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題名 團體決策在管理過程中功能之研究 作者 朱楠賢 貢獻者 張潤書
朱楠賢日期 1984 上傳時間 9-Nov-2016 17:33:33 (UTC+8) 摘要 論文提要隨著科技的躍進，社會的多元化暨資訊體系之迅速發展，個人所能掌握的資訊似乎變得極為有限。因此，如何集廣思，匯眾益，已成為現代組織決策方式的一大特徵。 蔣總統早於民國六十一年行政院長任內主持第一次院會時即明白指出：「個人突出的時代已過去，任何個人或少數人不可能完成偉大的事業，只有集體的思考、集體的計畫、集體的創造，才能完成時代的任務。」本論文有鑒於此，乃嚐試以系統途徑，探討團體決策之功能所在，剖析其利弊得失，並尋求增進其功能的各種技術，俾對我國行政現代化之推動有所助益於萬一。本論文共分六章，約十萬餘言，玆將各章主要內容分述如次：第一章緒論。先闡述本文之研究動機，方法與範圍，次分別討論團體、決策之相關概念用以引介團體決策之意涵。第二章列舉影響團體決策之主要投入（Input）因素，分別從問題、團體、個人及領導四面向討論。第三章探討團體決策之運作過程（Operational process），兼採規範及描述模型觀點分析其互動階段，最後並說明決策過程中的特徵。第四章從事團體決策產出（Output）之功能分析，分別檢視其正、負功能及影響功能之權變因素。第五章對團體決策之產出功能，作一回饋（Feedback），尋求增進決策效能的各種技術，其中包括腦力激盪術（Brainstorming）、達菲法（Delphi）、名義團體術 （Nominal Group Technique）、品管圈（Quality Control Circle）等。第六章結論。以權變（Coutingency）觀點，探討團體決策之使用契機與最佳組合，並分析文化差異下之不同決策方式，最後總結性地提出對團體決策的未來展望。
第一章 緒論1 第一節 研究動機、方法與範圍1 第二節 團體之概念6 第三節 決策之概念14 第四節 團體決策之基本認識24 第二章 團體決策之影響因素50 第一節 問題因素50 第二節 團體因素57 第三節 成員因素74 第四節 領導因素83 第三章 團體決策之運作過程102 第一節 決策過程之概念分析102 第二節 團體決策之形成階段115 第三節 決策過程之特有現象120 第四章 團體決策之功能檢視141 第一節 團體決策之正功能143 第二節 團體決策之負功能146 集三節 團體決策功能之整合150第五章 團體決策之強化技術165第一節 腦力激盪術 ( Brainstorming ) ( 含「品管圈」Q. C. C. )165第二節 逐步激盪術 ( Synetics )173第三節 達菲法 ( Delphi )180第四節 名義團體術 ( Nominal Group Technique )193第五節 小結200第六章 結論214第一節 決策團體之整合權變設計214第二節 團體決策之未來展望225參考書目238圖表目次圖圖1－1 本文研究架構圖4圖1－2 決策與問題解決關係圖16圖1－3 問題解決之階段模型17圖1－4 管理決策行為之連續體23圖1－5 個人需求層次與能力發展關係圖36圖2－1 決策之兩面向56圖2－2 會議座位安排形式62圖2－3 團體凝聚力、溝通與順應性之關係67圖2－4 團體凝聚力、績效規範與續效之關係68圖2－5 「五人團體」之溝通網路型態72圖2－6 俄亥俄基本領導型態87圖3－1 貝氏之團體互動過程分析圖108圖3－2A決策之螺旋模型－單元分析113圖3－2B決策之螺旋模型－團體說明113圖3－3 「團體空態」( Groupthink )之模型128圖5－1 全面性品管組織圖170圖6－1 決策團體之整合模型217圖6－2 決策團體之類型217圖6－3 決策團體之權變設計222表表 1－1 組織中團體之類型9表 1－2 團體決策之區分25表 2－1 團體大小所可能產生之影響60表 2－2 各型「五人團體」結構之效果73表 2－3 團體溝通網路與工作績效之關係74表 2－4 民主式、獨裁式與放任式之領導特色表85表 2－5 李克特之管理領導系統86表 2－6 傳統式與集體式領導之比較92表 4－1 團體決策與個人決策比較表142表 5－1 互動、名義、達菲三種團體決策過程之比較202表 6－1 日美組織 ( 文化 ) 對照表表 6－2 日美團體生活對照表227參考文獻 壹、中文部份一、書籍1.朱岑樓、胡薇麗合譯，成長的極限，（巨流出版社，民國六十二年）。2.李序僧著，行為科學與管理心理：組織社會心理學，（台北：哈佛企管顧問公司，民國六十七年元月，再版）。3.李美枝著，社會心理學，（台北：大祥出版社，民國七十二年元月，五版）。 4.余朝權等譯，組織原理：整台結構興行為，（G.Dessler原著，Organization Theory : Integrating Structure and Behavior），（台北：聯經出版事業公司，民國七十二年三月）。 5. 邱康夫著，企業組織設計，（台北：徐氏基金會，民國七十年二月，再版）。 6. 林水波、張世賢合著，公共政策，（台北：五南圖書出版公司，民國七十一年三月，初版）7.林秀雄著，品管圈計畫與實施法，（編者自印，民國六十年六月，修訂二版）。8.洪鐮德著，社會科學與現代社會，（牧童出版社，民國六十五年）。9.姜占魁著，行政學，（台北：五南圖書出版公司．民國六十九年，初版）。10.徐抗宗著，領導在行政組織中之功能，（台北：幼獅文化事業公司，民國七十年元月）。 11.許是祥譯，管理：任務、責任、實務，（Peter F. 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Thackray, J., "The New Organization Man", Management Today, (Sep., 1981).34. Tillman, R., Jr., "Problem in Review : Committee on Trial" Harvard Business Review, (38, 1960).35. Tuckman, B. N., "Developmental Sequence in Small Groups", Psychological Bulletin, (1965).36. Van De Ven, A. H., & A. L. Delheeq, "The Effectiveness of Nominal, Delphi and Interacting Group Decision Making Processes ", Academy of Management Journal, (Vol , 17, No. 4, 1974).37. Zender, A., "The Values of Belonging to a Group in Japan" Small Group Behavior, (Vol. 14, No. 1, 1983). 關聯 國立政治大學
