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題名 歐洲統合專利制度與統一專利法院施行之專利策略 －以台灣廠商為例
The Patent Strategy Analysis of European Unitary Patent System and Unified Patent Court －The Case Study of Taiwanese Enterprises
作者 曹家豪
Tsao, Chia Hao
貢獻者 宋皇志
曹家豪
Tsao, Chia Hao
關鍵詞 歐洲專利公約
歐洲統合專利
歐洲統一專利法院
歐洲統一專利法院條約
歐盟
降低成本
法律安定性
專屬管轄權
European Patent Convention
European Unitary Patent
Unified Patent Court
Agreement on a Unified Patent Court
European Union
reduce costs
law certainty
exclusive jurisdiction
日期 2016
上傳時間 2-Sep-2016 01:29:07 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文旨在提供台灣廠商在統合專利制度下之歐洲專利策略建議。本論文首先介紹以歐洲專利公約為主之現行歐洲專利制度，其次再介紹統合專利制度與統一專利法院制度。接著再以現階段我國廠商於歐洲專利申請狀況切入，分析現階段我國廠商於歐洲專利之布局狀況，再針對未來即將施行之統合專利制度，對台灣廠商之申請人及專利權人提出策略建議。
歐洲專利公約自1977年生效後，申請人向歐洲專利局遞交歐洲專利申請後，經過指定國程序，即可在歐洲專利公約之會員國間取得專利保護。某些會員國亦會要求遞交翻譯文件及繳納相關規費。然而，相比於美國、日本及中國，現行的歐洲專利制度是分離破碎的，進而導致申請人須負擔高額的申請費用與訴訟成本，同時亦有許多法律不確定性。在2013年2月，歐盟終於完成協商，正式簽訂確立歐洲統合專利與統一專利法院之條約。統一專利法院將在所有參與之會員國間擁有專屬管轄權。統合專利制度之下，申請人獲得歐洲專利之費用下降、申請程序更為簡化，且提供更有利於申請人之申請方式。如此，統合專利制度預期將提升申請專利之效益與吸引更多的申請者。統一專利法院制度之專屬管轄權，將提升專利有效性與訴訟之法律安定性，且訴訟相關費用之減免，亦有利於專利權人。
統合專利制度的所有準備工作雖已於2015年陸續完成，但仍需要德國、英國及另外任一個歐盟成員國批准歐洲統一專利條約方可生效，預計最快可在2017年達成。統一專利法院亦於2016年3月完成裁判費用之規定，並陸續完成各級法院之選址與訴訟案件性質之分類。專利權人與專利申請人應要謹慎思考在新制度下可能帶來之各種挑戰，特別是台灣廠商需要評估在新制度下之專利策略。因此，本文將針對新制度介紹，希冀能提供欲前往申請的台灣廠商專利佈局之策略建議。
First of all, this Article overviews current European patent system in particular with the system under European Patent Convention. This Article also summarizes the features of new system and considers the practical steps which should be taking now in preparation for the start of new regime.

European Patent Convention has entered into force since 1977. Under European Patent Convention, applicant can deliver their application to EPO and once the mention of the grant is published, the patent has to be validated in each of the designated states to keep its protective effect. In a number of member states, the patent proprietors may have to file a translation of the specification and pay fees.

However, the current European patent system has been the fragmentation compared to the United States, Japan and China. This has caused to a high cost of application and lawsuit and also a high level of uncertainty. In February 2013, the European Union formally signed an agreement established a single European patent and the Unified Patent Court. The court will have exclusive jurisdiction for all participating Member States. Through European unitary patent system and Unified Patent Court, this new system reduces the costs of obtaining a patent, simplifies procedures, and regulates the language issue in a user-friendlier manner than before. Therefore, unitary patent system are expected to enhance the efficiency and attractiveness.

