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題名 七○年代後美蘇和解政策演進之研究 作者 王萬里 貢獻者 周煦
王萬里日期 1984 上傳時間 9-Nov-2016 16:07:30 (UTC+8) 摘要 序言二次大戰後，蘇聯擴野心更熾。美國為遏阻共黨勢力的蔓延及鞏同自由世界的安全，迫而採取圍堵政策。從此國際形成兩極化對抗的政治體系，大多數國家紛紛捲入此一鬥爭行列，冷戰時代於焉開啟。一九六九年尼克森當選美國總統，標榜以談判取代對抗的「和解政策」，一時之問美蘇關係頗有解凍之勢，冷戰時代似已遠揚。然曾幾何時，美蘇和解由於雙方在行動上責任認知的差異，逐漸趨向逆轉，以致於衰退，頗予人春夢易逝之嘆。今日美蘇以其東西兩大集團領袖及戰略核武超強的地位．任何政策取向莫不引導世局的變化。因此美蘇關係乃成為研究國際政治者最為關切的對象，這也是筆者選擇本文作為研究主題的基本動機。本文以軍備管制、經濟互動及歐洲安全三項指標，作為分析、評估自七○年代以來尼克森━福特、卡特、雷根三任政府和解關係，由發展、逆轉至衰退的衡量標準。其中「軍備管制」著重於美蘇間戰略武器談判，「經濟互動」著重於貿易政策的演進，「歐洲安全」則指涉影響東西方安全的相關政治、軍事發展。事實上，影響美蘇和解政策演進的變數繁多，筆者之所以選擇此三項指標作為評估標準，乃是因為它們具有持續性及全球性地位之故。本文共分七章、二十一節，約十二萬餘言。除第一章導論及第七章結論外，主文以五章撰成。第二章論戰後美蘇冷戰之回顧，除探究影響冷戰起源的變數外，並分析此一時期蘇聯的擴張政策及美國的圍堵政策，並以三項指標予以評估。第三章論和解的起源，除探討影響和解興起的國際、國內變數外，並分析美蘇由對抗至和解意識型態的演進。第四章至第六章則以三任政府為分期段落，除詳述美蘇在三項指標方面的發展外，並以筆者之見試予評估。筆者撰述本文後，深覺在正確研判評估一項外交政策或外交關係發展時，常受到兩項主要限制：(一)研究美蘇這種具有敵對意識型態的外交關係時，尤應採取客觀的立場。筆者雖然參閱若干有關蘇聯英文刊物如The Current Digest of the Soviet Press、New Times及翻譯資料，但由於語文素養不足，無法引用俄文書藉。而所閱英文資料率多以西方觀點論之。筆者雖力持審慎，恐仍有所偏頗，其改進端賴今後語文素養之提升。(二)研究外交政策的最大困難在決策過程之不易知悉，且當代檔案多屬機密尚未公開，因之學者之研究易失之主觀與泛論，且評估唯賴學者自身的洞察能力，信度仍待未來史實之證明。筆者研閱資料時，當亦受到連帶影響，因之未來這種研究若輔之以經驗調查，或可稍補其不足。筆者在外交系四年、外交所三年中，承蒙所系諸師長的啟迪教誨，同學間的切磋砥勵，奠下了論文寫作的基礎。撰寫期間並蒙周師煦的悉心指導、耐心解惑、嚴格批閱，使筆者如沐「嚴師慈父」之風，除瀰自惕勵，並謹誌上無限謝忱。此外，國際關係研究中心畢教授英賢，林教授碧炤、李教授登科，常在百忙中熱心撥冗協助，並代尋資料。除使筆者深體學術界的人情味，並給予未來繼續在學術上進修的莫大鼓舞。最後謹以此文報答雙親三十年的浩瀚養育之恩，弟妹獻身國防承擔家責的手足之情。由於他們堅定的支持，才使筆者得以專心研究。筆者駑鈍後學，本文雖敏力為之，距理想仍甚遙遠，有負師長期許。文中疏漏、謬誤之處，尚祈師長、同儕不吝斧正，俾便修訂是幸。王萬里謹識於 木柵政大外交研究所
第一章 導論1第二章 戰後美蘇冷戰的回顧9 第一節 影響冷戰的變數9 第一項 戰後權力的再分佈9 第二項 戰後蘇俄擴張主義的延續10 第三項 大戰期間列強政治安排的錯誤13 慕尼黑協定13 德蘇互不侵犯條約15 第二節 戰後蘇聯擴張的政策和行動16 第一項 蘇聯的政策目標16 第二項 伊朗事件19 第三項 土耳其事件19 第四項 希臘事件19 第三節 戰後美國的圍堵政策22 第一項 杜魯門主義與圍堵政策的形成22 第二項 馬歇爾計劃25 第三項 北大西洋公約組織的建立28 第四節 評估30 第一項 美蘇各結集體安全體系30 第二項 戰後美蘇戰略變化與軍備競賽34第三項 美蘇經濟關係的凍結44 第三章 和解的起源59 第一節 推動和解的國際變數59 第一項 美蘇戰略均勢的形成59 第二項 國際體系多元化的發展61 亞洲國家的革命61 西歐經濟的復興63 共黨陣營的分裂66 第二節 推動和解的國內變數70 第一項 美國國內民意傾向和解71 第二項 蘇聯經濟因素支持和解75 第三節 季辛吉、尼克森的和解哲學78 第一項 季辛吉的和解哲學79 國際政治多元化的權力均衡79 核武發展下的戰爭地位80 對美蘇關係的看法81 第二項 尼克森的和解哲學83 實力的和平觀84 五元的新權力均衡體系85 對蘇聯的和解觀點86 第四節 蘇聯和平共存策略對和解的影響87 第一項 列寧時代88 第二項 史達林時代89 第三項 