公共行政研究所
碩士
72資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 張潤書 dc.contributor.author (Authors) 朱楠賢 dc.creator (作者) 朱楠賢 zh_TW dc.date (日期) 1984 dc.date.accessioned 9-Nov-2016 17:33:33 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 9-Nov-2016 17:33:33 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 9-Nov-2016 17:33:33 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/103668 - dc.description.abstract (摘要) 論文提要隨著科技的躍進，社會的多元化暨資訊體系之迅速發展，個人所能掌握的資訊似乎變得極為有限。因此，如何集廣思，匯眾益，已成為現代組織決策方式的一大特徵。 蔣總統早於民國六十一年行政院長任內主持第一次院會時即明白指出：「個人突出的時代已過去，任何個人或少數人不可能完成偉大的事業，只有集體的思考、集體的計畫、集體的創造，才能完成時代的任務。」本論文有鑒於此，乃嚐試以系統途徑，探討團體決策之功能所在，剖析其利弊得失，並尋求增進其功能的各種技術，俾對我國行政現代化之推動有所助益於萬一。本論文共分六章，約十萬餘言，玆將各章主要內容分述如次：第一章緒論。先闡述本文之研究動機，方法與範圍，次分別討論團體、決策之相關概念用以引介團體決策之意涵。第二章列舉影響團體決策之主要投入（Input）因素，分別從問題、團體、個人及領導四面向討論。第三章探討團體決策之運作過程（Operational process），兼採規範及描述模型觀點分析其互動階段，最後並說明決策過程中的特徵。第四章從事團體決策產出（Output）之功能分析，分別檢視其正、負功能及影響功能之權變因素。第五章對團體決策之產出功能，作一回饋（Feedback），尋求增進決策效能的各種技術，其中包括腦力激盪術（Brainstorming）、達菲法（Delphi）、名義團體術 （Nominal Group Technique）、品管圈（Quality Control Circle）等。第六章結論。以權變（Coutingency）觀點，探討團體決策之使用契機與最佳組合，並分析文化差異下之不同決策方式，最後總結性地提出對團體決策的未來展望。 dc.description.abstract (摘要) 第一章 緒論1 第一節 研究動機、方法與範圍1 第二節 團體之概念6 第三節 決策之概念14 第四節 團體決策之基本認識24 第二章 團體決策之影響因素50 第一節 問題因素50 第二節 團體因素57 第三節 成員因素74 第四節 領導因素83 第三章 團體決策之運作過程102 第一節 決策過程之概念分析102 第二節 團體決策之形成階段115 第三節 決策過程之特有現象120 第四章 團體決策之功能檢視141 第一節 團體決策之正功能143 第二節 團體決策之負功能146 集三節 團體決策功能之整合150第五章 團體決策之強化技術165第一節 腦力激盪術 ( Brainstorming ) ( 含「品管圈」Q. C. C. )165第二節 逐步激盪術 ( Synetics )173第三節 達菲法 ( Delphi )180第四節 名義團體術 ( Nominal Group Technique )193第五節 小結200第六章 結論214第一節 決策團體之整合權變設計214第二節 團體決策之未來展望225參考書目238圖表目次圖圖1－1 本文研究架構圖4圖1－2 決策與問題解決關係圖16圖1－3 問題解決之階段模型17圖1－4 管理決策行為之連續體23圖1－5 個人需求層次與能力發展關係圖36圖2－1 決策之兩面向56圖2－2 會議座位安排形式62圖2－3 團體凝聚力、溝通與順應性之關係67圖2－4 團體凝聚力、績效規範與續效之關係68圖2－5 「五人團體」之溝通網路型態72圖2－6 俄亥俄基本領導型態87圖3－1 貝氏之團體互動過程分析圖108圖3－2A決策之螺旋模型－單元分析113圖3－2B決策之螺旋模型－團體說明113圖3－3 「團體空態」( Groupthink )之模型128圖5－1 全面性品管組織圖170圖6－1 決策團體之整合模型217圖6－2 決策團體之類型217圖6－3 決策團體之權變設計222表表 1－1 組織中團體之類型9表 1－2 團體決策之區分25表 2－1 團體大小所可能產生之影響60表 2－2 各型「五人團體」結構之效果73表 2－3 團體溝通網路與工作績效之關係74表 2－4 民主式、獨裁式與放任式之領導特色表85表 2－5 李克特之管理領導系統86表 2－6 傳統式與集體式領導之比較92表 4－1 團體決策與個人決策比較表142表 5－1 互動、名義、達菲三種團體決策過程之比較202表 6－1 日美組織 ( 文化 ) 對照表表 6－2 日美團體生活對照表227 dc.format.extent 115 bytes - dc.format.mimetype text/html - dc.relation (關聯) 國立政治大學 dc.relation (關聯) 公共行政研究所 dc.relation (關聯) 碩士 dc.relation (關聯) 72 dc.title (題名) 團體決策在管理過程中功能之研究 zh_TW dc.type (資料類型) thesis dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 壹、中文部份一、書籍1.朱岑樓、胡薇麗合譯，成長的極限，（巨流出版社，民國六十二年）。2.