All preparation of unitary patent system is accomplished before 2015, but still need the Germany, the Untied Kingdom and two other European member states to ratify the agreement. The beginning of 2017 is now said to be the earliest that can be achieved. Owing to the new patent system, patent proprietors and applicants, especially Taiwanese enterprises should be contemplating their patent strategy for meeting the challenge created by this new patent right. Thus, the Article presents patent strategy for Taiwanese enterprises under new patent system in Europe.
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判決
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HTC Corporation v Nokia Corporation, Court of Appeal - Patents Court, [2013].
官方法規與出版資料（英語）
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歐洲專利局官方網站資料
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
科技管理與智慧財產研究所
102364211
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102364211
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 宋皇志zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 曹家豪zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Tsao, Chia Haoen_US
dc.creator (作者) 曹家豪zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Tsao, Chia Haoen_US
dc.date (日期) 2016en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Sep-2016 01:29:07 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Sep-2016 01:29:07 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Sep-2016 01:29:07 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0102364211en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/101237-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 科技管理與智慧財產研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102364211zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文旨在提供台灣廠商在統合專利制度下之歐洲專利策略建議。本論文首先介紹以歐洲專利公約為主之現行歐洲專利制度，其次再介紹統合專利制度與統一專利法院制度。接著再以現階段我國廠商於歐洲專利申請狀況切入，分析現階段我國廠商於歐洲專利之布局狀況，再針對未來即將施行之統合專利制度，對台灣廠商之申請人及專利權人提出策略建議。
歐洲專利公約自1977年生效後，申請人向歐洲專利局遞交歐洲專利申請後，經過指定國程序，即可在歐洲專利公約之會員國間取得專利保護。某些會員國亦會要求遞交翻譯文件及繳納相關規費。然而，相比於美國、日本及中國，現行的歐洲專利制度是分離破碎的，進而導致申請人須負擔高額的申請費用與訴訟成本，同時亦有許多法律不確定性。在2013年2月，歐盟終於完成協商，正式簽訂確立歐洲統合專利與統一專利法院之條約。統一專利法院將在所有參與之會員國間擁有專屬管轄權。統合專利制度之下，申請人獲得歐洲專利之費用下降、申請程序更為簡化，且提供更有利於申請人之申請方式。如此，統合專利制度預期將提升申請專利之效益與吸引更多的申請者。統一專利法院制度之專屬管轄權，將提升專利有效性與訴訟之法律安定性，且訴訟相關費用之減免，亦有利於專利權人。
統合專利制度的所有準備工作雖已於2015年陸續完成，但仍需要德國、英國及另外任一個歐盟成員國批准歐洲統一專利條約方可生效，預計最快可在2017年達成。統一專利法院亦於2016年3月完成裁判費用之規定，並陸續完成各級法院之選址與訴訟案件性質之分類。專利權人與專利申請人應要謹慎思考在新制度下可能帶來之各種挑戰，特別是台灣廠商需要評估在新制度下之專利策略。因此，本文將針對新制度介紹，希冀能提供欲前往申請的台灣廠商專利佈局之策略建議。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) First of all, this Article overviews current European patent system in particular with the system under European Patent Convention. This Article also summarizes the features of new system and considers the practical steps which should be taking now in preparation for the start of new regime.

European Patent Convention has entered into force since 1977. Under European Patent Convention, applicant can deliver their application to EPO and once the mention of the grant is published, the patent has to be validated in each of the designated states to keep its protective effect. In a number of member states, the patent proprietors may have to file a translation of the specification and pay fees.

However, the current European patent system has been the fragmentation compared to the United States, Japan and China. This has caused to a high cost of application and lawsuit and also a high level of uncertainty. In February 2013, the European Union formally signed an agreement established a single European patent and the Unified Patent Court. The court will have exclusive jurisdiction for all participating Member States. Through European unitary patent system and Unified Patent Court, this new system reduces the costs of obtaining a patent, simplifies procedures, and regulates the language issue in a user-friendlier manner than before. Therefore, unitary patent system are expected to enhance the efficiency and attractiveness.

