1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Social Science
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 國會監督與政策執行 : 美國經驗之研究並兼論我國的發展
作者 施能傑
貢獻者 雷飛龍
施能傑
日期 1985
上傳時間 9-Nov-2016 17:34:58 (UTC+8)
摘要 第一章 緒論1
第一節 行政權的擴張1
第二節 國會的現代角色4
第三節 本文結構9
第二章 政策執行的理論14
第一節 執行研究的主要模型與主要發現14
第二節 兩個執行理論的建構22
第三節 成功的政策執行架構28
第三章 國會監督的理論發展38
第一節 背景38
第二節 國會監督的意義與沿革41
第三節 國會監督的基礎：委員會、幕僚與輔助單位44
第四節 國會監督的常用技術49
第四章 國會監督對政策執行的影響59
第一節 政策執行的監視59
第二節 政策執行的支持63
第三節 國會監督的可能問題68
第四節 個案研究：一九七九年以後美國對華軍售的國會監督70
第五章 國會監督的困境79
第一節 國會監督的一般狀況79
第二節 結構問題與個人動機不足83
第三節 政策執行複雜性的困境89
第六章 本文結構在我國的觀察95
第一節 我國政策執行的問題95
第二節 立法院的監督分析104
第三節 監察院的監督分析111
第四節 中美國會監督的比較120
第七章 結論133
第一節 回顧與啟示133
第二節 我國國會的反省與因應136
參考書目141
圖表目錄
圖 1 - 1 研究架構圖11
表 1 - 1 Mezey 比較議會研究歸類表6
圖 2 - 1 第三世界的政策執行理論24
圖 2 - 2 政策執行座標圖25
表 2 - 1 四類政策類型的主要執行參與者29
表 2 - 2 不同政策類型的執行成功內涵26
表 2 - 3 政策類型對政策執行的影響27
表 3 - 1 1891-1971年美國國會幕僚人數表57
圖 4 - 1 國會監督與政策執行的支持關係圖67
圖 4 - 2 美國軍品銷售審查流程73
圖 5 - 1 監督行為研究架構圖81
圖 5 - 2 三角聯盟圖91
圖 6 - 1 我國政策規劃與執行體系圖96
圖 6 - 2 立法院十年總質詢（51-70會期）質詢項目次數統計圖106
圖 6 - 3 預算控制、決算審核及政策執行的關係109
表 6 - 1 國內政策執行研究摘要表97
表 6 - 2 立法院審查行政命令統計表（42～74會期）107
表 6 - 3 監察院調查權行使次數統計表（39～66年）113
表 6 - 4 監察院糾正權行使次數統計表（37～73年）115
表 6 - 5 監察院糾、彈兩權行使次數統計表（37～73年）118
表 6 - 6 中美國會監督比較表121
表 6 - 7 立法院交付審查之行政命令摘要表（62～74會期）125
參考文獻 一．中文書目
中華民國 立法院 立法院公報。第67卷15期至第74卷16期（民67年2月至74年2月）。
中華民國 監察院 監察院公報。第1124期至第1457期（民67年1月至民73年12月）。
中美關係報告編輯小組編 民69年 中美關係報告：1979〜1980。台北：中研院中美文化研究所。
中美關係報告編輯小組編 民70年 中美關係報告：1980〜1981。台北：中研院中美文化研究所。
朱志宏 民68年 公共政策概論。台北：三民書局。
朱志宏 1980年 "當前立法研究途徑之評估"。思與言，18卷1期，頁62-100。
李國雄譯 民72年 "美國國會的委員會制度─結構變遷與功能"。憲政思潮，64期，60〜78頁。
吳秀光 民73年 "花蓮縣「加強基層建設提高農民所得方案」執行之研究"。碩士論文。國立政治大學公共行政研究所。
邱志淳 民73年 "美國國會政策分析結構與功能之研究"。碩士論文。國立台灣大學政治研究所。
林文程 民73年 "一九七九年以後美國對華軍售政策─決定因素及過程之研究"。碩士論文。國立政治大學外交研究所。
林水波 民73年 "剖析日落立法的內涵、原則與可行性"。中國論壇，18卷11期，50〜55頁。
林水波 民73年 政策分析評論。台北：五南圖書公司。
林水波與張世賢 民71年 公共政策 台北：五南圖書公司。
林嘉誠 民74年 "中美國會預算審查制度的比較"。中國論壇，20卷2期，59〜62頁
柯三吉 民72年 "開發中國家的政策執行理論：我國違規遊覽車的個案分析"。政治學報，11期，281〜334頁。
柯三吉 民73年 "政策評估在公共行政上的應用"。中國行政，37期，23〜45頁。
段重祺 民74年 "公共政策與組織習習：興建核四廠爭議之個案分析"。第四次社會指標研討會。中央研究院三民主義研究所。
陳國璋 民68年 "立法院對委任立法監督之研究"。碩士論文。國立政治大學政治研究所。
張家洋 民73年 "行政立法制度的理論基礎"。中國行政，37期，1〜12頁。
張劍寒 民58年 "論行政立法之有效要件與監督"。憲政思潮， 7期，23〜33頁。