李序僧著，行為科學與管理心理：組織社會心理學，（台北：哈佛企管顧問公司，民國六十七年元月，再版）。3.李美枝著，社會心理學，（台北：大祥出版社，民國七十二年元月，五版）。 4.余朝權等譯，組織原理：整台結構興行為，（G.Dessler原著，Organization Theory : Integrating Structure and Behavior），（台北：聯經出版事業公司，民國七十二年三月）。 5. 邱康夫著，企業組織設計，（台北：徐氏基金會，民國七十年二月，再版）。 6. 林水波、張世賢合著，公共政策，（台北：五南圖書出版公司，民國七十一年三月，初版）7.林秀雄著，品管圈計畫與實施法，（編者自印，民國六十年六月，修訂二版）。8.洪鐮德著，社會科學與現代社會，（牧童出版社，民國六十五年）。9.姜占魁著，行政學，（台北：五南圖書出版公司．民國六十九年，初版）。10.徐抗宗著，領導在行政組織中之功能，（台北：幼獅文化事業公司，民國七十年元月）。 11.許是祥譯，管理：任務、責任、實務，（Peter F. Drucker原著，Management : Tasks , Responsibilities , Practices），（台北：中華企業管理發展中心，民國六十八年，七版）。12.許濱松著，激勵管理與人力資源的有效運用，（台北：七友出版傳播事業公司，民國七十年六月）。13.張金鑑著，行政學典範，（台北：三民書局，民國六十八年，重訂初版）。14.________，政治行政論文集，（台北：海天出版社，民國七十一年十月，初版）。15.張春興著，心理學，（台北：東華書局，民國六十九年，修訂七版）。16.張潤書著，行政學，（台北：三民書局：民國六十五年十一月，修訂版）。17.陳定國著，企業管理，（台北：三民書局，民國七十年八月，初版）。18.黃明堅譯，第三波，（A. Toffler原著，The Third Wave），（台北：經濟日報社，民國七十年二月，初版）。19.________，Z理論（William Ouchi 原著，Theory Z），（台北：長河出版社，民國七十年七月）。20.________，大趨勢，（John Vaisbitt 原著，Management : The New Directions Transforming Our Life），（台北：經濟日報社，民國七十二年六月）。21.湯淑貞著，管理心理學，（台北：三民書局，民國六十六年）。22.彭文賢著，權變研究法的組織設計之分析，（台北：中央研究院三民主義研究所，民國六十七年）。23.________，系統研究法的組織理論之分析，（台北：聯經出版事業公司，民國六十九年，初版）。24.雲五社會科學大辭典－行政學，（台北：商務印書館，民國五十九年八月，初版）。 25.蔡伸章譯，未來的衝擊，（A. Toffler原著，Future Shock），（台北：志文出版社，民國六十九年，再版）。26.潘煥昆、崔寶琛合譯，帕金森定律（Parkinson/s Low）：組織病態之研究，（中華企業管理發展中心，民國六十年九月）。二、期刊 1.柯三元撰，"紮根之外，還要生根：從Q. C. C. 到T. Q. C."，管理雜誌，（一一四期，民國七十年八月）。 2.張文雄譯，"決策的要訣"，（D . Caruth & B. M. Brouk 原著，How to Make a Better Decision），經營管理文摘。 3.劉佐人撰，"企業內部組織系統的革新趨勢"，逢甲學報，（第四期）。貳、英文部分一、書籍 (Books )1. Albers, H., Principles of Management : A Modern Approach, (N. Y. : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1974).2. Allen, T. H. New Method in Social Science Research : Policy Science and Future Research, (N. Y. Praeger Publishers, 1978).3. Applbaum, R. L., et al., The Process of Group Communication, 2nd Ed., (Science Research Association, Inc., 1979).4. Baird, J. E. , Jr., The Dynamics of Organizational Communication, (N. Y.: Harper & Row Publishers, 1977).5. Baker, L. L., et al., Groups in Process : An Introduction to Small Group Communication, (N. J. : Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1979).6. Bales, R. F., Interaction Process Analysis : A Method for the Study of Small Groups, (Cambridge, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1950).7. Berkowitz, L., (ed.), Group Process, (London : Academic Press, Inc., 1978).8. Brandstatter, M., et al., (eds.), Group Decision Making, (London: Academic Press, Inc., 1982).9. Cartwright, D., & A. Zander, (eds.), Group Dynamics : Research and Theory, 3rd Ed., (N. Y. : Harper & Row Publishers, 1968).10. Cath, R. S., & L.A. Samovar, (eds.), Small Group Communication : A Reader, 2nd Ed., (Iowa : W M C Brown Comp., 1974).11. Davis, K, Human Behavior at Work, (Taipei : Southeast