馬林可夫時代90 第四項 赫魯曉夫時代90第五項 布里玆涅夫時代92 第四章 尼克森政府和解的發展107 第一節 軍備管制109 第一項 限武談判的戰略考慮109 第二項 第一階段限武談判與協議110 第三項 第二階段限武談判113 第二節 經濟互動116 第一項 經濟的互需性117 第二項 一九七二年高峯會議經濟公報與貿易協定118 第三項 貿易改革法案對蘇聯最惠國地位的限制119 第四項 一九七三年高峯會議經濟公報與協定120 第五項 一九七四年高峯會議經濟公報與協定121 第三節 歐洲安全123 第一項 歐洲安全合作會議124 德蘇、德波條約125 柏林協定126 歐安會議的召開與赫爾辛基宣言126 第二項 中歐相互平衡裁軍談判129 各國的動機129 會議的爭執133 北約、華約的各項方案與反應134 第四節 評估137 第一項 軍備管制方面138 第二項 經濟互動方面140 第三項 歐洲安全方面143第五章 卡特政府和解的逆轉155 第一節 軍備管制155 第一項 卡特的基本政策與立場155 第二項 第一階段限武協議後的美蘇戰略核武概況157 第三項 第二階段限武協議160 第二節 經濟互動164 第一項 最惠國地位的爭議165 第二項 阿富汗事件後對蘇聯穀物的禁運懲罰168 第三節 歐洲安全171 第一項 中歐相互平衡裁軍談判的繼續171 第二項 布爾格萊特歐安後續會議174 第三項 北約歐洲戰區核武現代化決議175 第四項 蘇聯對核武現代化的態度與立場177 第四節 評估178 第一項 軍備管制方面178 第二項 經濟互動方面180 第三項 歐洲安全方面182 第六章 雷根政府和解的衰退193 第一節 軍備管制194 第一項 雷根的安全哲學與擴軍計劃195 第二項 美蘇裁武談判的基本立場196 第三項 裁武談判的進行198 美國方案與蘇聯反應198 蘇聯方案與美國反應200 第二節 經濟互動202第一項 政府各部門立場的歧異202第二項 對西方盟邦經濟政策的要求203 渥太華高峯會議204 凡爾賽高峯會議205 威廉斯堡高峯會議206第三項 對蘇聯穀物的解禁207第四項 蘇聯對雷根經濟政策的反應208第三節 歐洲安全209第一項 東西方戰區核武的發展狀況209第二項 歐洲中程核子武力談判215 美國方案與蘇聯反應215 蘇聯方案與美國反應217第三項 中歐相互平衡裁軍的繼續219第四節 評估220第一項 軍備管制方面221第二項 經濟互動方面222第三項 歐洲安全方面225第七章 結論237參考書目243圖表目錄圖目錄圖一 冷戰時期美蘇的安全體系33 圖二 1952 ─ 1980美國軍事政策總目的變化圖36 圖三 1952 ─ 1980美國軍事目標總目的變化圖37 圖四 美蘇1951 ─ 1969國防支出曲線圖38 圖五 美蘇1951 ─ 1969國民生產總額曲線圖39 圖六 美蘇1951 ─ 1969國防支出佔生產總額百分比曲線圖40 圖七 美蘇1951 ─ 1969總兵力曲線圖42 圖八 冷戰時期的美蘇關係發展圖43 圖九 1960 ─ 1978主要國家國民總生產成長圖77 圖十 華沙公約的中歐策略路線圖131 圖十一 北約在中歐的防禦分配圖132 圖十二 1969 ─ 1976美蘇關係發展圖146 圖十三 戰後迄今蘇聯安全體系發展圖240表目錄表一 蘇聯戰時及戰後的領土擴張11 表二 蘇聯戰時及戰後的政治擴張11 表三 美蘇1951 ─ 1969國防支出對照表38表四 美蘇1951 ─ 1969國民生產總額對照表39表五 美蘇1951 ─ 1969國防支出佔生產總額百分比40表六 1963 ─ 1969美蘇戰略核子武器投射載具數量變化對照表41表七 美蘇1951 ─ 1969總兵力比較表42表八 蘇聯1951 ─ 1950自美國進口數額表44表九 1946 ─ 1969蘇聯外貿情形表45表十 1958 ─ 1969先進工業國家對蘇聯貿易數額表48表十一 1958 ─ 1969先進工業國家與蘇聯在機械方面貿易數額表48表十二 1969 ─ 1970美蘇核子投射載具發展比較表60表十三 1958 ─ 1971世界主要貿易國家輸出入數額表65表十四 1970年世界主要國家國民生產總額表65表十五 1950 ─ 1967及1955 ─ 1967經互會( CMEA )與經濟合作組織( OECD )國家國民所得比較表67表十六 中蘇共邊境兵力對照表68表十七 1955 ─ 1972美國國會對國防預算增減數額表73表十八 美國民眾對國防費用的看法74表十九 1951 ─ 1978蘇聯工業生產指標表76表二十 1928 ─ 1978蘇聯國民收入年平均成長表76表二十一 1971 ─ 1974美國對蘇聯輸出主要項目金額表123表二十二 1970年東西集團在中歐軍力統計表130表二十三 1976年東西集團在中歐軍力統計表136表二十四 1970 ─ 1983美蘇戰略武器發展情形表139表二十五 