張劍寒 民61年 行政立法之研究。台北：作者自印。
陶百川 民67年 比較監察制度。台北：三民書局。
曾濟群 民65年 立法院常設委員會之研究。台北：正中書局。
曾濟群 民64年 中華民國立法院之組織與職權分析。台北：商務書局。
雷倩與鄭又平 1982年 "論美國國會之立法監督：中美關係中軍事售予之個案研究"。思與言，19卷5期，405〜430頁。
監察院實錄編輯委員會編 民72年 行憲監察院錄。第一至三編（共18冊）。
詹瑞益 民71年 "公共政策之順服理論"。碩士論文。國立中興大學公共行政暨政策研究所。
二．英文書目
Aberbach , Joel D. 1979.
"Changes in Congressional Oversight . " American Behavioral Scientist 22 : 493-515.
Adams , Bruce and Sherman , Betsy . 1978
"Sunset Implementation : A Positive Partnership to Make Government Work . " Public Administration Review 1 : 78-81.
Alexander , Ernest R. 1985.
"From Idea to Action : " Notes for a Contingency Theovy of the Policy Implementation Process. " Administration and Society 4 :403-26
Allison, Graham T. 1971.
Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston : Little , Brown.
Altman , Stan . 1979.
"Performance Monitoring Systems for Public Managers." Public Administration Review 1 : 31-35.
Bardach, Eugene. 1977.
The Implementation Game. Cambridge, Mass: M. I. T.
Bardach , Eugene . 1982.
"On Designing Implementable Programs. " In Current Issues in Public Administration, PP. 495-2. Edited by Frederick S. Lane. New York : St. Martin’s.
Barrett , Susan and Hill , Michael . 1984.
"Policy, Bargaining and Structure in Implementation Theory: Towards an Integrated Perspective. " Policy and Politics 3 : 219-40.
Baum , Lawrence . 1980.
"Legal Structuring of Implementation . " Policy Studies Journal 8 : 560-74.
Behn , Robert D. 1977.
" The False Dawn of the Sunset Laws. " The Public Interest 49: 103-18.
Berman, Paul. 1978.
" Thinking about Programmed and Adaptive Implementation : Matching Strategies to Situations . " In Why Policies Succeed or Fail , PP. 205-27. Edited by H. M. Ingram and E. D. Mann. Beverly Hills, California : Sage.
Berman , Paul . 1978.
"The Study of Macro-and Micro-Implementation . " Public Policy 26 : 157-84.
Bibby , John F. 1970.
"Committee Characteristics and Legislative Oversight of Administration . " In The Congressional System: Notes and Readings , PP. 412-31. Edited by eroy N. Rieselbach. Belmont , California : Wadsworth.
Browning , Rufus F. ; Marshall , Dale R. ; and Tabb , David H. 1981.
