Publications-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
Google ScholarTM
NCCU Library
Citation Infomation
Related Publications in TAIR
題名 自我肯定度.熟識度.酬勞與大學生接受請託之關係研究 作者 李淑琦 貢獻者 陳彰儀
李淑琦日期 1985 上傳時間 8-Nov-2016 16:23:45 (UTC+8) 摘要 本研究目的主要是想從人格特質與環境交互論的觀點,探討不同自我肯定度的大學生,處於不同熟識度、酬勞的情況下,在答應請託行為上的差異情形。本研究分為兩步驟。先進行問卷調查,問卷對象共二四四位大學生,其中的一○四位大學女生被邀請自願參與第二步驟的實驗。研究者先行訓練四名主試者(即實驗同謀者),再於實驗室內設計自然的請託情境,請受試者幫忙做枯燥的數字登錄工作,以了解不同自我肯定者在不同熟識度及酬勞情境下,答應請託行為的差異情形。請託行為的測量包括幫忙份數、請託決定(答應或拒絕)、被請託時的感受度及對請託事件的感覺。資料分析包括變異數分析、因素分析、X2考驗等。研究結果主要發現:1.熟識度與酬勞在幫忙份數上有交互作用,即高熟識組在無酬勞狀況下,幫忙份數多於有酬勞的狀況;而對中熟識組,則在有酬勞狀況下,幫忙份數多於無酬勞的狀況。2.就請託決定而言,低自我肯定者、高同理心者較容易答應別人的請託;此外,與對方愈熟識,對方愈容易答應請託。3.面對低熟識者比面對高熟識者的請託,較會有「想拒絕但又不好意思拒絕」的感受。4.酬勞雖會增加幫忙的份數,但卻也會增加對數字登錄工作的枯燥感。
圖表目次第一章 緒論1第一節 研究動機與目的1第二節 文獻探討5第三節 研究問題與假設13第二章 研究方法19第一節 研究對象19第二節 測量工具21第三節 實施程序36第四節 研究設計43第三章 結果與討論 47第一節 有關操弄變項的檢驗47第二節 各細格受試者在答應幫忙份數上的分析 53第三節 各組受試者在與答應請託有關的行為上之分析61第四節 自我肯定、同理心與人情困境量表的關係67第五節 討論68第四章 結論與建議78 第一節 結論78 第二節 建議80 參考書目85 中文部份85 英文部份 88附錄一 個人生活量表96附錄二 受試者實驗記錄表99 附錄三 受試者對有關變項的評定表100圖表目次圖一 實驗室簡圖39 圖二 實驗室內擺設圖39 圖三 實驗程序流程圖40 圖四 鏡描星狀圖41 圖五 酬勞與熟識度兩因子的交互作用圖59 表 1 問卷部份樣本人數分配表20 表 2 實驗部份樣本人數分配表20 表 3 自我肯定量表信度與其各因素的信度 23 表 4 同理心量表各項目的辨別力及與總分相關值26 表 5 同理心量表因素一命名及所屬項目的因素負荷量27 表 6 同理心量表因素二命名及所屬項目的因素負荷量28 表 7 同理心量表因素三命名及所屬項目的因素負荷量28 表 8 同理心量表因素四命名及所屬項目的因素負荷量29 表 9 人情困境量表各項目的辨別力及與總分相關值32 表 10 人情困境量表因素一命名及所屬項目的因素負荷量33 表 11 人情困境量表因素二命名及所屬項目的因素負荷量 34 表 12 人情困境量表因素三命名及所屬項目的因素負荷量 35 表 13 酬勞、自我肯定、熟識等,各細格受試者與實驗同謀者在熟識度量尺上差異(D)的平均數,標準差49 表 14 酬勞、自我肯定、熟識等,各細格受試者對數字登錄工作感覺評定之平均數,標準差50 表 15 參與實驗與無參與實驗的受試者在同理心量表 自我肯定量表上的 t 檢定53表 16 酬勞、自我肯定、熟識等各細格受試者在幫忙份數上的平均數、標準差、變異數55表 17 以平方根法轉換後,各細格受試者在幫忙份數上的平均數、標準差、變異數56表 18 自我肯定、酬勞、熟識等各組受試者在幫忙份數上的變異數分析摘要表 57表 19 酬勞與熟識度兩因子在單純主要效果考驗的變異數分析摘要表 58表 20 酬勞與熟識度兩因子的細格平均數59表 21 各組受試者請託決定的X2檢定62表 22 各熟識組答應請託百分比之比較63表 23 自我肯定、酬勞、熟識等各組受試者在被請託時感受度度之變異數分析摘要表65表 24 各熟識組在被請託時感受度的平均數、標準差65表 25 不同酬勞組對數字登錄工作的枯燥感之 t 檢定66參考文獻 一.中文部份朱真茹 個人現代性,相對作業量,相對身份對報酬分配及有關反應的影響。國立台灣大學心理研究所碩士論文,民64。朱瑞玲譯 自我肯定的人生,高雄市眾成出版社,民65。李美枝 社會心理學,大洋出版社,民69。李新鏘 卡夫卡同理心訓練研究,張老師月刊,民66,創刊號,48~60頁。李新鏘 卡克夫同理心訓練方法研究,國立台灣大學心理研究所碩士論文,民66。吳聰賢 態度量表的建立。見楊國樞等編,社會及行為科學研究法,東華書局,民67。吳鐵雄 不完整資料對共變數矩陣估計正確性的探討:實徵性研究,國立台灣師範大學教育心理學報,民70 , 189~204頁。林清山 X2統計法的事後比較,中國測驗學會測驗年刊,民70,第28輯,121~130頁。金耀基 人際關係中人情之分析(初探)。國際漢學論文集。台北:中央研究院。民69。金耀基 從傳統到現在,時報出版公司,民72。黃光國 人情與面子:中國人的權力遊戲,中國文化與現代化研討會。費孝通 鄉土中國,台北:綠州出版社,民37。楊中芳 香港社會價值變遷與送禮的行為,(未發表之論文),民71。葉光輝 人情取向,分配方式與工作表現,國立台灣大學心理研究所碩士論文,民72。楊國樞 中國人的心理學:人情、面子、緣,張老師月刊,民72,12卷,35~45頁。楊國樞,瞿海源 中國“人”的現代化━有關個人現代性的研究,中央研究院民族學研究所集刊,民63,第37期。 1~37頁。鄭伯勳,莊仲仁 基層軍事幹部有效領導行為之因素分析:領導績效,領導角色與領導行為之關係。中華心理學刊,民70,23卷,97~100頁。蔡順良 師大學生家庭環境因素,教育背景與自我肯定性之關係暨自我肯定訓練,國立台灣師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文,民72。