Book Comp., 1977).12. Delheeq, A. L., et al., Group Techniques for Program Planning--A Guide to Nomina1 Group and Delphi Process, (Glenview, Illinois : Scott, Foreman and Comp., 1975).13. Dessler, G., Management Fundationals : Modern Principles and Practices, (Reston, Virginia : Prentice-Hall Comp.,1982).14. Dorwin, C., & A. Zander, Group Dynamics : Research and Theory, 3ed Ed., (N. Y. : Harper & Row Publishers, 1968).15. Dubrin, A. J., Fundationals of Organizational Behavior : An Applied Perspective, (N. Y. : Pergamon Press, Inc., 1974).16 Dunn, W. N., Public Policy Analysis : An Introduction, (N. Y.：. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1981).17. Fiedler, F. E., A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness, (N, Y. : McGraw-Hill, 1967).18. Fisher, B. A., Small Group Decision Making : Communication and the Group Process, 2nd Ed., (N. Y. : McGraw-Hill Book Comp., 1980).19. Gibson, C. F., Managing Organizational Behavior, (Homewood, Illinois : Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1980).20. Gouran, D. S., Discussion : The Process of Group Decision Making, (N. Y. : Harper & Row Publishers, 1974).21. Hampton, D. R., et al., (eds.), Organizational Behavior and the Practice of Management, 2nd Ed., (N. Y. : Scott, Foreman & Comp., 1978).22. Harrison, E. F., The Managerial Decision Making Process, 2nd Ed., (Boston : Houghton Mifflin Comp., 1981).23. Hellriegel, D., & J. W. Slocum, Jr., Organizational Behavior, 2nd Ed., (St. Paul : West Publishing Comp., 1979).24. Hodgetts, R. M., & S. Altman, Organizational Behavior, (Taipei : Hwa Tai Book Comp., 1979).25. Homans, G. C., The Human Group, (N. Y. : Harcourt, Bran & World, 1950).26. Huber, G. P., Managerial Decision Making, (Glenview : Scott, Foreman and Comp., 1980).27. Janis, I. L., Victims of Groupthink, (Boston : Houghton Mifflin Comp., 1972).28. Jaudt, F. E., The Process of Interpersonal Communication, (London : Harper & Row Publishes, Inc., 1976).29. Jewell, L. N., & H. J. Reitz, Group Effectiveness In Organizations, (Glenview, Illinois : Scott, Foreman and Comp., 1981).30. Johnson, B.M., Communication : The Process of Organizing, (Boston : Allyn & Bacon, Inc., 1977).31.¬¬¬________ & J. E. Stinson, Managing Today and Tomorrow, (Mass. : Addison-Wesley Publishing Comp., 1978).32. Kast, F. E., & J. E. Rosenzweig, Organization and Management : A Systems and Contingency Approach, 3rd Ed., (N. Y. : McGraw-Hill Book Comp., 1979).33. Koontz, H., et al., Management, 7th Ed., (McGraw-Hill, Kogakusha C. T. D., 1980).34. ________& C. O’ Donnell, (eds.), Management : A Book of Readings, 5th Ed., (N. Y. : McGraw-Hill Book Comp., 1980).35. Kowitz, A. C., & T. J. Knutson, Decision Making in Small Groups, The Search for Alternatives, (Boston : Allvn & Bacon, Inc., 