" Implementatior and Political Change : Sources of Local Variation in Federal Social Program." In Effect Policy Implementation , PP. 127-46. Edited by Daniel A. Mazmanian and Paul A. Sabatier. Lexington , Mass : Heath.
Bunn , George and Gallagher , Jeff . 1977.
"Legislative Committee Review of Administrative Rules in Wisconsin . " Wisconsin Law Review 4 : 935-88.
Calvert , Randall L. and Weingast , Barry R. 1982
"Runway Bureaucracy and Congressional Oversight: Why Reforms Fail. " Policy Studies Review 3 : 557-65.
Cleaves , Peter S. 1981.
" Implementation Admist Scarcity and Apathy : Political Chang Power and Policy Design." In Polictics and Policy Implementation in the Third World , PP. 281-303 . Edited by Merilee S. Grindle. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Clune III , Willam H. and Lindquist , R. E. 1981.
"What Implementation Isn’t : Forward a General Framework for Research." Wisconsin Law Reivew 5 :1044-1116.
Committee on Government Operation, U. S. Senate. 1977.
Congressional Oversight of Regulatory Agencies.
Congressional Quarterly Inc. 1982.
Power of Congress. 2d ed. Washington , DC : Congressional Quarterly Inc.
Cooper , Phillip J. 1983.
Public Law and Public Administration. Balo Alto, California : Mayfield.
Davidson , Roger H. 1970.
"Congress in the American Political System." In Legislatures in Developmental Perspective , PP. 129-78. Edited by Alan Kornberg and Lloyd Musolf . Durham, New Jersey : Duke University Press.
Davidson, Roger H. and Oleszek , Walter J. 1977.
Congress Against Itself. Blommington : Indiana University Press.
Davidson , Roger H. and Oleszek , Walter J. 1981.
Congress and Its Member. Washington , DC: Congressional Quarterly Inc.
deHaven-Smith , Lance. 1983.
"Evidence of the Targeted Jobs Tax Credit . " Journal of Politics 3 : 711 -30.
Dodd , Lawrence C. and Schott , Richard C. 1979.
Congress and Administrative State . New York : John Wiley & Son.
Downs , Anthony . 1966.
Inside Bureaucracy. Boston : Little , Brown.
Dunn , William N. 1981.
Public Policy Analysis: An Introduction. Englewood Cliff, New Jersey : Prentice-Hall. Edwards III , George C. 1980.
Implementing Public Policy. Washington , DC : Congressional Quarterly Inc.
Edwards III , George C. and Sharkansky , Ira. 1978. The Policy Predicament . San Francisco : W. H. Freeman.
Elmore , Richard F. 1979.
" Organizational Models of Social Program Implementation." Public Policy 26: 186-228.
Elmore , Richard F. 1980.
"Backward Mapping: Implementation Research and Policy Decision. " Political Science Quarterly 94 : 601-16.
Ethridge , Marcus E. 1984.
"Consequences of Legislative Review of Agency Regulation in three U. S. State." Legislative Studies Quarterly 1 : 161-78.
Fenno , Richard F. Jr. 1973.
Congressman in Committee. Boston : Little , Brown.
Fesler , James W. 1980.
Public Administration : Theory and Practice. Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice-Hall
Fiorina , Morris P. 1981.
" Congressional Control of the Bureaucracy : A Mismatch of Incentives and Capabilities." In Congress Reconsidered. 2d ed. Edited by Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I . Oppenheimer. Washington , DC: Congressional Quarterly Inc.
Galloway , George B. 1951.
"The Operation of the Legislation Act of 1946. " American Political Science Review 1 : 41-68.
Grindle , Merilee S. , ed. 1980.
Politics and Policy Implementation in the Third World. Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press
Gryski , Gerald S. 1981.
Bureaucratic Policy Making in a Technological Society. Cambridge , Mass : Schenkman.
Hamm, Keith E. 1983.
" Patterns of Influence Among Committees , Agencies , and Interest Groups. " Legislative Studies Quarterly 3 : 379-426.
Hamm, Keith E. and Robertson , Roby D. 1981.