All preparation of unitary patent system is accomplished before 2015, but still need the Germany, the Untied Kingdom and two other European member states to ratify the agreement. The beginning of 2017 is now said to be the earliest that can be achieved. Owing to the new patent system, patent proprietors and applicants, especially Taiwanese enterprises should be contemplating their patent strategy for meeting the challenge created by this new patent right. Thus, the Article presents patent strategy for Taiwanese enterprises under new patent system in Europe.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章、緒論 1
第一節、研究背景 1
第二節、研究動機與目的 2
第三節、研究議題 4
第二章、歐洲現行專利體制之困難 5
第一節、歐洲現行專利制度介紹 5
壹、現行歐洲專利申請制度 5
貳、歐洲專利公約 6
參、歐洲專利申請程序 9
肆、歐洲專利之申請費用 15
第二節、歐洲現行專利制度之困難點 20
壹、法律層面之困難 20
貳、經濟層面之困難 25
第三節、小結 28
第三章、歐洲統合專利 29
第一節、歐洲統合專利之背景 29
第二節、歐洲統合專利制度介紹 32
壹、歐洲統合專利之生效 32
貳、歐洲統合專利之主要特點 33
參、歐洲統合專利之申請費用 39
第三節、歐洲統合專利與以歐洲專利公約為主之舊制度比較 43
壹、統合專利制度並未取代歐洲專利公約 43
貳、統合專利制度與歐洲專利公約之成員國比較 43
參、翻譯費用 44
肆、歐洲整體科技創新 45
伍、專利保護之程度 45
陸、對中小企業之益處 46
第四節、歐洲統合專利制度之潛在困難點 47
壹、非專利實施實體之助長 47
貳、統合專利制度之申請時間問題 47
參、申請專利需滿足所有會員國之專利要件 48
肆、統合專利制度與其於制度之整合問題 49
第五節、小結 50
第四章、歐洲統一專利法院 51
第一節、歐洲統一專利法院之成立 51
壹、歐洲統一專利法院成立之背景 51
貳、歐洲統一專利法院條約各國批准狀況 51
第二節、歐洲統一專利法院之運作 54
壹、歐洲統一專利法院規則與法源依據 54
貳、歐洲統一專利法院之設置方式 54
參、過渡期間 58
肆、法院裁判費用及可回收訴訟費用規定 59
第三節、歐洲統一專利法院與舊有法院制度的比較 66
壹、裁判費用與訴訟成本 66
貳、法律安定性 66
參、對於歐洲科技發展之助益 67
第四節、歐洲統一專利法院之潛在困難點 68
壹、統一專利法院生效之延遲 68
貳、法官選任與各國法院於專利訴訟上之歧異 70
參、原告專利權人之裁判費用負擔 70
肆、專利流氓之問題 71
第五節、小結 72
第五章、台灣廠商於統合專利之專利布局 73
第一節、台灣廠商在歐洲申請專利之概述 73
壹、台灣在近年申請歐洲專利概況 73
第二節、台灣前十大於歐洲申請專利廠商之分析 76
壹、前十大廠商介紹 76
貳、台灣廠商於歐洲境內訴訟之案例討論 85
第三節、歐洲統合專利制度下台灣廠商之策略建議 88
壹、持有歐洲專利申請之十大台灣廠商分析 88
貳、統合專利制度與歐洲專利制度併用的專利佈局策略 91
第四節、台灣廠商在歐洲統合專利制度下可能面臨之困難 92
壹、專利無效之問題 92
貳、台灣廠商須更為注意歐洲各國之專利法規定要件 93
第五節、小結 94
第六章、結論與建議 95
第一節、歐洲統合專利制度對歐洲地區之影響 95
壹、從歐洲專利公約制度到歐洲統合專利制度與統一專利法院制度 95
貳、歐洲專利新制度將導致專利聚集 97
參、提升歐洲地區之競爭力 98
肆、將帶動中小企業及科研機構前往申請 98
第二節、歐洲統合專利制度對台灣廠商之影響 100
壹、申請專利成本 100
貳、翻譯成本與其他相關之交易成本 100
參、統一專利法院之專屬管轄權與法律安定性 102
第三節、台灣廠商專利策略 103
壹、台灣廠商於歐洲之申請與專利佈局 103
貳、台灣廠商於歐洲市場之潛在威脅 104
第四節、研究限制與展望 105
壹、文獻資料方面 105
貳、未來研究建議 106
參考文獻 107		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1599263 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102364211en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 歐洲專利公約zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 歐洲統合專利zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 歐洲統一專利法院zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 歐洲統一專利法院條約zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 歐盟zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 降低成本zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 法律安定性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 專屬管轄權zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) European Patent Conventionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) European Unitary Patenten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Unified Patent Courten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Agreement on a Unified Patent Courten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) European Unionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) reduce costsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) law certaintyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) exclusive jurisdictionen_US
