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題名 成本遞減產業訂價問題之研究 作者 鄭瓊英 貢獻者 游坤敏
鄭瓊英日期 1984 上傳時間 9-Nov-2016 17:12:24 (UTC+8) 摘要 論文提要本文探討成本遞減產業的最適訂價政策。因產業的訂價政策以達成追求社會福利極大化的目標，所以兼顧經濟效率、對所得分配公平性的影響、合理利潤率、及對經濟穩定、經濟成長等的影響。在最佳經濟背景下，若考慮資源的配置效率，則產業應採用邊際成本訂價法，然此訂價法所造成的虧損通常由一般租稅承擔，因而產生受益原則問題，所以某些學者建議採行平均成本訂價法、二段取價訂價方式、與尖峯負荷訂價法等，以達成收支平衡。定義最佳經濟背景的假設，往往與實際經濟社會不相符合，因而有必要進一步分析次佳經濟背景下的最適訂價政策，此訂價通常偏離邊際成本訂價法，然最適價格總是和邊際成本有關。此外，傳統福利經濟學的理論分析，通常較忽略所得分配公平性的問題。然而近年來，甚多學者對於訂價政策的探討，兼顧效率及公平原則，但是為求所得分配更公平，往往得犧牲部分效率，亦即經濟效率與所得分配公平性的目標，經常發生衝突。個人於本文中建立一個理論模型，以探討如何訂價使資源配置效率損失最小，而使所得分配更公平。
第一章 緒論1 第一節 成本遞減產業的性質1 第二節 最適訂價政策的定義2 第三節 研究範圍、方法與限制4 第四節 本文結構5 第二章 訂價法則與經濟效率6 第一節 邊際成本訂價法8 第二節 尖峯負荷訂價原則10第三節 平均成本訂價法17 第四節 二段取價訂價方式18 第三章 次佳理論與訂價法則26 第一節 混合經濟背景下之訂價政策26 第二節 準最適價格的訂定原則35 第三節 限制利潤之經濟效果分析46 第四節 不確定情況下之訂價及投資決策56 第四章 兼顧效率及公平原則的訂價法則68 第一節 有關文獻的回顧68第二節 理論模型的建立72第三節 訂價政策及所得分配89第五章 結論106參考文獻110圖表目錄圖1：訂價方式與配置效率及產業盈虧的關係6圖2：變動需求之訂價法11圖3：收取固定費用對消費者選擇的影響19圖4：成本遞減產業價格的選擇對獨占產業的影響32圖5：成本遞減產業價格的選擇對獨占產業的影響34圖6：價格偏離邊際成本的程度與需求彈性的關係42圖7：價格偏離邊際成本的程度與需求彈性的關係43圖8：報酬率限制式對因素使用比率的影響53圖9：表示常態機率分配ƒ ( q )57圖10：風險水準與相關之能量產出的關係58圖11：需求曲線、成本曲線和最適產能的關係61參考文獻 一、中文部份：1.游坤敏著，所得分配、外部效果、與最適關稅之理論，經濟論文，第八卷第二期，民國六十九年九月。 2.嚴玉珠著，租稅歸宿的一般均衡分析，國立政治大學財政研究所碩士論文，民國七十年六月。二、英文部份：1. Atkinson , A. B. and Stiglitz , J. E. , Lectures on Public Economics (London: McGraw-Hill Book Company ,1980).2. Averch, H. and Johnson , L. L. , “Behavior of the Firm under Regulatory Constraint ”, American Economic Review vol. 52 (Dec. 1962): 1052-1069.3. Baumol, W. and Bradford, D., “Optimal Departures from Marginal Cost Pricing ” , American Economic Review vol. 60. ( June 1970 ) 265-283.4. Baumol, W. and Klevorick, “Input Choices and Rate of Return: An Overview of the Discussion ” , The Bell journal of Economics and Management Science (Autumn 1970): 166-168. 5. Berrie , T. W. , “The Economics of System Planning in Bulk Electricity Supply ”, in Turvey (1968a).6. Boadway , R. W., “ Public Enterprise Pricing and Investment Rules ”, Public Sector Economic (1979): 151-170.7. Brown, D. J .and Heal, G. M., ,“ Marginal vs. Average Cost Pricing in the Presence of a Public Monopoly ”, American Economic Review vol. 73 ,No. 2 (May 1983): 189-193.8. Brown, G. and Johnson, M.B. , “Public Utility Pricing and Output under Risk” , American Economic Review (1969).9. Buchanan, J. M. , “ Peak Loads and Efficient Pricing: Comment” , Quarterly Journal of Economics : 463-471. 10. Chang, H.C , “Dynamic Peak Load Pricing and Investment Policies of a Nationalized Electric Utility “, Monograph Series No. 12. (The Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, November 1978)11. Craven, J, “On the Choice of Optimal Time Periods for a Surplus Maximizing Utility Subject to Fluctuating Demand ” , The Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science (1971): 495-502.12. Crew, M.A. and Kleindorfer, P. R., Public Utility Economics (St. Martin’s Press, New York,(1979)13. Crew, M.A. and Kleindorfer,P.R., “Reliability and Public Utility Pricing ”, American Economic Review (Marck 1978 ): 31-39.14. Croix, S, J., “Marketing, Price Discrimination, and Welfare” , Southern Economic Journal 49(3) (January 1983) :847-852.15. Damus, S., “Two-Part Tariffs and Optimum Taxation : The Case of Railway Rates ” , American Economic Review (Marck 1981): 65-79.16. El-Hodiri, M. and Takayama ,A. , “ Behavior of the Firm under Regulatory Constraint: Clarifications ” , American Economic Review ( March 1973 )：235-237.17. Farris, M.T. and Sampson, R. J. , Public Utilities : Regulation, Management, and Ownership (Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1973).18. Feldstein, M. S., “Eguity and Efficiency in Public Sector Pricing: the Optimal Two-Part Tariff”, Quarterly Journal of Economics vol. 86, No. 2 (May 1972): 175-187.19. Feldstein, M.S., “Distributional Equity and the Optimal Structure of Public Prices”, American Economic Review (1972): 32-36.20. Ferguson, C.E., The Neoclassical Theory of Production and Distribution (Cambridge University Press, 1969).21. Jones, R.W., “Variable Returns to Scale in General Equilibrium Theory ” , International Economic Review, X ( October 1968): 262-265.22. Jones, R.W., “The Structure of Simple General Equilibrium Models ”, Journal of Political Economy vol. 73 (Dec. 1965) No. 6: 560-561.23. Klevorick, A.K., “The Optimal Fair Rate of Return ”, Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science(1971): 122-153.24. Lancaster, K., Mathematical Economics (Macmillan London, 1968).25. Lee, L. W. , “A Theory of Just Regulation” , American Economic Review vol. 70 No. 5 (Dec. 1980): 848-862.26. Lipsey, R. G. and Lancaster, K., “The General Theory of Second Best”，Review of Economic Studies 24, 1,(1956) : 11-36.27. Littlechild, S. “Marginal Cost Pricing with Joint Costs”, The Economic Journal(1970): 323-335.28. Meyer, R. A., “Monopoly Pricing and Capacity Choice under Uncertainty ”, American Economic Review vol. 65, No 3 ( June 1975): 326-337.29. Minabe, N., “ The Stolper-Samuelson Theorem under Conditions of Variable Returns to Scale”, Oxford Economic Papers, vol. 18, No. 2 (July 1966): 204-212.30. Mohring, H., “The Peak Load Problem with Increasing Returns and Pricing Constraints” , American Economic Review vol. 60 (1970): 693-705.31. Munk, K. J., “Optimal Public Sector Pricing Taking the Distributional Aspect into Consideration” , Quarterly Journal of Economics (1977): 639-650.32. Musgrave,. R.A. and Musgrave, P. B., “Public Pricing and Environmental Policy” , Public Finance in Theory and Practice (McGraw-Hill International Book Company, New York, Third Edition, 1981): 742-74833. Pressman, I, “A Mathematical Formulation of the peak-load Pricing Problem ”, The Bell Journal of Economics and Management Sciences (Autumn 1970): 304-325.34. Pressman, I. and Carol, A., “Behavior of the Firm under Regulatory Constraint: Note” , American Economic Review (Mar. 1971): 210-212.35. Rees, R, Public Enterprise Economics (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1976).36. Sherman, R. and Visscher, M., “Second