1970 ─ 1976蘇聯對美國貿易數額表141表二十六 1973 ─ 1979蘇聯向外移民人數統計表165表二十七 蘇聯1961 ─ 1980基本農業產量表169表二十八 1977年蘇聯部署在中歐的坦克型式數量表172表二十九 中歐兵力華約資料與北約估計對照表 ( 1978 ─ 1979 )173表三十 1977 ─ 1980蘇聯對美國貿易數額表182表三十一 蘇聯SS ─ 20型飛彈部署過程210表三十二 美國及北約在歐洲的核武系統 211表三十三 蘇俄及華約在歐洲的核武系統212表三十四 北約與華約在歐洲核武系統的比較213表三十五 美國對歐洲核武的判斷214表三十六 蘇俄對歐洲核武的判斷214表三十七 1970 ─ 1981蘇聯對主要西方工業國家貿易數額表224參考文獻 ( 1 )中文1.行政院經濟動員計劃委員會編。第二次世界大戰後各國經濟復興資料。台北：經濟動員計劃委員會，民五十五年。2.俞寬賜。歐洲共同市場。台北：中國學術著作獎助委員會，民五十七年。 3.蔡政文。核子時代國際關係的特質：體係、和平、戰爭。台北：三民書局，民六十七年。 4. 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Collins, John M. U.S.-Soviet Military Balance: Concepts and Capabilities, 1960-1980. Washington, D.C.: McGraw-Hill Publications Co., 1980.24. Cox, Anthur Macy. The Dynamics of Detente. New York: W.W. Norton& Company, 1976.25. Crabb, Cecil V. , Jr. American Foreign Policy in the Nuclear Age. 3rd ed. New York: Harper &Row, Publishers, 1972.26. Daniel, Donald C. International Perceptions of the Superpower Military Balance. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1978.27. Destler, I. M. President’s Bureaucrats and Foreign Policy The Politics of Organizational Reform. Princeton, New Jersey: Princetion University Press, 1972.28. Diamond, Robert A. Nixon: The Fifth Year of His Presidency. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc., 1974.29. Duignan, Peter, and Rabushka, Alvin. The United States in the 1980s. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1980. 30. Edwards, David V. Creating a New World Politics from Conflict to Cooperation. New York: David Mckay Company, Inc., 1973.31. Ferrell, Robert H. 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Holsti, K. J. International Politics: A Framework for Analysis. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1977.48. Jahn, Egbert., ed. Soviet Foreign Policy: Its Social and Economic Conditions. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1978.49. Jamgotch, Nish., Jr. Soviet-East European Dialogue: International Relations of a New Type? Stanford: The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University, 1968.50. Kalb, Marvin, and Kalb, Bernard. Kissinger. Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1974.51. Kaplan, Morton A. System and Process in International Politics. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley& Sons, Inc., 1967.52. Kemp, Geoffrey ; Pfaltzgraff, Robert L., Jr.; and Ra’anan, Uri. The Superpowers in a Multinuclear World. Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Heath and Company, 1973.53. Kennan, George F. American Diplomacy: 1900-1950. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press, 1951.54. ______________. Memoirs: 1925-1950. 台北: 鍾山書局翻印，1968.55 Kiernan, Bernard P. The United States, Communism, and the Emergent World. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1972.56. Kissinger, Henry A. A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh, and the Problems of Pace 1812-1822. Boston: Hought on Mifflin Company, 1979.57._______________ . American Foreign Policy. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1977.58. _______________ . Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy. New York: Harper& Row, Publishers, 1957.59. ________________. The Necessity for Choice. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1961.60. Kohler, Foy D. , et al. Soviet Strategy for Seventies. Washington, D.C.: Central for Advanced Studies, 1973.61. Krylov, Constantin A. The Soviet Economy. Lexington: D.C. Heath and Company, 1979.62. Kuhlman, James A., ed. Strategies, Alliances, and Military Power: Changing Roles. Pennsylvania: The Strategic Studies Institute at the United States Army War College, 1977.63. Kulski, W. W. The Soviet Union in World Affairs: A Documented Analysis 1964-1972. 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Nitze, Poul H. “Assuring Strategic Stability in Time of Detente.” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 54, No. 2 (Jan. 1976)14. Nixon, Richard M. “Asia After Vietnam.” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 46, No. 1 (Oct. 1967)15. Rosecrance, Richard. “Détente or Entente.” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 53, No. 4 (April 1975)16. Sonnenfeldt, Helmut. “Russia, American and Detente.” Foreign Affairs, V01.56, No. 2 (Jan. 1978)17. Soth, Lauren. “The Grain Export Boom: Should It Be Tamed?” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 59, No. 4 (Spring 1981)18. Tatu, Michel. “U.S.-Soviet Relations: A Turning Point?” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 61, No. 3 (America and the world 1982)19. Vershbow, Alexander R. “The Cruise Missile: The End of Arms Control.” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 55, No. 1 (Oct. 1976)20. Walinsky, Louis J. “Coherent Defense Strategy: The Case for Economic Denial.” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 61, No. 2 ( Winter 1982/83)21. Woodard, Susan P. “Most Favored Nation Status: Trade with Communist Countries.” Backgrounder, No. 83 (May 7, 1979)22. 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外交研究所
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72資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 周煦 dc.contributor.author (Authors) 王萬里 dc.creator (作者) 王萬里 zh_TW dc.date (日期) 1984 dc.date.accessioned 9-Nov-2016 16:07:30 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 9-Nov-2016 16:07:30 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 9-Nov-2016 16:07:30 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/103606 - dc.description.abstract (摘要) 序言二次大戰後，蘇聯擴野心更熾。美國為遏阻共黨勢力的蔓延及鞏同自由世界的安全，迫而採取圍堵政策。從此國際形成兩極化對抗的政治體系，大多數國家紛紛捲入此一鬥爭行列，冷戰時代於焉開啟。一九六九年尼克森當選美國總統，標榜以談判取代對抗的「和解政策」，一時之問美蘇關係頗有解凍之勢，冷戰時代似已遠揚。然曾幾何時，美蘇和解由於雙方在行動上責任認知的差異，逐漸趨向逆轉，以致於衰退，頗予人春夢易逝之嘆。今日美蘇以其東西兩大集團領袖及戰略核武超強的地位．任何政策取向莫不引導世局的變化。因此美蘇關係乃成為研究國際政治者最為關切的對象，這也是筆者選擇本文作為研究主題的基本動機。本文以軍備管制、經濟互動及歐洲安全三項指標，作為分析、評估自七○年代以來尼克森━福特、卡特、雷根三任政府和解關係，由發展、逆轉至衰退的衡量標準。其中「軍備管制」著重於美蘇間戰略武器談判，「經濟互動」著重於貿易政策的演進，「歐洲安全」則指涉影響東西方安全的相關政治、軍事發展。事實上，影響美蘇和解政策演進的變數繁多，筆者之所以選擇此三項指標作為評估標準，乃是因為它們具有持續性及全球性地位之故。本文共分七章、二十一節，約十二萬餘言。除第一章導論及第七章結論外，主文以五章撰成。第二章論戰後美蘇冷戰之回顧，除探究影響冷戰起源的變數外，並分析此一時期蘇聯的擴張政策及美國的圍堵政策，並以三項指標予以評估。第三章論和解的起源，除探討影響和解興起的國際、國內變數外，並分析美蘇由對抗至和解意識型態的演進。第四章至第六章則以三任政府為分期段落，除詳述美蘇在三項指標方面的發展外，並以筆者之見試予評估。