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題名 早戀的國中女性憂鬱的社會機制
The social mechanisms of depression among junior high school girls with romantic involvement
作者 陳艾欣
Tan, Laura Ai Sim
貢獻者 鄭力軒
Cheng, Li Hsuan
陳艾欣
Tan, Laura Ai Sim
關鍵詞 談戀愛
憂鬱症狀
親子衝突
知覺家庭支持
自尊
romantic involvement
depression symptoms
parent-adolescent conflict
perceived family support
self-esteem
日期 2016
上傳時間 22-Aug-2016 13:14:20 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究主要探究青少女談戀愛和憂鬱之間關係的社會機制。筆者以補償理論觀點和角色重組理論觀點分別解釋談戀愛前/後的親子關係，以困惑的自我形象解釋談戀愛後的自尊。研究採用前三波的「台灣青少年成長歷程」追蹤性調查資料的國一女性為實際分析樣本，剔除遺漏值後，實際分析樣本剩下979筆。為了驗證本文的假設，本研究以最小平方迴歸分析（Ordinary Least Square, OLS）和邏輯斯迴歸分析（Logistic Regression Analysis）建立路徑分析，也以多種方式檢驗中間作用。本研究發現：1.在控制社會人口變項、第一波憂鬱症狀等變項之下，在第二波談戀愛的青少年女性在第三波的憂鬱症狀較多；2.在控制社會人口變項、第一波憂鬱症狀、第一波親子衝突之下，第三波親子衝突解釋了第二波談戀愛和第三波憂鬱之間關係的14% （p<1.0，Biased-corrected 90% CI：.0002到.0406）；3. 在控制社會人口變項、第一波憂鬱症狀、第一波知覺家庭支持之下，第二波知覺家庭支持解釋了第二波談戀愛和第三波憂鬱症狀之間關係的8%（p<.05，Biased-corrected 95% CI：.0010到.0240）；4. 在控制社會人口變項和第一波自尊之下，青少年女性在第二波談戀愛無法預測第三波的自尊，然而第三波自尊能夠預測第三波的憂鬱症狀。
This study explored the social mechanisms of depression among junior high school girls with romantic involvement. In order to understand the mediating mechanisms between romantic involvement and depression among adolescent girls, I applied both the perspectives of role restructuring and a compensation model to interpret the relationships between adolescent romantic involvement and parental relationships. In addition, I also applied the perspective of disturbance of the self-image to interpret the relationship between adolescent romantic involvement and self-esteem. I used the first three waves of longitudinal data from the Taiwan Youth Project. To test the hypotheses, I adopted OLS regression models and logistic regression models to build path analyses, and I also applied multiple approaches to test the mediation effects. The analytic sample included 979 adolescent girls in the seventh grade who were interviewed in the first three waves.
The results showed that, when demographic variables, depression symptoms in Wave 1, and other factors were controlled for, romantic involvement among adolescent girls in Wave 2 was associated with more depression symptoms in Wave 3. Results from both the Sobel test and the bootstrapping method indicated that, when demographic variables, depression symptoms, and parent-adolescent conflict in Wave 1 were controlled for, the effect of romantic involvement among adolescent girls in Wave 2 on depression symptoms in Wave 3 through parent-adolescent conflict in Wave 3 was significant (Indirect effect =.14, Biased-corrected 90% CI [.0002, .0406]). Also, when demographic variables, depression symptoms, and perceived family support in Wave 1 were controlled for, the effect of romantic involvement among adolescent girls in Wave 2 on depression symptoms in Wave 3 through perceived family support in Wave 2 was significant (Indirect effect =.08, Biased-corrected 95% CI [.0010, .0240]). When demographic variables and self-esteem in Wave 1 were controlled for, romantic involvement among adolescent girls in Wave 2 did not predict self-esteem in Wave 3, but self-esteem in Wave 3 was associated with depression symptoms in Wave 3.