dc.title (題名) 歐洲統合專利制度與統一專利法院施行之專利策略 －以台灣廠商為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Patent Strategy Analysis of European Unitary Patent System and Unified Patent Court －The Case Study of Taiwanese Enterprisesen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文部分
專書
劉孔中、Heinz Goddar、Christian W. Appelt、蔡季芬，歐洲專利實務指南，2013年7月。
專書論文、期刊文章
吉靜鮮，如何申請歐洲專利，電子知識產權，第5期，2006年。
朱怡貞，淺談歐洲法院0109意見後之歐洲統合專利制度發展近況，科技法則專欄，2012年。
宋皇志，專利交易之交易風險及其控管策略，科技管理學刊，20期，2015年12月。
歐洲專利須知-申請人指南第1部分，智慧財產局資料，第10版，頁56至57，2004年。
碩博士論文
叢雪蓮，歐盟專利訴訟制度研究，中國武漢大學法學博士學位論文，頁147，2010年。
網路資料
宏達電，http://www.htc.com。
工研院，http://www.itri.org.tw。
聯發科，http://www.mediatek.com/zh-TW。
光陽工業，http://www.kymco.com.tw/。
宏碁電子，http://www.acer-group.com/public/chinese/。
威盛電子，http://www.viatech.com/tw/。
川湖科技，http://www.kingslide.com/。
友達光電，http://www.au.com/。
旺宏電子，http://www.mxic.com.tw/CachePages/zh-tw-default.aspx。
明門實業，http://www.wonderland.com.tw/index.aspx?lang=ch。
二、外文文獻
專書
Richard Stim, PROFIT FROM YOUR IDEA: HOW TO MAKE SMART LICENSING DEAL, 8th ed., Delta Printing. (2014).
專書論文、期刊論文
Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie & Malwina Mejer, The London Agreement and the cost of patenting in Europe, 29 EUR J LAW ECON (2010).
CIPA, Written evidence from the Chartered Institute of Patent Attorneys: The European Unitary Patent and the Unified Patents Court, Chartered Institute of Patent Attorneys (2015), available at
http://eplaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Submissions-CIPA.pdf.
Christopher J. Bayliss, THE UNITARY PATENT AND UNIFIED PATENT COURT: POTENTIAL CHANGES AND IMPLICATIONS, 5 CYBARIS AN INTELL. PROP. L. REV. 433 (2014).
Corinne Langinier & GianCarlo Moschini, The economics of patents, MF ROTHSCHILD; S. NEWMAN: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS. WALLINGFORD: CABI. S (2002).
David Medina, How The Unitary Patent Will Fragment European Patent Law, 47 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 319 (2015).
Dietmar Harhoff, Economic Cost-Benefit Analysis of a Unified and Integrated European Patent Litigation System (2009).
Dietmar Harhoff, et al., The value of European patents, 5 EUROPEAN MANAGEMENT REVIEW (2008).
European Patent Office, European Patents and the Grant Procedure, EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE (2009), http://www.tomkins.com/uploads/what-we- do/european_patents __the_grant_procedure.pdf
Fiona Nicolson, et al., Europe`s New Patent Regime－Preparing the Ground, 50 LES NOUVELLES 63 (2015).