"Factors Influenceing the Adopting of New Methods of Legislative Oversight in the U. S. States. " Legislatve Studies Quarterly 6 ; 133-50.
Hargrove , Erwin C. 1977.
"Implementation . " In Public Administration and Public Policy , PP. 3-14. Edited by H. George Frederickson and Charles R. Wise. Lexington , Mass : Heath.
Harris , Joseph P. 1964.
Congressional Control of Administration. Washington , DC : The Brookings Institution.
Harris , Joseph P. 1972.
Congress and the Legislative Process. 2d ed. New York : McGrow-Hill.
Heady , Ferrel . 1979.
Public Administration: A Comparative Perspective. 2d ed. rev. and exp. New York : Marcel Dekker.
Huntington , Samuel P. 1965.
"Congressional Responses to the Twentieth Century." In the Congress and American’s Future. PP. 5-31. Edited by David B. Truman. Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice-Hall.
Ingram, Helen. 1977.
"Policy Implementation through Bargaining : The Case of Federal Grants-in-Aid." Public Policy 24 : 499-526.
Jahnige , Thomas P. 1968.
"The Congressional Committee System and the Oversight Process : Congress and NASA. " Western Political Quarterly 2 : 227-39.
Johannes , John R. 1984.
"Congress , The Bureaucracy and Casework ". Administration and Society 1 : 41-69.
Johnson , Loch. 1980.
"The U. S. Congress and the C. I. A.: Monitoring the Dark Side of Government. " Legislative Studies Quarterly 5 : 477-99.
Jones , Charles O. 1984.
An Introduction to the Study of Public Policy. 3d ed. Monterey , California : Brooks / Cole.
Kaufman , Herbert. 1981.
"Fear of Bureacracy : A Raging Pandemic. " Public Administration Review 1 : 1-9.
Keefe , William J. and Ogul , Morris S. 1973.
The American Legislative Process : Congress and the State 2d ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Kerr , James R. 1965.
"Congress and Space: Overview or Oversight." Public Administration Review 2 : 185-92.
Knoepfel , Peter and Weidner H. 1982.
"Foundation and Implementation of Air Quality Control Programmes : Patterns of Interest Considerations." Policy and Politics 1 : 85-109.
Lane , Frederick S. , ed. 1982.
Current Issues in Public Administration. New York : St. Martin`s.
Larson , James S. 1980.
Why Government Programs Fail : Improving Policy Implementation . New York: Prager.
Lees , John D. 1977.
"Legislatures and Overishgt : A Review Article on a Neglected Area of Research." Legislative Studies Quarterly 2 : 193-207.
Loewenberg , Gerhard and Patterson , Samuel C. 1979.
Comparing Legislatures. Boston : Little , Brown.
Luft , Harold S. 1976.
"Benefit-cost Analysis and Public Policy Implementation." Public Policy 24 : 437-62.
Lutrin , Carl E. and Settle , Allen K. 1976.
American Public Administration: Concepts and Cases. California : Mayfield.
Majone , Clandomenico and Wildavsky , Aaron B. 1979.
"Implementation as Evolution." In Implementation, PP. 177-94. Aaron B. Wildavsky and Jeffery L. Pressman. Berkely , California : University of California Press.
May , Peter J. 1981.
"Hints for Crafting Alternative Policies . " Policy Analysis 2 :227-44.
Mayntz , Renate. 1978.
"Intergovernmental Implementation of Environmental Policy." In lntergovernemt Organizational Policy Making , PP. 201-14. Edited by K. Hanf and F. W. Schatph. Beverly Hills , California : Sage.
Mayntz , Renate. 1983.
"The Conditions of Effect Public Policy : A New Challenge for Policy Analysis." Policy and Politics 2: 123-43.
Mazmanian , Daniel A. and Sabatier , Paul A., eds. 1981. Effect Policy Implementation. Lexington , Mass : Heath.
McLaughlin , Milbrey. 1976.