參考文獻 Aneshensel, Carols and Susan Gore. 1991. "Development, Stress, and Role Restructuring." Pp. 55-77 in The Social Context of Coping, The Springer Series on Stress and Coping, edited by J. Eckenrode: Springer US.
Ann M. Meier. 2007. "Adolescent First Sex and Subsequent Mental Health." American Journal of Sociology 112(6):1811-47. doi: 10.1086/512708.
Barrett, Anne E. and R. Jay Turner. 2005. "Family Structure and Mental Health: The Mediating Effects of Socioeconomic Status, Family Process, and Social Stress." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 46(2):156-69.
Cavanagh, Shannon E., Sarah R. Crissey and R. Kelly Raley. 2008. "Family Structure History and Adolescent Romance." Journal of Marriage and Family 70(3):698-714. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00515.x.
Chen, Zhiyan, Fei Guo, Xiaodong Yang, Xinying Li, Qing Duan, Jie Zhang and Xiaojia Ge. 2009. "Emotional and Behavioral Effects of Romantic Relationships in Chinese Adolescents." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 38(10):1282-93. doi: 10.1007/s10964-009-9405-0.
Davila, Joanne. 2008. "Depressive Symptoms and Adolescent Romance: Theory, Research, and Implications." Child Development Perspectives 2(1):26-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00037.x.
Davila, Joanne, Catherine B. Stroud, Lisa R. Starr, Melissa Ramsay Miller, Athena Yoneda and Rachel Hershenberg. 2009. "Romantic and Sexual Activities, Parent–Adolescent Stress, and Depressive Symptoms among Early Adolescent Girls." Journal of Adolescence 32(4):909-24. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.10.004.
DeRosia, Eric D. 2013, "Stata Code for Performing the Preacher and Hayes Bootstrapped Test of Mediation". (http://ederosia.byu.edu/blog/Eric_DeRosia/using-stata-to-perform-the-preacher-and-hayes-1994-bootstrapped-test-of-mediation/).
Dowdy, Bonnie B. and Wendy Kliewer. 1998. "Dating, Parent-Adolescent Conflict, and Behavioral Autonomy." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 27(4):473-92.
Ender, Philip B. 2010, "Sgmediation: Command to Perform Sobel-Goodman Mediation Tests in Stata.", Los Angeles: Academic Technology Services, Statistical Consulting Group, University of California, Los Angeles.
Ensel, Walter M. and Nan Lin. 1991. "The Life Stress Paradigm and Psychological Distress." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 32(4):321-41. doi: 10.2307/2137101.
Exner-Cortens, Deinera, John Eckenrode and Emily Rothman. 2013. "Longitudinal Associations between Teen Dating Violence Victimization and Adverse Health Outcomes." Pediatrics 131(1):71-78.
Gentile, Brittany, Shelly Grabe, Brenda Dolan-Pascoe, Jean M Twenge, Brooke E Wells and Alissa Maitino. 2009. "Gender Differences in Domain-Specific Self-Esteem: A Meta-Analysis." Review of General Psychology 13(1):34-45.
Goodman, Elizabeth, Bin Huang, Terrance J. Wade and Robert S. Kahn. 2003. "A Multilevel Analysis of the Relation of Socioeconomic Status to Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: Does School Context Matter?". The Journal of Pediatrics 143(4):451-56. doi: 10.1067/S0022-3476(03)00456-6.
Goodman, Elizabeth, Gail B. Slap and Bin Huang. 2003. "The Public Health Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Adolescent Depression and Obesity." American Journal of Public Health 93(11):1844-50.
Gotlib, Ian H., Peter M. Lewinsohn and John R. Seeley. 1998. "Consequences of Depression During Adolescence: Marital Status and Marital Functioning in Early Adulthood." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 107(4):686-90. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.107.4.686.
Helsen, Marianne, Wilma Vollebergh and Wim Meeus. 2000. "Social Support from Parents and Friends and Emotional Problems in Adolescence." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 29(3):319-35. doi: 10.1023/A:1005147708827.