1980).36. Kreituer, R., Management : A Problem-Solving Process, (Boston : Honghton Mifflin Comp., 1980).37. Lau, J. B. (ed.), Behavior in Organizations : An Experimental Approach, (Homewood, Illinois : Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1975).38. Leavitt, H. J., Managerial Psychology, (Taipei : 開發 Book Comp., 1978).39. Lerner, A. W., & B. Hills, The Politics of Decision Making : Strategy, Cooperation and Conflict, (London, SAGE Publication, 1976).40. Luthans, F., Organizational Behavior, 3rd Ed., (McGraw-Hill International Book Comp., 1981).41. Maier, N. R. F., Problem-Solving Discussions and Conferences : Leadership Methods and Skill, (N. Y. : McGraw-Hill Book Comp., 1963).42._______ Psychology in Industrial Organizations, 4th Ed., (Boston : Houghton Mifflin Comp., 1973).43. McDavid, J. W., & H. Harari, Social Psychology : Individuals Groups Societies, (N. Y. : Harper & Row, 1968).44. Mills, T. M., The Sociology of Small Groups, (Englewood Cliffs, N, J. : Prentice-Hall, 1967).45. Nord, W. R., Concepts and Controversy in Organization Behavior, 2nd Ed., (Santa Monica, Col. : Good Year Publishing Comp., Inc., 1976).46. Osborn, R. N., et al., Organization Theory : An Integrated Approach, (N. Y. : Tohn Wiley & Sons, 1980).47. Phillips, G. M., Communication and the Small Group, 2nd Ed., (N. Y. : Bobbs- Merrill Comp., 1973).48._______, Communication in Organizations, (N. Y., Macmillan Publishing Comp., Inc., 1982).49. Prescott, B. D., Effective Decision Making : A Self-Development Programme, (Hampshire, England : Gower Publishing Comp., 1980).50. Radford, K. J., Modern Managerial Decision Making, (Reston : Reston Publishing Comp., Inc., 1976),51. Reitz, H. J., Behavior in Organizations, (Homewood, Illinois：Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1973).52. Schein, E. H., Process Consulation : Its Role in Organization Development, (Addison, Wesley Publishing Comp., 1969).53. ________, Organizational Psychology, 2nd Ed., (Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1970).54. Scott, W. E., Jr., & L. L. Cummings (eds.), Reading in Organization Behavior and Human Performance, Rev. Ed., (Homewood, Illinois : Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1973).55. Shaw, M. E., Group Dynamics : The Psychology of Small Group Behavior, 2nd Ed., (N. Y. : McGraw-Hill Book Comp., 1976).56. Shull, F. A., Jr.,et al., Organizational Decision Making, (N. Y. : McGraw-Hill Book Comp., 1970).57. Simon, H. A., The New Science of Management Decision, (N. J., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1960).58.________, Administrative Behavior, 3rd Ed.,（台北：巨浪出版獻，1976）。