"Implementation as Mutual Adaptation : Change in Classroom Organization."In Social Program Implementation, PP. 167-80. Edited by Walter Williams and Richard F. Elmore. New York : Academic.
Mezey , Michael L. 1979.
Compatative Legislatures. Durham, DC :Duke University press.
Mezey , Michael L. 1984.
"The Functions of Legislatures in the Third World . " Legislative Studies Quarterly 4 : 511-50
Mishler , William and Hildreth , Anne. 1984.
"Legislatures and Political Stability: An Exploratory Analysis." Journal of Politics 1 : 25-52.
Mueller , Keith J. 1984.
"Local Implementation of National Policy . " Policy Studies Review 1 : 86-98.
Murphy , Jerome T. 1971.
" Title I of ESEA. " Harvard Education Review 41 : 36-63.
Nachimas , David ed. 1980.
The Practice of Policy Evaluation . New York : St. Martin`s.
Nachimas , David and Rosenbloom, David H. 1980.
Bureaucratic Government U. S. A. New York : St. Martin`s.
Nakamura , Robert T. and Smallwood , Frank. 1980.
The Politics of Policy Implementation. New York : St. Martin`s.
Nixon , Jaqui . 1980.
"The Importance of Communication in the Implementation of Government Policy at Local Level . " Policy and Politics 2 : 127-44.
Ogul , Morris S. 1976.
Congress Oversees the Bureaucracy : Studies in Legislative Supervision. Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press.
Ogul , Morris S. 1981.
"Congressional Oversight : Structures and Incentives . " In Congress Reconsidered . 2d ed. , PP. 317-31. Edited by Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I . Oppenheimer. Washington , DC: Congressional Quarterly Inc.
Oleszek , Walter J. 1983.
" Integration and Fragementation : Key Themes of Congressional Change . " Annal 466 : 193-205.
Oleszek , Walter J. 1978.
Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process . Washington DC : Congressional Quarterly Inc.
Olson , David M. 1980.
The Legislative Process : A Comparative Approach . New York :Harper and Row.
O`Toole , Lawrence J. , Jr. and Montioy , Robert S. 1979.
“Toward a Theory of Policy Implementation : An Organization-al Perspective . " Public Administration Review 5 : 465-76.
O`Toole , Lawrence J. , Jr. and Montioy , Robert S. 1984.
"Interorganizational Policy Implementation : A Theoretical Perspective. " Public Administration Review 6: 493-503.
Palumbo , David M. and Harder , Marvin A. 1981.
Implementing Public Policy . Lexington , Mass: Lexington.
Palumbo , David M.; Maynard-Moody, Steven ; and Wright, Paula. 1984. "Measuring Degress of Successful Implementation : Acheving Policy versus Statutory Goals." Evaluatinn Review 1 :45-74.
Peters , B. Guy. 1981.
"The Problem of Bureaucratic Government . " Journal of Politics 43 : 56-82.
Polsby , Nelson W. 1975.
"Legislatures. " In Handbook of Political Science. Vol. 5, PP. 257-321. Edited by Fred I. Greentein and Nelson W. Polsby. Reading , Mass : Addison-Wesley.
Price , David E. 1978.
" The Impact of Reform: The House Commerce Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations ." In Legislative Reform, PP. 133-57. Edited by Leroy N. Rieselbach. Lexington , Mass : Heath.
Pressman , Jeffery L. and Wildavsky , Aaron B. 1979.
Implementation . 2d ed. Berkely , California : University of California Press.
Rabin, Jack; Miller, G. J.; Hildreth , W. B.; and Lynch, Thomas D. 1981.
"Public Bureaucracy . " In Contemparay Public Administration, PP. 41-63. Edited by Thomas Vocino and Jack Rabin. New York : Harcourt Brace Jovnovich.
Rieselbach , Leroy N. 1973.
Congressional Politics. New York : McGraw-Hill.
Rieselbach , Leroy N. 1978.
Legislative Reform. Lexington , Mass : Heath.
Ripley , Randall B. 1975.
Congress : Process and Policy. New York : Norton.
Ripley , Randall B. and Franklin , Grace A. 1980.