Ivanova, Katya, Melinda Mills and René Veenstra. 2011. "The Initiation of Dating in Adolescence: The Effect of Parental Divorce. The Trails Study." Journal of Research on Adolescence 21(4):769-75. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00734.x.
Joyner, Kara and J. Richard Udry. 2000. "You Don`t Bring Me Anything but Down: Adolescent Romance and Depression." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 41(4):369-91. doi: 10.2307/2676292.
Kazan, D., A. L. Calear and P. J. Batterham. 2016. "The Impact of Intimate Partner Relationships on Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviours: A Systematic Review." Journal of Affective Disorders 190:585-98. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.003.
Lin, Nan, Xiaolan Ye and Walter M. Ensel. 1999. "Social Support and Depressed Mood: A Structural Analysis." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 40(4):344-59.
Mazza, James J. and William M. Reynolds. 1998. "A Longitudinal Investigation of Depression, Hopelessness, Social Support, and Major and Minor Life Events and Their Relation to Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents." Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 28(4):358-74. doi: 10.1111/j.1943-278X.1998.tb00972.x.
McCarthy, Bill and Teresa Casey. 2008. "Love, Sex, and Crime: Adolescent Romantic Relationships and Offending." American Sociological Review 73(6):944-69.
Miller, Byron and John Taylor. 2012. "Racial and Socioeconomic Status Differences in Depressive Symptoms among Black and White Youth: An Examination of the Mediating Effects of Family Structure, Stress and Support." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 41(4):426-37. doi: 10.1007/s10964-011-9672-4.
Pearlin, Leonard I., Elizabeth G. Menaghan, Morton A. Lieberman and Joseph T. Mullan. 1981. "The Stress Process." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 22(4):337-56.
Pearlin, Leonard I. 1999. "The Stress Process Revisited Reflections on Concepts and Their Interrelationships." in Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health, edited by J. C. P. Carol S. Aneshensel: Springer Science & Business Media, 2006.
Preacher, Kristopher J. and Andrew F. Hayes. 2004. "Spss and Sas Procedures for Estimating Indirect Effects in Simple Mediation Models." Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 36(4):717-31. doi: 10.3758/bf03206553.
Rohde, Paul, Christopher G. Beevers, Eric Stice and Kelly O’Neil. 2009. "Major and Minor Depression in Female Adolescents: Onset, Course, Symptom Presentation, and Demographic Associations." Journal of clinical psychology 65(12):1339-49. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20629.
Shanahan, Michael J., Michael Finch, Jeylan T. Mortimer and Seongryeol Ryu. 1991. "Adolescent Work Experience and Depressive Affect." Social Psychology Quarterly 54(4):299-317. doi: 10.2307/2786843.
Simmons, Roberta G., Florence Rosenberg and Morris Rosenberg. 1973. "Disturbance in the Self-Image at Adolescence." American Sociological Review 38(5):553-68. doi: 10.2307/2094407.
Simmons, Roberta G., Dale A. Blyth, Edward F. Van Cleave and Diane Mitsch Bush. 1979. "Entry into Early Adolescence: The Impact of School Structure, Puberty, and Early Dating on Self-Esteem." American Sociological Review 44(6):948-67. doi: 10.2307/2094719.
Soller, Brian. 2014. "Caught in a Bad Romance: Adolescent Romantic Relationships and Mental Health." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 55(1):56-72. doi: 10.1177/0022146513520432.
Soller, Brian. 2015. "“I Did Not Do It My Way”: The Peer Context of Inauthentic Romantic Relationships." Sociological Perspectives 58(3):337-57. doi: 10.1177/0731121415576578.
Sowislo, Julia Friederike and Ulrich Orth. 2013. "Does Low Self-Esteem Predict Depression and Anxiety? A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies." Psychological Bulletin 139(1):213.