英文部分Aderman, D., & Berkowitz, L. Observational set, empathy, and helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1970, 14 , 141-148.Amabile, T. M. Effects of external evaluation on artistic creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1979, 37, 221-233.Archer, R. L., Diaz-Loving, R., Gollwitzer, P. M., Davis, M. H., & Foushee H. C. The role of dispositional empathy and social evaluation in the empathic mediation of helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1981, 40(4), 786-796.Archer, R. L., Foushee, H. C., Davis, M. H., & Aderman, D. Emotional empathy in a courtroom simulation : A person-situation interaction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1979, 9, 275-291.Aronfreed, J. M. The socialization of altruistic and sympathetic behavior : Some theoretical and experimental analyses. In J. Macaulay & L. Berkowitz(Eds.)., Altruism and helping behavior. New York : Academic Press, 1970.Bar-Tal, D., Bar-Zohar, Y., Greenberg, M.S., & Hermon, M. Reciprocity beharior in the relationship between donor and recipient and between harm-doer and victim. Sociometry, 1977, 40, 293-298.Batson, C.D., Darley, J.M., & Coke, J.S. Altruism and human kindness: Internal and external determinants of helping hehavior. In L. Pervin & M. Lewis (Eds.) ,Perspectives in Interactional Psychology. New York:Plenum Press, 1978.Berger, S. M. Conditioning through vicarious instigation. Psychological Review, 1962. 69, 450-466.Berndt, T. J., Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior. Child Development, 1981, 52, 636-643.Booraem C.D., & Flowers, J. V. A procedural model for the training of assertive behavior. In J. M. Whiteley & J. V. Flowers (Eds.). Approaches to assertion training. Monterey, California : Brooks /Cole, 1978.Burke, R. J. Personality, self-image and informal- helping processes in work settings. Psychological Reports, 1982, 50, 1295-1302.Burke, R. J., & Weir, T. Giving and receiving help with work and non-work related problems. Journal of Business Administration, 1975, 6, 59-78.Burke, R. J., & Weir, T. Personality characteristics associated with giving and receiving help. Psychological Reports, 1976, 38, 343-353.Burke, R. J., & Weir, T. Husband-wife helping relationships: the mental hygiene function in marriage. Psychological Reports, 1977, 40, 911-925.Burke, R. J., & Weir, T. Benefits to adolescents of informal helping relationships with their parents and peors. Psychological Reports, 1978, 42, 1175-1184.Burke, R. J., & Weir, T. Helping responses of parents and peers and adolescent well-being. Journal of Psychology, 1979, 102, 49-62.Burke, R. J., Weir, T, & Duncan, G. Informal helping processes in work settings. Academy of Management Journal, 1976, 19, 370-377.Cattell, R. , & Horowitz, J. Objective personality tests investigating the structure of altruism in relation to source traits. A, H, and L. Journal of Personality, 1952, 21, 103-117.Coke, J. S. , Batson, C. D., & McDavis, K. Empathic mediation