行政暨政策學報》,54:1-40。龔意琇,2002,〈單一選區兩票制:並立制與聯立制(補償制)之分析〉,財團法人國家政策研究基金會:http://old.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/CL/091/CL-B-091-054.htm,檢索日期:檢索日期:2016年7月15日。II. 英文部分Atkinson, Mary L., Lovett, John, and Baumgartner, Frank R. “Measuring the Media Agenda” Political Communication 31(2): 355-380.Berelson, Bernard R., Lazarsfeld, Paul F., and McPhee, William N. 1954. Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Berelson, Bernard. 1952. Content Analysis in Communication Research. Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press.Birkland, Thomas A. 1997. After disaster: Agenda setting, public policy, and focusing events. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Birkland, Thomas A. 1998. “Focusing Events, Mobilization, and Agenda Setting.” Journal of Public Policy 18(1): 53-74.Birkland, Thomas A. 2006. Lessons of disaster: Policy change after catastrophic events. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Campbell, Angus, Converse, P.E., Miller, Warren E., and Stokes, D.E. 1960. The American Voter. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.Campbell, Angus, Gurin, Gerald, and Miller, Warren E. 1954. The Voter Decides. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.Cook, Timothy E. 1989. Making Laws and Making News: Media Strategies in the U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.Cook, Timothy E. 1998. Governing with the News. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Cooper, Christopher A. 2002. “Media Tactics in the State Legislature.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 2(4): 353-371.David, Kennamer J. 1992. Public Opinion, the Press, and Public Policy. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.Danielian, Lucing H. 1992. “Interest Groups and the News.” In Public Opinion, the Press, and Public Policy, ed. David Kennamer. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.Dearing, James W., and Rogers, Everett M. 1996. Agenda Setting. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Graber, Doris A. 2010. Mass Media and American Politics. Washington, DC: CQ Press.Gisbert, Javier P. 1973. Fundamentals of Sociology. Kolkata: Orient Longman.George, Edwards III C., and Wood, Dan B. 1999. “Who Influences Whom? The President, Congress, and the Media.” The American Political Science Review 93(2): 327-344.Helfer, Luzia. 2016. “Media Effects on Politicians: An Individual-level Political Agenda-Setting Experiment.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 21(2): 232-252.Herrnson, Paul. 1998. Congressional Elections: Campaigning at Home and in Washington. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press.Howlett, Michael, and Giest, Sarah. 2013. “The Policy-Making Process.” In Routledge Handbook of Public Policy, eds. Eduardo Araral, Scott Fritzen, Michael Howlett, M. Ramesh, and Xun Wu. New York: Routledge.Iyengar, Shanto, and Reeves, Richard. 1997. Do the Media Govern?: Politicians, Voters, and Reporters in America. London: SAGE Publications.Jones, Bryan D., and Baumgartner, Frank R. 2005. The Politics of Attention: How Government Prioritizes Problems. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Katrin Voltmer and Sigrid Koch-Baumgarten. 2010. “Mass Media and Public Policy- is There a Link?.” In Public Policy and the Mass Media: The Interplay of Mass Communication Political Decision Making, ed. Katrin Voltmer and Sigrid Koch-Baumgarten. New York: Routledge.Kedrowski, Karen. 1996. Media Entrepreneurs in the Unite States Congress. Creskill, NJ: Hampton Press.Kingdon, John M. 1984. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Boston, MA: Little Brown.Lazarsfeld, Paul F., Berelson, Bernard, and Gaudet, Hazel. 1948. The People’s Choice: How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce.Linsky, Martin. 1986. How the Press Affects Federal Policy Making. New York: Norton.Lippmann, W. 1922. Public Opinion. New York: Simon& Schuster Inc.Cohen, Bernard C. 1963. Press and Foreign Policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.McCombs, Maxwell E., and Shaw, Donald L. 1972. “The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media.” The Public Opinion Quarterly 36(2): 176-187.McNair, B. 1995. An Introduction to Political Communication. London: Routledge.Pritchard, David. 1992. “The News Media and Public Policy Agendas.” In Public Opinion, the Press and Public Policy, ed. David Kennamer. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. Ranney, Austin. 1983. Channels of Power: The Impact of Television on American Politics. New York: Basic Books.Rosenthal, Alan. 1998. The Decline of Representative Democracy. Washington, DC: CQ Press.Schattschneider, Eric E. 1960. The Semi-Sovereign People. New York: Rineheart and Wilson.Schlozman, Kay L., and Tierney, John T. 1983. “More of the same: Washington pressure group activity in a decade of change.” Journal of Politics, 45, 353-373.Sellers, Patrick J. 2012. “Manipulating the Message in the U.S. Congress.” In Media Power in Politics, ed Graber, Doris A. Washington, DC: CQ Press.Shaw, Donald L., and McCombs, Maxwell E. 1997. The Emergence of American Political Issues. St. Paul MN: West.Smith, Jackie, McCarthy, John D., McPhail, Clark, and Augustyn, Boguslaw. 2001. “From Protest to Agenda Building: Description Bias in Media Coverage of Protest Events in Washington, D.C.” Oxford Journals 79(4): 1397-1423.Soroka, Stuart. 2002. Agenda-Setting Dynamics in Canada. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.Stefaan Walgrave, Stuart Soroka, and Michiel Nuytemans. 2008. “The Mass Media’s Political Agenda-Setting Power: A Longitudinal Analysis of Media, Parliament, and Government in Belgium (1993 to 2000).” Comparative Political Studies 41(6): 814-36.Stuart Soroka, Andrea Lawlor, Stephen Farnsworth, and Lori Young. 2012. “Mass Media and Policymaking.” In Routledge Handbook of Public Policy, eds. Eduardo Araral, Scott Fritzen, Michael Howlett, M. Ramesh, and Xun Wu. New York: Routledge.Tan, Yue, and Weaver, David H. 2009. “Local Media, Public Opinion, and State Legislative Policies: Agenda Setting at the State Level.” The International Journal of Press 14(4): 454-476.Weaver, D., Graber, Doris A., McCombs, Maxwell E., and Eyal, C. 1981. Media Agenda Setting in a Presidential election: Issues, Images and Interest. New York: Praeger.Wilson, James Q. 1986. American Government: Institutions and Policies. 3rd ed. Lexington: D. C. Heath and Company.Yanovitzky, Itzhak. 2002. “Effect of News Coverage on Policy Attention and Actions.” Communication Research 29(4): 422-451. zh_TW