Valle, Giuseppina and Kathryn Harker Tillman. 2014. "Childhood Family Structure and Romantic Relationships During the Transition to Adulthood." Journal of Family Issues 35(1):97-124. doi: 10.1177/0192513x12463555.
WHO. 2014. "Health for the World`s Adolescents – a Second Chance in the Second Decade." World Health Organisation.Geneva, Switzerland.
臺北市政府衛生局. 2013, "衛生局新聞稿1030310：子女親密關係知多少 每日陪伴不可少", 臺北市: 臺北市政府衛生局. (http://mental.health.gov.tw/WebForm/External/TPHAboutUS.aspx?Type=03&id=45).
陳為堅. 2005. "學校憂鬱傾向學生推估及預防策略之研究." 教育部訓育委員會專案研究.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
社會學系
102254019
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1022540191
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 鄭力軒zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Cheng, Li Hsuanen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳艾欣zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Tan, Laura Ai Simen_US
dc.creator (作者) 陳艾欣zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Tan, Laura Ai Simen_US
dc.date (日期) 2016en_US
dc.date.accessioned 22-Aug-2016 13:14:20 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 22-Aug-2016 13:14:20 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 22-Aug-2016 13:14:20 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1022540191en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/100526-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 社會學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102254019zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究主要探究青少女談戀愛和憂鬱之間關係的社會機制。筆者以補償理論觀點和角色重組理論觀點分別解釋談戀愛前/後的親子關係，以困惑的自我形象解釋談戀愛後的自尊。研究採用前三波的「台灣青少年成長歷程」追蹤性調查資料的國一女性為實際分析樣本，剔除遺漏值後，實際分析樣本剩下979筆。為了驗證本文的假設，本研究以最小平方迴歸分析（Ordinary Least Square, OLS）和邏輯斯迴歸分析（Logistic Regression Analysis）建立路徑分析，也以多種方式檢驗中間作用。本研究發現：1.在控制社會人口變項、第一波憂鬱症狀等變項之下，在第二波談戀愛的青少年女性在第三波的憂鬱症狀較多；2.在控制社會人口變項、第一波憂鬱症狀、第一波親子衝突之下，第三波親子衝突解釋了第二波談戀愛和第三波憂鬱之間關係的14% （p<1.0，Biased-corrected 90% CI：.0002到.0406）；3. 在控制社會人口變項、第一波憂鬱症狀、第一波知覺家庭支持之下，第二波知覺家庭支持解釋了第二波談戀愛和第三波憂鬱症狀之間關係的8%（p<.05，Biased-corrected 95% CI：.0010到.0240）；4. 在控制社會人口變項和第一波自尊之下，青少年女性在第二波談戀愛無法預測第三波的自尊，然而第三波自尊能夠預測第三波的憂鬱症狀。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study explored the social mechanisms of depression among junior high school girls with romantic involvement. In order to understand the mediating mechanisms between romantic involvement and depression among adolescent girls, I applied both the perspectives of role restructuring and a compensation model to interpret the relationships between adolescent romantic involvement and parental relationships. In addition, I also applied the perspective of disturbance of the self-image to interpret the relationship between adolescent romantic involvement and self-esteem. I used the first three waves of longitudinal data from the Taiwan Youth Project. To test the hypotheses, I adopted OLS regression models and logistic regression models to build path analyses, and I also applied multiple approaches to test the mediation effects. The analytic sample included 979 adolescent girls in the seventh grade who were interviewed in the first three waves.