of helping : A two-stage model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1978, 36, 752-766.Condry, J. Enemies of exploration : Self-initiated versus other-initiated learning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1977, 7, 459-477.Craig, K. D., & Lowery, J. H. Heart rate components of conditioned vicarious autonomic responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1969, 11, 381-387.Cureton, E.E. The upper and lower twenty-severn percent rule. Psychometrika, 1957, 22, 293-296Deci, E. L. Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1971, 18, 105-115.Eder, D., & Hallinan, M. T. Sex differences in children’s friendships. American Sociological Review, 1978, 43, 237-250.Endler, N. S., & Magnusson, D. (Eds.). Interactional Psychology and Personality, Washington, E.C : Hemisphere Publishing corp. 1975.Fincham, F. Recipient characteristics and sharing behavion in the learning disabled. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1978, 133, 143-144.Foa, E. B. & Foa, U. G. . Resource theory of social exchange, In J. W. Thibant, J. T. Spence, & R.C. Carson (eds.), Contempons Topics in Social Psychology, N. Y. : General Learning Press, 1976, 99-131.Foot, H. C., Chapman, A. J., & Smith, J. R. Friendship and social responsiveness in boys and girls. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1977, 35, 401-411.Foushee, H. C., Davis, M. H., & Archer, R. L. Empathy, masculinity, and femininity. JSAS Catalog ofGergen, K. J., Gergen, J. M., & Meter, K. Individual orientations to prosocial behavior. Journal of Social Issues. 1972, 28, 105-130.Harris, M. B., & Huang, L. C. Helping and the attribution process. Journal of Social Psychology, 1973, 90, 291-297.Hoffman, M. L. Developmental synthesis of affect and cognition and its implications for altruistic motivation. Developmental Psychology, 1975, 11, 607-622.Kolb, D.A. & Boyatzis, R. On the dynamics of the helping relationship. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 1970, 6, 267-289.Krebs, D.L. Empathy and altruism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1975, 32, 1134-1146.Lepper, M.R., & Green ,d. (Eds.). The hidden costs of reward, Hillsdale, New Jersey : Erlbaum, 1978.Maccoby, E.E., & Jacklin, C.N. The psychology of sex differences. Stanford, Calif : Stanford University Press, 1974.McFall, R.M., & Lillesand, D.B. Behavior rehearsal with modeling and coaching in assertion training. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1971. 77(3), 313-323.McGraw, K.O. The detrimental effects of reward on performance: A literature review and a prediction model. In M. Lepper & D, Greene ( Eds.). The hidden cost of reward. Hillsdale, New Jersey : Erlbaum, 1978 .McGraw, K.O., & McCullers, J.C. Evidence of a detrimental effect of extrinsic incentives on breaking a mental set. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1979, 15, 285-294.Mehrabian, A.,& Epstein, N. A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 1972, 40, 525-543.Mischel, W. Personality and Assessment. New York: Wiley, 1968.Morgan, W.R., & Sawyer, J. Bargaining, expectations, and the preference for equality over equity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1967, 6, 139-149.Newcomb, A.F., Brady, J.E., & Hartup, W.W. Friendship and incentive condition as determinants of children’s task-oriented social behavior. Child development, 1979, 50, 878-881.Rands, M., & Levinger, G. Implicit theories of relationship: an intergenerational study. Journal of Personatity and Social Psychology, 1979, 37, 645-661.Ribal, J.E. Social character and meanings of selfishness and altruism. Sociology and Social Research, 1963, 47, 311-321.Siegfried, W.D., Piemont, J., McCarter, R., & Dellinger, D. Motivational consequences of using performance goals. Psychological Reports, 1981, 48, 835-840.Staub, E.,& Sherk, L. Need for approval, chilidern’s sharing behavior and reciprocity in sharing. Child Development, 1970, 41, 243-252. 關聯 國立政治大學
心理研究所
碩士
73資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 陳彰儀 dc.contributor.author (Authors) 李淑琦 dc.creator (作者) 李淑琦 zh_TW dc.date (日期) 1985 dc.date.accessioned 8-Nov-2016 16:23:45 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 8-Nov-2016 16:23:45 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 8-Nov-2016 16:23:45 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/103566 - dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究目的主要是想從人格特質與環境交互論的觀點,探討不同自我肯定度的大學生,處於不同熟識度、酬勞的情況下,在答應請託行為上的差異情形。本研究分為兩步驟。先進行問卷調查,問卷對象共二四四位大學生,其中的一○四位大學女生被邀請自願參與第二步驟的實驗。研究者先行訓練四名主試者(即實驗同謀者),再於實驗室內設計自然的請託情境,請受試者幫忙做枯燥的數字登錄工作,以了解不同自我肯定者在不同熟識度及酬勞情境下,答應請託行為的差異情形。請託行為的測量包括幫忙份數、請託決定(答應或拒絕)、被請託時的感受度及對請託事件的感覺。資料分析包括變異數分析、因素分析、X2考驗等。研究結果主要發現:1.熟識度與酬勞在幫忙份數上有交互作用,即高熟識組在無酬勞狀況下,幫忙份數多於有酬勞的狀況;而對中熟識組,則在有酬勞狀況下,幫忙份數多於無酬勞的狀況。2.就請託決定而言,低自我肯定者、高同理心者較容易答應別人的請託;此外,與對方愈熟識,對方愈容易答應請託。3.面對低熟識者比面對高熟識者的請託,較會有「想拒絕但又不好意思拒絕」的感受。4.酬勞雖會增加幫忙的份數,但卻也會增加對數字登錄工作的枯燥感。 dc.description.abstract (摘要) 圖表目次第一章 緒論1第一節 研究動機與目的1第二節 文獻探討5第三節 研究問題與假設13第二章 研究方法19第一節 研究對象19第二節 測量工具21第三節 實施程序36第四節 研究設計43第三章 結果與討論 47第一節 有關操弄變項的檢驗47第二節 各細格受試者在答應幫忙份數上的分析 53第三節 各組受試者在與答應請託有關的行為上之分析61第四節 自我肯定、同理心與人情困境量表的關係67第五節 討論68第四章 結論與建議78 第一節 結論78 第二節 建議80 參考書目85 中文部份85 英文部份 88附錄一 個人生活量表96附錄二 受試者實驗記錄表99 附錄三 受試者對有關變項的評定表100圖表目次圖一 實驗室簡圖39 圖二 實驗室內擺設圖39 圖三 實驗程序流程圖40 圖四 鏡描星狀圖41 圖五 酬勞與熟識度兩因子的交互作用圖59 表 1 問卷部份樣本人數分配表20 表 2 實驗部份樣本人數分配表20 表 3 自我肯定量表信度與其各因素的信度 23 表 4 同理心量表各項目的辨別力及與總分相關值26 表 5 同理心量表因素一命名及所屬項目的因素負荷量27 表 6 同理心量表因素二命名及所屬項目的因素負荷量28 表 7 同理心量表因素三命名及所屬項目的因素負荷量28 表 8 同理心量表因素四命名及所屬項目的因素負荷量29 表 9 人情困境量表各項目的辨別力及與總分相關值32 表 10 人情困境量表因素一命名及所屬項目的因素負荷量33 表 11 人情困境量表因素二命名及所屬項目的因素負荷量 34 表 12 人情困境量表因素三命名及所屬項目的因素負荷量 