筆者撰述本文後，深覺在正確研判評估一項外交政策或外交關係發展時，常受到兩項主要限制：(一)研究美蘇這種具有敵對意識型態的外交關係時，尤應採取客觀的立場。筆者雖然參閱若干有關蘇聯英文刊物如The Current Digest of the Soviet Press、New Times及翻譯資料，但由於語文素養不足，無法引用俄文書藉。而所閱英文資料率多以西方觀點論之。筆者雖力持審慎，恐仍有所偏頗，其改進端賴今後語文素養之提升。(二)研究外交政策的最大困難在決策過程之不易知悉，且當代檔案多屬機密尚未公開，因之學者之研究易失之主觀與泛論，且評估唯賴學者自身的洞察能力，信度仍待未來史實之證明。筆者研閱資料時，當亦受到連帶影響，因之未來這種研究若輔之以經驗調查，或可稍補其不足。筆者在外交系四年、外交所三年中，承蒙所系諸師長的啟迪教誨，同學間的切磋砥勵，奠下了論文寫作的基礎。撰寫期間並蒙周師煦的悉心指導、耐心解惑、嚴格批閱，使筆者如沐「嚴師慈父」之風，除瀰自惕勵，並謹誌上無限謝忱。此外，國際關係研究中心畢教授英賢，林教授碧炤、李教授登科，常在百忙中熱心撥冗協助，並代尋資料。除使筆者深體學術界的人情味，並給予未來繼續在學術上進修的莫大鼓舞。最後謹以此文報答雙親三十年的浩瀚養育之恩，弟妹獻身國防承擔家責的手足之情。由於他們堅定的支持，才使筆者得以專心研究。筆者駑鈍後學，本文雖敏力為之，距理想仍甚遙遠，有負師長期許。文中疏漏、謬誤之處，尚祈師長、同儕不吝斧正，俾便修訂是幸。王萬里謹識於 木柵政大外交研究所 dc.description.abstract (摘要) 第一章 導論1第二章 戰後美蘇冷戰的回顧9 第一節 影響冷戰的變數9 第一項 戰後權力的再分佈9 第二項 戰後蘇俄擴張主義的延續10 第三項 大戰期間列強政治安排的錯誤13 慕尼黑協定13 德蘇互不侵犯條約15 第二節 戰後蘇聯擴張的政策和行動16 第一項 蘇聯的政策目標16 第二項 伊朗事件19 第三項 土耳其事件19 第四項 希臘事件19 第三節 戰後美國的圍堵政策22 第一項 杜魯門主義與圍堵政策的形成22 第二項 馬歇爾計劃25 第三項 北大西洋公約組織的建立28 第四節 評估30 第一項 美蘇各結集體安全體系30 第二項 戰後美蘇戰略變化與軍備競賽34第三項 美蘇經濟關係的凍結44 第三章 和解的起源59 第一節 推動和解的國際變數59 第一項 美蘇戰略均勢的形成59 第二項 國際體系多元化的發展61 亞洲國家的革命61 西歐經濟的復興63 共黨陣營的分裂66 第二節 推動和解的國內變數70 第一項 美國國內民意傾向和解71 第二項 蘇聯經濟因素支持和解75 第三節 季辛吉、尼克森的和解哲學78 第一項 季辛吉的和解哲學79 國際政治多元化的權力均衡79 核武發展下的戰爭地位80 對美蘇關係的看法81 第二項 尼克森的和解哲學83 實力的和平觀84 五元的新權力均衡體系85 對蘇聯的和解觀點86 第四節 蘇聯和平共存策略對和解的影響87 第一項 列寧時代88 第二項 史達林時代89 第三項 馬林可夫時代90 第四項 赫魯曉夫時代90第五項 布里玆涅夫時代92 第四章 尼克森政府和解的發展107 第一節 軍備管制109 第一項 限武談判的戰略考慮109 第二項 第一階段限武談判與協議110 第三項 第二階段限武談判113 第二節 經濟互動116 第一項 經濟的互需性117 第二項 一九七二年高峯會議經濟公報與貿易協定118 第三項 貿易改革法案對蘇聯最惠國地位的限制119 第四項 一九七三年高峯會議經濟公報與協定120 第五項 一九七四年高峯會議經濟公報與協定121 第三節 歐洲安全123 第一項 歐洲安全合作會議124 德蘇、德波條約125 柏林協定126 歐安會議的召開與赫爾辛基宣言126 第二項 中歐相互平衡裁軍談判129 各國的動機129 會議的爭執133 北約、華約的各項方案與反應134 第四節 評估137 第一項 軍備管制方面138 第二項 經濟互動方面140 第三項 歐洲安全方面143第五章 卡特政府和解的逆轉155 第一節 軍備管制155 第一項 卡特的基本政策與立場155 第二項 第一階段限武協議後的美蘇戰略核武概況157 第三項 第二階段限武協議160 第二節 經濟互動164 第一項 最惠國地位的爭議165 第二項 阿富汗事件後對蘇聯穀物的禁運懲罰168 第三節 歐洲安全171 第一項 中歐相互平衡裁軍談判的繼續171 第二項 布爾格萊特歐安後續會議174 第三項 北約歐洲戰區核武現代化決議175 第四項 蘇聯對核武現代化的態度與立場177 第四節 評估178 第一項 軍備管制方面178 第二項 經濟互動方面180 第三項 歐洲安全方面182 第六章 雷根政府和解的衰退193 第一節 軍備管制194 第一項 雷根的安全哲學與擴軍計劃195 第二項 美蘇裁武談判的基本立場196 第三項 裁武談判的進行198 美國方案與蘇聯反應198 