The results showed that, when demographic variables, depression symptoms in Wave 1, and other factors were controlled for, romantic involvement among adolescent girls in Wave 2 was associated with more depression symptoms in Wave 3. Results from both the Sobel test and the bootstrapping method indicated that, when demographic variables, depression symptoms, and parent-adolescent conflict in Wave 1 were controlled for, the effect of romantic involvement among adolescent girls in Wave 2 on depression symptoms in Wave 3 through parent-adolescent conflict in Wave 3 was significant (Indirect effect =.14, Biased-corrected 90% CI [.0002, .0406]). Also, when demographic variables, depression symptoms, and perceived family support in Wave 1 were controlled for, the effect of romantic involvement among adolescent girls in Wave 2 on depression symptoms in Wave 3 through perceived family support in Wave 2 was significant (Indirect effect =.08, Biased-corrected 95% CI [.0010, .0240]). When demographic variables and self-esteem in Wave 1 were controlled for, romantic involvement among adolescent girls in Wave 2 did not predict self-esteem in Wave 3, but self-esteem in Wave 3 was associated with depression symptoms in Wave 3.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 研究動機 1
第二章 文獻探討 4
（一） 青少年女性談戀愛、親子關係和憂鬱症狀：以角色重組和補償模型觀點解釋 4
（二） 青少年女性談戀愛、自尊和憂鬱症狀：以困惑的自我形象觀點解釋 8
（三） 研究假設 9
第三章 研究方法 12
（一） 資料來源 12
（二） 變項測量 13
（三） 分析方法 16
第四章 研究結果 19
（一） 研究樣本基本特性 19
（二）青少年女性談戀愛和憂鬱症狀：親子衝突和自尊的間接機制 22
第五章 結論與討論 29
參考書目 37		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1205172 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1022540191en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 談戀愛zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 憂鬱症狀zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 親子衝突zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 知覺家庭支持zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自尊zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) romantic involvementen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) depression symptomsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) parent-adolescent conflicten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) perceived family supporten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) self-esteemen_US
dc.title (題名) 早戀的國中女性憂鬱的社會機制zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The social mechanisms of depression among junior high school girls with romantic involvementen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aneshensel, Carols and Susan Gore. 1991. "Development, Stress, and Role Restructuring." Pp. 55-77 in The Social Context of Coping, The Springer Series on Stress and Coping, edited by J. Eckenrode: Springer US.
Ann M. Meier. 2007. "Adolescent First Sex and Subsequent Mental Health." American Journal of Sociology 112(6):1811-47. doi: 10.1086/512708.
Barrett, Anne E. and R. Jay Turner. 2005. "Family Structure and Mental Health: The Mediating Effects of Socioeconomic Status, Family Process, and Social Stress." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 46(2):156-69.
Cavanagh, Shannon E., Sarah R. Crissey and R. Kelly Raley. 2008. "Family Structure History and Adolescent Romance." Journal of Marriage and Family 70(3):698-714. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00515.x.
Chen, Zhiyan, Fei Guo, Xiaodong Yang, Xinying Li, Qing Duan, Jie Zhang and Xiaojia Ge. 2009. "Emotional and Behavioral Effects of Romantic Relationships in Chinese Adolescents." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 38(10):1282-93. doi: 10.1007/s10964-009-9405-0.
Davila, Joanne. 2008. "Depressive Symptoms and Adolescent Romance: Theory, Research, and Implications." Child Development Perspectives 2(1):26-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00037.x.
Davila, Joanne, Catherine B. Stroud, Lisa R. Starr, Melissa Ramsay Miller, Athena Yoneda and Rachel Hershenberg. 2009. "Romantic and Sexual Activities, Parent–Adolescent Stress, and Depressive Symptoms among Early Adolescent Girls." Journal of Adolescence 32(4):909-24. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.10.004.
DeRosia, Eric D. 2013, "Stata Code for Performing the Preacher and Hayes Bootstrapped Test of Mediation". (http://ederosia.byu.edu/blog/Eric_DeRosia/using-stata-to-perform-the-preacher-and-hayes-1994-bootstrapped-test-of-mediation/).
Dowdy, Bonnie B. and Wendy Kliewer. 1998. "Dating, Parent-Adolescent Conflict, and Behavioral Autonomy." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 27(4):473-92.
Ender, Philip B. 2010, "Sgmediation: Command to Perform Sobel-Goodman Mediation Tests in Stata.", Los Angeles: Academic Technology Services, Statistical Consulting Group, University of California, Los Angeles.