Gary Moss, HTC v Nokia: In the United Kingdom will an injunction be granted following a finding of patent infringement, 9 JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW & PRACTICE 5, 351-352 (2014).
Jan Willems, The EPLA Project and the Forthcoming Community Patent System－A Model for IP in General? , INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW, Hart Publishing (2005).
Jay Erstling Isabelle Boutillon, The Patent Cooperation Treaty: At The Center of The International Patent System, 32 WM. MITCHELL L. REV. 1583 (2006).
Kevin P. Mahne, A Unitary Patent and Unified Patent Court for The European Union: An Analysis of Europe`s Long Standing Attempt to Create A Supranational Patent System, 94 J. PAT. & TRADEMARK OFF. SOC`Y 162 (2012).
Klara Glazer, Advantages and Disadvantages of the Single European Patent, 61 NAŠE GOSPODARSTVO OUR ECONOMY (2015).
Malwina Mejer & Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, Economic incongruities in the European patent system, 34 EUR J LAW ECON (2012).
Mark Schafer, How the Leahy-Smith American Invents Act Sought to Harmonize United States Patent Priority with the World, a Comparison with the European Patent Convention, 12 WASH. U. GLOBAL STUD. L. REV. 807 (2013).
P. R. Bhatt, New Strategic Direction at HTC Corporation, SOUTH ASIAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT CASES 4.2 (2015).
Victor Rodriguez, Constructing a unitary title regime for the European Patent System, 6 JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW & PRACTICE, (2011).
Xenos & Dimitris, The European Unified Patent Court: Assessment and Implications of the Federalisation of the Patent System in Europe, 10 LAW, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY 246 (2013).
判決
Document Security Systems v. European Central Bank, ECJ Case T-295/05, [2007].
HTC Corporation v Nokia Corporation, Court of Appeal - Patents Court, [2013].
官方法規與出版資料（英語）
Agreement relating to Community patents of 15 December 1989, 4/2006 OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE (2006).
COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION of 6 May 2003 concerning the definition of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, 2003/361/EC OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, 4-6 (2003).
Convention for the European patent for the common market, 1976-01-26 OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (1976).
European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council－Enhancing the patent system in Europe, COM(2007) 165 FINAL.
European Commission, Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL－implementing enhanced cooperation in the area of the creation of unitary patent protection, COM(2011) 215 FINAL.
United States Patent and Trademark Office, Performance and Accountability Report Fiscal Year 2015, (2015).
Preliminary set of provisions for the Rules of Procedure (“Rules”) of the Unified Patent Court (2015).
Preparatory Committee for the Unified Patent Court, Rules on Court fees and recoverable costs, 1-21 (2016).
Proposal for a Council Regulation on the Community patent, COM (2000) 412 final, 28.11.2000.
The Patents (European Patent with Unitary Effect and Unified Patent Court) Order 2016 No. 388, DRAFT STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS (2016).
官方法規與出版資料（德語）
Referentenentwurf des Bundesministeriums der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz, Entwurf eines Gesetzes zu dem Übereinkommen vom 19. Februar 2013 über ein Einheitliches Patentgericht, 1-37 (2016).
Referentenentwurf des Bundesministeriums der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz, Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Anpassung patentrechtlicher Vorschriften auf Grund der europäischen Patentreform, 1-32 (2016).
歐洲專利局官方網站資料
Benoît Battistelli, Italy on course for unitary patent and Unified Patent Court(2015), EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE, available at
https://blog.epo.org/unitary-patent-2/italy-on-course-for-unitary-patent-and-unified-patent-court/ (last updated Sep. 16, 2015).
Evropska Komisija, Unitary Patent－ratification progress(2014), EUROPEAN COMMISSION, available at http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/indprop/patent/ratification/index_en.htm (last visited July 31, 2016).
Evropska Komisija, Internal market－Patent ligation insurance(2013), EUROPEAN COMMISSION, available at
http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/indprop/docs (last visited July 31, 2016).