Best Pricing with Stochastic Demand” , American Economic Review vol. 68 No.r (Mar. 1978):41-5337. Sheshinski, E,, ‘‘Welfare Aspects of a Regulatory Constraint :Note”, American Economic Review (1971): 175-178.38. Silberston, A. “Surveys of Applied Economics: Price Behaviour of Firms” ,The Economic Journal (Sep. 1970): 526-575.39. Spencer, B. J., “Second Best Pricing of Publicly Produced Inputs ”, Journal of Public Economics vol. 20 No. 1(1983) : 113-119.40. Takayama ,A., “Behavior of the Firm under Regulatory Constraint ”, American Economic Review (June 1969): 255-260.41. Tresch, R. W., Public Finance: a normative Theory (Business; Ontario: Irwin-Dorsey, 1981).42. Turvey, R., “Public Utility Pricing and Output under Risk: Comment ”,American Economic Review vol. 60 ( June 1970): 485-486.43. Turvey, R., “Marginal Cost ”, The Economic Journal ( June 1969): 282-299.44. Varian, H. R., Microeconomic Analysis (1978).45. Visscher, M.L.,“Welfare-Maximize Price and Output with Stochastic Demand: Comment”, American Economic Review vol. 63 No. 1(Mar. 1973):224-229.46. Walsh, J. P., “Oo Deriving Pricing Rules in the Theory of Second Best ”, Public Finance Quarterly 10(4) (October 1982): 499-509. 關聯 國立政治大學
財政研究所
碩士
72資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 游坤敏 dc.contributor.author (Authors) 鄭瓊英 dc.creator (作者) 鄭瓊英 zh_TW dc.date (日期) 1984 dc.date.accessioned 9-Nov-2016 17:12:24 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 9-Nov-2016 17:12:24 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 9-Nov-2016 17:12:24 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/103648 - dc.description.abstract (摘要) 論文提要本文探討成本遞減產業的最適訂價政策。因產業的訂價政策以達成追求社會福利極大化的目標，所以兼顧經濟效率、對所得分配公平性的影響、合理利潤率、及對經濟穩定、經濟成長等的影響。在最佳經濟背景下，若考慮資源的配置效率，則產業應採用邊際成本訂價法，然此訂價法所造成的虧損通常由一般租稅承擔，因而產生受益原則問題，所以某些學者建議採行平均成本訂價法、二段取價訂價方式、與尖峯負荷訂價法等，以達成收支平衡。定義最佳經濟背景的假設，往往與實際經濟社會不相符合，因而有必要進一步分析次佳經濟背景下的最適訂價政策，此訂價通常偏離邊際成本訂價法，然最適價格總是和邊際成本有關。此外，傳統福利經濟學的理論分析，通常較忽略所得分配公平性的問題。然而近年來，甚多學者對於訂價政策的探討，兼顧效率及公平原則，但是為求所得分配更公平，往往得犧牲部分效率，亦即經濟效率與所得分配公平性的目標，經常發生衝突。個人於本文中建立一個理論模型，以探討如何訂價使資源配置效率損失最小，而使所得分配更公平。 dc.description.abstract (摘要) 第一章 緒論1 第一節 成本遞減產業的性質1 第二節 最適訂價政策的定義2 第三節 研究範圍、方法與限制4 第四節 本文結構5 第二章 訂價法則與經濟效率6 第一節 邊際成本訂價法8 第二節 尖峯負荷訂價原則10第三節 平均成本訂價法17 第四節 二段取價訂價方式18 第三章 次佳理論與訂價法則26 第一節 混合經濟背景下之訂價政策26 第二節 準最適價格的訂定原則35 第三節 限制利潤之經濟效果分析46 第四節 不確定情況下之訂價及投資決策56 第四章 兼顧效率及公平原則的訂價法則68 第一節 有關文獻的回顧68第二節 理論模型的建立72第三節 訂價政策及所得分配89第五章 結論106參考文獻110圖表目錄圖1：訂價方式與配置效率及產業盈虧的關係6圖2：變動需求之訂價法11圖3：收取固定費用對消費者選擇的影響19圖4：成本遞減產業價格的選擇對獨占產業的影響32圖5：成本遞減產業價格的選擇對獨占產業的影響34圖6：價格偏離邊際成本的程度與需求彈性的關係42圖7：價格偏離邊際成本的程度與需求彈性的關係43圖8：報酬率限制式對因素使用比率的影響53圖9：表示常態機率分配ƒ ( q )57圖10：風險水準與相關之能量產出的關係58圖11：需求曲線、成本曲線和最適產能的關係61 dc.format.extent 115 bytes - dc.format.mimetype text/html - dc.relation (關聯) 國立政治大學 dc.relation (關聯) 財政研究所 dc.relation (關聯) 碩士 dc.relation (關聯) 72 dc.title (題名) 成本遞減產業訂價問題之研究 zh_TW dc.type (資料類型) thesis dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文部份：1.游坤敏著，所得分配、外部效果、與最適關稅之理論，經濟論文，第八卷第二期，民國六十九年九月。 2.嚴玉珠著，租稅歸宿的一般均衡分析，國立政治大學財政研究所碩士論文，民國七十年六月。