蘇聯方案與美國反應200 第二節 經濟互動202第一項 政府各部門立場的歧異202第二項 對西方盟邦經濟政策的要求203 渥太華高峯會議204 凡爾賽高峯會議205 威廉斯堡高峯會議206第三項 對蘇聯穀物的解禁207第四項 蘇聯對雷根經濟政策的反應208第三節 歐洲安全209第一項 東西方戰區核武的發展狀況209第二項 歐洲中程核子武力談判215 美國方案與蘇聯反應215 蘇聯方案與美國反應217第三項 中歐相互平衡裁軍的繼續219第四節 評估220第一項 軍備管制方面221第二項 經濟互動方面222第三項 歐洲安全方面225第七章 結論237參考書目243圖表目錄圖目錄圖一 冷戰時期美蘇的安全體系33 圖二 1952 ─ 1980美國軍事政策總目的變化圖36 圖三 1952 ─ 1980美國軍事目標總目的變化圖37 圖四 美蘇1951 ─ 1969國防支出曲線圖38 圖五 美蘇1951 ─ 1969國民生產總額曲線圖39 圖六 美蘇1951 ─ 1969國防支出佔生產總額百分比曲線圖40 圖七 美蘇1951 ─ 1969總兵力曲線圖42 圖八 冷戰時期的美蘇關係發展圖43 圖九 1960 ─ 1978主要國家國民總生產成長圖77 圖十 華沙公約的中歐策略路線圖131 圖十一 北約在中歐的防禦分配圖132 圖十二 1969 ─ 1976美蘇關係發展圖146 圖十三 戰後迄今蘇聯安全體系發展圖240表目錄表一 蘇聯戰時及戰後的領土擴張11 表二 蘇聯戰時及戰後的政治擴張11 表三 美蘇1951 ─ 1969國防支出對照表38表四 美蘇1951 ─ 1969國民生產總額對照表39表五 美蘇1951 ─ 1969國防支出佔生產總額百分比40表六 1963 ─ 1969美蘇戰略核子武器投射載具數量變化對照表41表七 美蘇1951 ─ 1969總兵力比較表42表八 蘇聯1951 ─ 1950自美國進口數額表44表九 1946 ─ 1969蘇聯外貿情形表45表十 1958 ─ 1969先進工業國家對蘇聯貿易數額表48表十一 1958 ─ 1969先進工業國家與蘇聯在機械方面貿易數額表48表十二 1969 ─ 1970美蘇核子投射載具發展比較表60表十三 1958 ─ 1971世界主要貿易國家輸出入數額表65表十四 1970年世界主要國家國民生產總額表65表十五 1950 ─ 1967及1955 ─ 1967經互會( CMEA )與經濟合作組織( OECD )國家國民所得比較表67表十六 中蘇共邊境兵力對照表68表十七 1955 ─ 1972美國國會對國防預算增減數額表73表十八 美國民眾對國防費用的看法74表十九 1951 ─ 1978蘇聯工業生產指標表76表二十 1928 ─ 1978蘇聯國民收入年平均成長表76表二十一 1971 ─ 1974美國對蘇聯輸出主要項目金額表123表二十二 1970年東西集團在中歐軍力統計表130表二十三 1976年東西集團在中歐軍力統計表136表二十四 1970 ─ 1983美蘇戰略武器發展情形表139表二十五 1970 ─ 1976蘇聯對美國貿易數額表141表二十六 1973 ─ 1979蘇聯向外移民人數統計表165表二十七 蘇聯1961 ─ 1980基本農業產量表169表二十八 1977年蘇聯部署在中歐的坦克型式數量表172表二十九 中歐兵力華約資料與北約估計對照表 ( 1978 ─ 1979 )173表三十 1977 ─ 1980蘇聯對美國貿易數額表182表三十一 蘇聯SS ─ 20型飛彈部署過程210表三十二 美國及北約在歐洲的核武系統 211表三十三 蘇俄及華約在歐洲的核武系統212表三十四 北約與華約在歐洲核武系統的比較213表三十五 美國對歐洲核武的判斷214表三十六 蘇俄對歐洲核武的判斷214表三十七 1970 ─ 1981蘇聯對主要西方工業國家貿易數額表224 dc.format.extent 115 bytes - dc.format.mimetype text/html - dc.relation (關聯) 國立政治大學 dc.relation (關聯) 外交研究所 dc.relation (關聯) 碩士 dc.relation (關聯) 72 dc.title (題名) 七○年代後美蘇和解政策演進之研究 zh_TW dc.type (資料類型) thesis dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ( 1 )中文1.行政院經濟動員計劃委員會編。第二次世界大戰後各國經濟復興資料。台北：經濟動員計劃委員會，民五十五年。2.俞寬賜。歐洲共同市場。台北：中國學術著作獎助委員會，民五十七年。 3.蔡政文。核子時代國際關係的特質：體係、和平、戰爭。台北：三民書局，民六十七年。 4. 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