Agreement on the application of Article 65 EPC–London Agreement, EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE, available at
https://www.epo.org/law-practice/legal-texts/london-agreement.html (last visited July 31, 2016).
Business-friendly fee pattern adopted for the unitary patent, EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE, available at
http://www.epo.org/news-issues/news/2015/20150624.html. (last updated July 3, 2015)
EPO Annual Report 2015(2016), EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE, available at
https://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/annual-report/2015.html (last visited July 31, 2016).
European Patent Organisation, EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE, available at
http://www.epo.org/about-us/organisation.html (last visited July 31, 2016).
European Patent Office, EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE, available at
http://www.epo.org/about-us/office.html (last visited July 31, 2016).
European (EPC) fees, EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE, available at
http://www.epo.org/applying/forms-fees/fees.html (last updated Apr. 1, 2016).
How to apply for a European patent, EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE, available at http://www.epo.org/applying/basics.html (last updated May 29, 2013).
Member countries of the EU(2016), EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE, available at
http://europa.eu/about-eu/countries/member-countries/index_en.htm (last updated Jul. 2013).
National Applications, EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE, available at http://www.epo.org/applying/national.html (last visited July 31, 2016).
Patent Translate, EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE, available at
http://www.epo.org/searching-for-patents/helpful-resources/patent-translate.html#faq-552 (last updated Mar. 9, 2016).
Statistics, EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE, available at
https://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/statistics.html (last updated Mar. 7, 2016).
The European Patent Convention(Oct. 2013), EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE, available at
http://www.epo.org/law-practice/legal-texts/epc.html (last visited July 31, 2016).
Unitary patent, EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE, available at
http://www.epo.org/law-practice/unitary/unitary-patent.html (last updated Jan. 20, 2016).
其他網路資料
BBC News, EU REFERENDUM－Results, BBC News, available at http://www.bbc.com/news/politics/eu_referendum/results (last visited July 31, 2016).
European Commission, Patent reform package - Frequently Asked Questions, EUROPEAN COMMISSION PRESS RELEASE DATABASE (2012), available at
http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-12-970_en.htm?locale=en. (last visited July 31, 2016).
European Council, Agreement on a Unified Patent Court, available at http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/agreements-conventions/agreement/?aid=2013001 (last visited July 31, 2016).
European Patent Office, EPLA - European Patent Litigation Agreement, available at http://legaltexts.arcdev.hu/law-practice/legislative-initiatives/epla.html (last updated Apr. 3, 2009).
Federico DE GIROLAMO & Catherine BUNYAN, Parliament approves EU unitary patent rules (Dec 11, 2012), available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/new-room/20121210IPR04506/Parliament-approves-EU-unitary-patent-rules (last visited July 31, 2016).
Five IP Office, The Five IP Offices, available at
http://www.fiveipoffices.org/index.html (last visited July 31, 2016).
Gregory Bacon, UK legislation to introduce the UPC system is finalised BRISTOWS UPC (31 March 2016), available at
http://www.bristowsupc.com/latest-news/uk-legislation-to-introduce-the-upc-system-is-finalised/ (last visited July 31, 2016).
Managing Intellectual Property, Germany urges action on European patent reform, MANAGING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY NEWS, available at http://www.managingip.com/Article/1257285/Germany-urges-action-on-European-patent-reform.html (last updated Feb. 9, 2007).
Philip Westmacott, Brexit: what next for the UPC? (24 June 2016), available at http://www.bristowsupc.com/latest-news/brexit-what-next-for-the-upc/ (last visited July 31, 2016).
Robert Margue, Germany kick starts UPC ratification process (14 March 2016), available at
http://www.haseltinelake.com/media-centre/blog/2016/march/germany-kick-starts-upc-ratification-process (last visited July 31, 2016).
Simon Davies & Richard Willoughby, HTC v Nokia - Licence defences to patent infringement may be narrow (2013), available at http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=a4f0853a-fe2a-473d-8aeb-350e3d77c0ed (last visited July 31, 2016).		zh_TW