Ensel, Walter M. and Nan Lin. 1991. "The Life Stress Paradigm and Psychological Distress." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 32(4):321-41. doi: 10.2307/2137101.
Exner-Cortens, Deinera, John Eckenrode and Emily Rothman. 2013. "Longitudinal Associations between Teen Dating Violence Victimization and Adverse Health Outcomes." Pediatrics 131(1):71-78.
Gentile, Brittany, Shelly Grabe, Brenda Dolan-Pascoe, Jean M Twenge, Brooke E Wells and Alissa Maitino. 2009. "Gender Differences in Domain-Specific Self-Esteem: A Meta-Analysis." Review of General Psychology 13(1):34-45.
Goodman, Elizabeth, Bin Huang, Terrance J. Wade and Robert S. Kahn. 2003. "A Multilevel Analysis of the Relation of Socioeconomic Status to Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: Does School Context Matter?". The Journal of Pediatrics 143(4):451-56. doi: 10.1067/S0022-3476(03)00456-6.
Goodman, Elizabeth, Gail B. Slap and Bin Huang. 2003. "The Public Health Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Adolescent Depression and Obesity." American Journal of Public Health 93(11):1844-50.
Gotlib, Ian H., Peter M. Lewinsohn and John R. Seeley. 1998. "Consequences of Depression During Adolescence: Marital Status and Marital Functioning in Early Adulthood." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 107(4):686-90. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.107.4.686.
Helsen, Marianne, Wilma Vollebergh and Wim Meeus. 2000. "Social Support from Parents and Friends and Emotional Problems in Adolescence." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 29(3):319-35. doi: 10.1023/A:1005147708827.
Ivanova, Katya, Melinda Mills and René Veenstra. 2011. "The Initiation of Dating in Adolescence: The Effect of Parental Divorce. The Trails Study." Journal of Research on Adolescence 21(4):769-75. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00734.x.
Joyner, Kara and J. Richard Udry. 2000. "You Don`t Bring Me Anything but Down: Adolescent Romance and Depression." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 41(4):369-91. doi: 10.2307/2676292.
Kazan, D., A. L. Calear and P. J. Batterham. 2016. "The Impact of Intimate Partner Relationships on Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviours: A Systematic Review." Journal of Affective Disorders 190:585-98. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.003.
Lin, Nan, Xiaolan Ye and Walter M. Ensel. 1999. "Social Support and Depressed Mood: A Structural Analysis." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 40(4):344-59.
Mazza, James J. and William M. Reynolds. 1998. "A Longitudinal Investigation of Depression, Hopelessness, Social Support, and Major and Minor Life Events and Their Relation to Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents." Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 28(4):358-74. doi: 10.1111/j.1943-278X.1998.tb00972.x.
McCarthy, Bill and Teresa Casey. 2008. "Love, Sex, and Crime: Adolescent Romantic Relationships and Offending." American Sociological Review 73(6):944-69.
Miller, Byron and John Taylor. 2012. "Racial and Socioeconomic Status Differences in Depressive Symptoms among Black and White Youth: An Examination of the Mediating Effects of Family Structure, Stress and Support." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 41(4):426-37. doi: 10.1007/s10964-011-9672-4.
Pearlin, Leonard I., Elizabeth G. Menaghan, Morton A. Lieberman and Joseph T. Mullan. 1981. "The Stress Process." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 22(4):337-56.
Pearlin, Leonard I. 1999. "The Stress Process Revisited Reflections on Concepts and Their Interrelationships." in Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health, edited by J. C. P. Carol S. Aneshensel: Springer Science & Business Media, 2006.
Preacher, Kristopher J. and Andrew F. Hayes. 2004. "Spss and Sas Procedures for Estimating Indirect Effects in Simple Mediation Models." Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 36(4):717-31. doi: 10.3758/bf03206553.
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