59. Szilagyi, A. D., Jr., & M. J. Wallace, Jr., Organizational Behavior and Performance, 2nd Ed., (Cal. : Goodyear Publishing Comp., Inc.,1980).60. Terry, G. R., Principles of Management, 7th Ed., (Homewood, Illinois : Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1977).61. Thompson, J. D., Organization in Action, (N. Y. : McGraw-Hall, 1967).62. Ulschak, F. L., at al., Small Group Problem Solving : An Aid to Organizational Effectiveness, (Cal. ; Addison-Wesley Publishing Comp., 1981).63. Vroom, V. H., Some Personality Determinants of Effects of Participation, (Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice-Hall, 1960).64. Webber, R. A., Management : Basic Element of Managing Organizations, Rev. Ed., (Taipei : Hwa Tai Book Comp., 1979).65. Yukl, G. A., Leadership in Organization, (Taipei Hwa Tai Book Comp., 1981).二、期刊( Articles)1. Aamobt, M. G., & W. W. Kimbrough, "Effect of Group Heterogeneity on Quality of Task Solution", Psychological Reports, (50, 1982).2. Boje, D. M., & J. K. Murnighan, "Group Confidence Pressures in Interactive Decisions", Management, (Vol. 28, No. 10., 1982).3. Cecil, E. A., et al., "Group Composition and Choice Shift : Implications for Administration," Academy of Management Journal, (1973).4. Cummings, L. L., et al., "Effects of Size and Spatial Arrangements on Group Decision Making", Academy of management Journal, (Vol. 17,1974).5. Daniel, D. R., "Team at the Top", Harvavd Business Review, (Vol. 43, No. 2, Mar.- Apr., 1967).6. Davis, S. M., & P. R. Lawrence, "Problems of Matrix Organizations", Harvavd Business Review, (May-June, 1978).7. Delbecq, A. L., "The Management of Decision Making within the Firm : Three Strategies for Three Types of Decision Making ", Academy of Management Journal, (Vol. 10, No. 4, 1967) .8. Eippo, M., & K. Greanberg, "Task Forces Are Not Quality Circles", World Executive’s Digest, (Mar., 1983).9. Green, T. B., "An Empirical Analysis of Nominal and Interacting Groups", Academy of Management Journal, (Vol. 18, No. 1, 1975).10. Gregerman, I, B., "Knowledge Worker Productivity Measurement through the Nominal Group Technique", Industrial Management, (Jan. -Feb., 1981).11. Grode, R. C., "Hidden Saboteurs of Group Meetings" Personnel (1970).12. Gustafon, D. H., et al., " A Comparative Study of Difference in Subjective Likelihood Estimates Made by Individuals, Interacting Groups, Delphi Groups and Nominal Groups", Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, (1973).13. Guzzo, R. A., "The Expression of Effect and the Performance of Decision Makings", Journal of Applied Psychology, (Vol. 67, No.1, 1982).14. Hare, A. P., "Group Size", American Behavioral Scientist, (Vol. 24, No. 5, 1981).15. Herbert, T. T., & E. B. Yost, "A Comparson of Decision Quality Case of the Structural Problem", Decision Sciences, (Vol. 10, 1979).16. Hill, G. W., "Group Versus Individual Performance : Are N+1 Hands Better than