二、英文部份：1. Atkinson , A. B. and Stiglitz , J. E. , Lectures on Public Economics (London: McGraw-Hill Book Company ,1980).2. Averch, H. and Johnson , L. L. , “Behavior of the Firm under Regulatory Constraint ”, American Economic Review vol. 52 (Dec. 1962): 1052-1069.3. Baumol, W. and Bradford, D., “Optimal Departures from Marginal Cost Pricing ” , American Economic Review vol. 60. ( June 1970 ) 265-283.4. Baumol, W. and Klevorick, “Input Choices and Rate of Return: An Overview of the Discussion ” , The Bell journal of Economics and Management Science (Autumn 1970): 166-168. 5. Berrie , T. W. , “The Economics of System Planning in Bulk Electricity Supply ”, in Turvey (1968a).6. Boadway , R. W., “ Public Enterprise Pricing and Investment Rules ”, Public Sector Economic (1979): 151-170.7. Brown, D. J .and Heal, G. M., ,“ Marginal vs. Average Cost Pricing in the Presence of a Public Monopoly ”, American Economic Review vol. 73 ,No. 2 (May 1983): 189-193.8. Brown, G. and Johnson, M.B. , “Public Utility Pricing and Output under Risk” , American Economic Review (1969).9. Buchanan, J. M. , “ Peak Loads and Efficient Pricing: Comment” , Quarterly Journal of Economics : 463-471. 10. Chang, H.C , “Dynamic Peak Load Pricing and Investment Policies of a Nationalized Electric Utility “, Monograph Series No. 12. (The Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, November 1978)11. Craven, J, “On the Choice of Optimal Time Periods for a Surplus Maximizing Utility Subject to Fluctuating Demand ” , The Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science (1971): 495-502.12. Crew, M.A. and Kleindorfer, P. R., Public Utility Economics (St. Martin’s Press, New York,(1979)13. Crew, M.A. and Kleindorfer,P.R., “Reliability and Public Utility Pricing ”, American Economic Review (Marck 1978 ): 31-39.14. Croix, S, J., “Marketing, Price Discrimination, and Welfare” , Southern Economic Journal 49(3) (January 1983) :847-852.15. Damus, S., “Two-Part Tariffs and Optimum Taxation : The Case of Railway Rates ” , American Economic Review (Marck 1981): 65-79.16. El-Hodiri, M. and Takayama ,A. , “ Behavior of the Firm under Regulatory Constraint: Clarifications ” , American Economic Review ( March 1973 )：235-237.17. Farris, M.T. and Sampson, R. J. , Public Utilities : Regulation, Management, and Ownership (Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1973).18. Feldstein, M. S., “Eguity and Efficiency in Public Sector Pricing: the Optimal Two-Part Tariff”, Quarterly Journal of Economics vol. 86, No. 2 (May 1972): 175-187.19. Feldstein, M.S., “Distributional Equity and the Optimal Structure of Public Prices”, American Economic Review (1972): 32-36.20. Ferguson, C.E., The Neoclassical Theory of Production and Distribution (Cambridge University Press, 1969).21. Jones, R.W., “Variable Returns to Scale in General Equilibrium Theory ” , International Economic Review, X ( October 1968): 262-265.22. Jones, R.W., “The Structure of Simple General Equilibrium Models ”, Journal of