35 表 13 酬勞、自我肯定、熟識等,各細格受試者與實驗同謀者在熟識度量尺上差異(D)的平均數,標準差49 表 14 酬勞、自我肯定、熟識等,各細格受試者對數字登錄工作感覺評定之平均數,標準差50 表 15 參與實驗與無參與實驗的受試者在同理心量表 自我肯定量表上的 t 檢定53表 16 酬勞、自我肯定、熟識等各細格受試者在幫忙份數上的平均數、標準差、變異數55表 17 以平方根法轉換後,各細格受試者在幫忙份數上的平均數、標準差、變異數56表 18 自我肯定、酬勞、熟識等各組受試者在幫忙份數上的變異數分析摘要表 57表 19 酬勞與熟識度兩因子在單純主要效果考驗的變異數分析摘要表 58表 20 酬勞與熟識度兩因子的細格平均數59表 21 各組受試者請託決定的X2檢定62表 22 各熟識組答應請託百分比之比較63表 23 自我肯定、酬勞、熟識等各組受試者在被請託時感受度度之變異數分析摘要表65表 24 各熟識組在被請託時感受度的平均數、標準差65表 25 不同酬勞組對數字登錄工作的枯燥感之 t 檢定66 dc.format.extent 115 bytes - dc.format.mimetype text/html - dc.relation (關聯) 國立政治大學 dc.relation (關聯) 心理研究所 dc.relation (關聯) 碩士 dc.relation (關聯) 73 dc.title (題名) 自我肯定度.熟識度.酬勞與大學生接受請託之關係研究 zh_TW dc.type (資料類型) thesis dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一.中文部份朱真茹 個人現代性,相對作業量,相對身份對報酬分配及有關反應的影響。國立台灣大學心理研究所碩士論文,民64。朱瑞玲譯 自我肯定的人生,高雄市眾成出版社,民65。李美枝 社會心理學,大洋出版社,民69。李新鏘 卡夫卡同理心訓練研究,張老師月刊,民66,創刊號,48~60頁。李新鏘 卡克夫同理心訓練方法研究,國立台灣大學心理研究所碩士論文,民66。吳聰賢 態度量表的建立。見楊國樞等編,社會及行為科學研究法,東華書局,民67。吳鐵雄 不完整資料對共變數矩陣估計正確性的探討:實徵性研究,國立台灣師範大學教育心理學報,民70 , 189~204頁。林清山 X2統計法的事後比較,中國測驗學會測驗年刊,民70,第28輯,121~130頁。金耀基 人際關係中人情之分析(初探)。國際漢學論文集。台北:中央研究院。民69。金耀基 從傳統到現在,時報出版公司,民72。黃光國 人情與面子:中國人的權力遊戲,中國文化與現代化研討會。費孝通 鄉土中國,台北:綠州出版社,民37。楊中芳 香港社會價值變遷與送禮的行為,(未發表之論文),民71。葉光輝 人情取向,分配方式與工作表現,國立台灣大學心理研究所碩士論文,民72。楊國樞 中國人的心理學:人情、面子、緣,張老師月刊,民72,12卷,35~45頁。楊國樞,瞿海源 中國“人”的現代化━有關個人現代性的研究,中央研究院民族學研究所集刊,民63,第37期。 1~37頁。鄭伯勳,莊仲仁 基層軍事幹部有效領導行為之因素分析:領導績效,領導角色與領導行為之關係。中華心理學刊,民70,23卷,97~100頁。蔡順良 師大學生家庭環境因素,教育背景與自我肯定性之關係暨自我肯定訓練,國立台灣師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文,民72。英文部分Aderman, D., & Berkowitz, L. Observational set, empathy, and helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1970, 14 , 141-148.Amabile, T. M. Effects of external evaluation on artistic creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1979, 37, 221-233.Archer, R. L., Diaz-Loving, R., Gollwitzer, P. M., Davis, M. H., & Foushee H. C. The role of dispositional empathy and social evaluation in the empathic mediation of helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1981, 40(4), 786-796.Archer, R. L., Foushee, H. C., Davis, M. H., & Aderman, D. Emotional empathy in a courtroom simulation : A person-situation interaction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1979, 9, 275-291.Aronfreed, J. M. The socialization of altruistic and sympathetic behavior : Some theoretical and experimental analyses. In J. Macaulay & L. Berkowitz(Eds.)., Altruism and helping behavior. New York : Academic Press, 1970.Bar-Tal, D., Bar-Zohar, Y., Greenberg, M.S., & Hermon, M. Reciprocity beharior in the relationship between donor and recipient and between harm-doer and victim. Sociometry, 1977, 40, 293-298.Batson, C.D., Darley, J.M., & Coke, J.S. Altruism and human kindness: Internal and external determinants of helping hehavior. In L. Pervin & M. Lewis (Eds.) ,Perspectives in Interactional Psychology. New York:Plenum Press, 1978.Berger, S. M. Conditioning through vicarious instigation. Psychological Review, 1962. 