One ?" Psychological Bulltin, (Vol. 91, NO. 3, 1982).17. Hirokawa, R. Y., "Group Communication and Problem-Solving Effectiveness I : Actional Review of Inconsistent Findings", Communication Quarterly, (30 (2), 1980).18. Isenberg, D. J., "Some Effects of Time-Pressure on Vertical Structure and Decision-Making Accuracy in Small Group", Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, (Feb. 1981).19. Jennings, E. E., "Routes to the Executive Suite", Personnel Psychology, (Spr., 1972).20. London, M., "Effects of Information Heterogeneity and Representational Roles on Group-Member Behavior and Perceptions", Journal of Appied Psychology, (1977).21. Manners, G. E., Jr., "Anthor Look at Group Size, Group Problem Solving and Member Consensus", Academy of Management Journal, (Vol. 18, No. 4, 1975).22. Manz, C. C., & H. P. Sims, Jr., "The Potential for Group-think in the Autonomous Work Groups", Human Relations, (35 (9), 1982).23. Mills, P. K., et al., "Flexiform : A Model for Perfessional Service Organization", Academy of Management Review, (Vol. 8, No. 1, 1983).24. Pepinsky, P., et al., "The Effect of Task Complexity and Time Pressures upon Team Productivity", Journal of Applied Psycholgy, (44, 1960).25. Plebani, L. P., Jr., & H. K. Jain, "Evaluating Research Proposals with Group Techniques", Research Management, (Nov., 1981).26. Poole, M. S., "Decision Development in Small Group I : A Comparson of Two Models," Communication Monographs, (42,1980). 27. Schwartz, T. M., et al., "Self-Esteem and Group Decision Making : An Empirical Study", Psychological Reports , (46,1980).28. Segal, V. A., "The Cyclica Nature of Decision Making : An: An Exploratory Empirical Investigation, " Small Group Behavior, (13 (2), 1982).29. Sommer, R., "Small Group Ecology", Psychological Bulletin , (Vol. 67, 1967).30. Souder, W. E., "Effectiveness of Nominal and Interacting Group Decision Process for Integrating R & D and Marketing”, Managent Science, (Vol. 23, No. 6, 1977).31. Stumpf, S. A., et al., "Designing Groups For Judgmental Decisions, "Academy of Management Review, (Vol. 4, No. 4, 1979).32. Tersiue, R. J., & W. E. Riggs, "The Delphi Technique : A Long-Range Planning Tool", Business Horizons, (Apr., 1976).33. Thackray, J., "The New Organization Man", Management Today, (Sep., 1981).34. Tillman, R., Jr., "Problem in Review : Committee on Trial" Harvard Business Review, (38, 1960).35. Tuckman, B. N., "Developmental Sequence in Small Groups", Psychological Bulletin, (1965).36. Van De Ven, A. H., & A. L. Delheeq, "The Effectiveness of Nominal, Delphi and Interacting Group Decision Making Processes ", Academy of Management Journal, (Vol , 17, No. 4, 1974).37. Zender, A., "The Values of Belonging to a Group in Japan" Small Group Behavior, (Vol. 14, No. 1, 1983).