Political Economy vol. 73 (Dec. 1965) No. 6: 560-561.23. Klevorick, A.K., “The Optimal Fair Rate of Return ”, Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science(1971): 122-153.24. Lancaster, K., Mathematical Economics (Macmillan London, 1968).25. Lee, L. W. , “A Theory of Just Regulation” , American Economic Review vol. 70 No. 5 (Dec. 1980): 848-862.26. Lipsey, R. G. and Lancaster, K., “The General Theory of Second Best”，Review of Economic Studies 24, 1,(1956) : 11-36.27. Littlechild, S. “Marginal Cost Pricing with Joint Costs”, The Economic Journal(1970): 323-335.28. Meyer, R. A., “Monopoly Pricing and Capacity Choice under Uncertainty ”, American Economic Review vol. 65, No 3 ( June 1975): 326-337.29. Minabe, N., “ The Stolper-Samuelson Theorem under Conditions of Variable Returns to Scale”, Oxford Economic Papers, vol. 18, No. 2 (July 1966): 204-212.30. Mohring, H., “The Peak Load Problem with Increasing Returns and Pricing Constraints” , American Economic Review vol. 60 (1970): 693-705.31. Munk, K. J., “Optimal Public Sector Pricing Taking the Distributional Aspect into Consideration” , Quarterly Journal of Economics (1977): 639-650.32. Musgrave,. R.A. and Musgrave, P. B., “Public Pricing and Environmental Policy” , Public Finance in Theory and Practice (McGraw-Hill International Book Company, New York, Third Edition, 1981): 742-74833. Pressman, I, “A Mathematical Formulation of the peak-load Pricing Problem ”, The Bell Journal of Economics and Management Sciences (Autumn 1970): 304-325.34. Pressman, I. and Carol, A., “Behavior of the Firm under Regulatory Constraint: Note” , American Economic Review (Mar. 1971): 210-212.35. Rees, R, Public Enterprise Economics (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1976).36. Sherman, R. and Visscher, M., “Second Best Pricing with Stochastic Demand” , American Economic Review vol. 68 No.r (Mar. 1978):41-5337. Sheshinski, E,, ‘‘Welfare Aspects of a Regulatory Constraint :Note”, American Economic Review (1971): 175-178.38. Silberston, A. “Surveys of Applied Economics: Price Behaviour of Firms” ,The Economic Journal (Sep. 1970): 526-575.39. Spencer, B. J., “Second Best Pricing of Publicly Produced Inputs ”, Journal of Public Economics vol. 20 No. 1(1983) : 113-119.40. Takayama ,A., “Behavior of the Firm under Regulatory Constraint ”, American Economic Review (June 1969): 255-260.41. Tresch, R. W., Public Finance: a normative Theory (Business; Ontario: Irwin-Dorsey, 1981).42. Turvey, R., “Public Utility Pricing and Output under Risk: Comment ”,American Economic Review vol. 60 ( June 1970): 485-486.43. Turvey, R., “Marginal Cost ”, The Economic Journal ( June 1969): 282-299.44. Varian, H. R., Microeconomic Analysis (1978).45. Visscher, M.L.,“Welfare-Maximize Price and Output with Stochastic Demand: Comment”, American Economic Review vol. 63 No. 1(Mar. 1973):224-229.46. Walsh, J. P., “Oo Deriving Pricing Rules in the Theory of Second Best ”, Public Finance Quarterly 10(4) (October 1982): 499-509.