69, 450-466.Berndt, T. J., Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior. Child Development, 1981, 52, 636-643.Booraem C.D., & Flowers, J. V. A procedural model for the training of assertive behavior. In J. M. Whiteley & J. V. Flowers (Eds.). Approaches to assertion training. Monterey, California : Brooks /Cole, 1978.Burke, R. J. Personality, self-image and informal- helping processes in work settings. Psychological Reports, 1982, 50, 1295-1302.Burke, R. J., & Weir, T. Giving and receiving help with work and non-work related problems. Journal of Business Administration, 1975, 6, 59-78.Burke, R. J., & Weir, T. Personality characteristics associated with giving and receiving help. Psychological Reports, 1976, 38, 343-353.Burke, R. J., & Weir, T. Husband-wife helping relationships: the mental hygiene function in marriage. Psychological Reports, 1977, 40, 911-925.Burke, R. J., & Weir, T. Benefits to adolescents of informal helping relationships with their parents and peors. Psychological Reports, 1978, 42, 1175-1184.Burke, R. J., & Weir, T. Helping responses of parents and peers and adolescent well-being. Journal of Psychology, 1979, 102, 49-62.Burke, R. J., Weir, T, & Duncan, G. Informal helping processes in work settings. Academy of Management Journal, 1976, 19, 370-377.Cattell, R. , & Horowitz, J. Objective personality tests investigating the structure of altruism in relation to source traits. A, H, and L. Journal of Personality, 1952, 21, 103-117.Coke, J. S. , Batson, C. D., & McDavis, K. Empathic mediation of helping : A two-stage model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1978, 36, 752-766.Condry, J. Enemies of exploration : Self-initiated versus other-initiated learning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1977, 7, 459-477.Craig, K. D., & Lowery, J. H. Heart rate components of conditioned vicarious autonomic responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1969, 11, 381-387.Cureton, E.E. The upper and lower twenty-severn percent rule. Psychometrika, 1957, 22, 293-296Deci, E. L. Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1971, 18, 105-115.Eder, D., & Hallinan, M. T. Sex differences in children’s friendships. American Sociological Review, 1978, 43, 237-250.Endler, N. S., & Magnusson, D. (Eds.). Interactional Psychology and Personality, Washington, E.C : Hemisphere Publishing corp. 1975.Fincham, F. Recipient characteristics and sharing behavion in the learning disabled. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1978, 133, 143-144.Foa, E. B. & Foa, U. G. . Resource theory of social exchange, In J. W. Thibant, J. T. Spence, & R.C. Carson (eds.), Contempons Topics in Social Psychology, N. Y. : General Learning Press, 1976, 99-131.Foot, H. C., Chapman, A. J., & Smith, J. R. Friendship and social responsiveness in boys and girls. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1977, 35, 401-411.Foushee, H. C., Davis, M. H., & Archer, R. L. Empathy, masculinity, and femininity. JSAS Catalog ofGergen, K. J., Gergen, J. M., & Meter, K. Individual orientations to prosocial behavior. Journal of Social Issues. 1972, 28, 105-130.Harris, M. B., & Huang, L. C. Helping and the attribution process. Journal of Social Psychology, 1973, 90, 291-297.Hoffman, M. L. Developmental synthesis of affect and cognition and its implications for altruistic motivation. Developmental Psychology, 1975, 11, 607-622.Kolb, D.A. & Boyatzis, R. On the dynamics of the helping relationship. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 1970, 6, 267-289.Krebs, D.L. Empathy and altruism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1975, 32, 1134-1146.Lepper, M.R., & Green ,d. (Eds.). The hidden costs of reward, Hillsdale, New Jersey : Erlbaum, 1978.Maccoby, E.E., & Jacklin, C.N. The psychology of sex differences. Stanford, Calif : Stanford University Press, 1974.McFall, R.M., & Lillesand, D.B. Behavior rehearsal with modeling and coaching in assertion training. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1971. 77(3), 313-323.McGraw, K.O. The detrimental effects of reward on performance: A literature review and a prediction model. In M. Lepper & D, Greene ( Eds.). The hidden cost of reward. Hillsdale, New Jersey : Erlbaum, 1978 .McGraw, K.O., & McCullers, J.C. Evidence of a detrimental effect of extrinsic incentives on breaking a mental set. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1979, 15, 285-294.Mehrabian, A.,& Epstein, N. A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 1972, 40, 525-543.Mischel, W. Personality and Assessment. New York: Wiley, 1968.Morgan, W.R., & Sawyer, J. Bargaining, expectations, and the preference for equality over equity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1967, 6, 139-149.Newcomb, A.F., Brady, J.E., & Hartup, W.W. Friendship and incentive condition as determinants of children’s task-oriented social behavior. Child development, 1979, 50, 878-881.Rands, M., & Levinger, G. Implicit theories of relationship: an intergenerational study. Journal of Personatity and Social Psychology, 1979, 37, 645-661.Ribal, J.E. Social character and meanings of selfishness and altruism. Sociology and Social Research, 1963, 47, 311-321.Siegfried, W.D., Piemont, J., McCarter, R., & Dellinger, D. Motivational consequences of using performance goals. Psychological Reports, 1981, 48, 835-840.Staub, E.,& Sherk, L. Need for approval, chilidern’s sharing behavior and reciprocity in sharing. Child Development, 1970, 41, 243-252.