Congress , the Bureaucracy and Public Policy, rev. ed. Home-wood , Ill : Dorsey
Ripley , Randall B. and Franklin , Grace A. 1982.
Bureaucracy and Policy Implementation. Homewood , Ill : Dorsey.
Rockman , Bert A. 1984.
"Legislative-Executive Relations and Legislative Oversight." Legislative Studies Quarterly 3 : 387-441.
Rosen , Bernard. 1982.
Holding Government Bureaucracies Accountable . New York :Praeger.
Rosenthal , Alan. 1981a.
Legislative Life : People , Process , and Performance in the States. New York : Harper and Row.
Rosenthal , Alan . 1981b.
"Legislative Behavior and Legislative Oversight . " Legislative Studies Quarterly 2 : 115-31.
Rossi , Peter H. ard Freeman , Howard E. 1982.
Evaluation : A Systematic Apporach . 2d ed. Beverly Hills California : Sage.
Rourke , Francis E. 1984.
Bureaucracy , Politics and Public Policy . 3d ed. Boston : Little, Brown.
Sabatier , Paul A. and Mazmanian , Daniel A. 1983.
"Policy Implementation." In Encyclopedia of Policy Studies, PP. 143-69. Edited by Stuart S. Nagel. New York: Marcel Dekker.
Sabatier , Paul A. and Mazmanian , Daniel A. 1981.
"The Implementation of Public Policy : A Framework of Analysis . " In Effect Policy Implementation , PP. 3-35. Edited by Paul A. Sabatier and Daniel A. Mazmanian. Lexington , Mass : Heath.
Saloma III , John S. 1973.
"Legislative Effectivenessl：Control and Investingation . " In Legislative Politics in U. S. A. 3d ed. , PP. 322-35. Edited by Theodore J. Lowi and Randall B. Ripley. Boston : Little Brown.
Scheirer , Mary A. 1981.
Program Imolementation : The Organizational Context. Beverly Hills , California : Sage.
Scher , Seymour. 1960.
"Congressional Committee Members as Independent Agency Overseers : A Case Study . " American Political Science Review 54 : 911-20.
Scher , Seymour . 1963.
"Conditions for Legislative Control ." Journal of Politics 25: 526-51.
Schick , Allen. 1976.
"Congress and the Details of Administration . " Public Administration Review 5：516-28.
Schneider , Anne I . 1982.
"Studying Implementation : A Conceptual Framework . " Evaluation Review 6 : 715-30.
Self , Peter. 1981.
"Planning : Rational or Political ?" In Policy Analysis and Polciy Innovation : Patterns Problems and Potentials , PP.219-35. Edited by Peter R. Baker and Bjorn Wittrock. London : Sage .
Sharkansky , Ira. 1982.
Public Administration : Agencies , Policies and Politics. San Francisco : Freeman.
Strosberg , Martin A. and Wholy , Joseph S. 1983.
" Evaluability Assessmant : From Theory to Practice in the Department of Health and Human Services . " Public Administration Review 1 : 66-71.
Sundquist , James L. 1981.
The Decline, and Resurgence of Congress . Washington , DC : The Brookings Institution.
Thurber, James A. 1977.
" Legislative-Executive Relations . " In Public Administration and Public Policy , PP. 109-18. Edited by H. George Fredericn and Charles R. Wise. Lexington , Mass: Heath.
Van Horn , Carl E. 1978.
" New Powers of the Purse : An Assessment of Congressional Budget Reform. " In Legislative Reform, PP. 159-72. Edited by Leroy N. Rieselbach. Lexington , Mass : Heath.
Van Horn , Carl E. 1979.
Policy Implementation in the Federal System. Lexington, Mass : Heath.
Van Meter , Donald S. and Van Horn , Carl E. 1975.
"The Policy Implementation Process : A Conceptual Framework ." Administration and Society 6 : 445-88.
Webb , David J. 1984.
"Political Conditions Motivating Legislators` Use of Policy Information." Policy Studies Review 1: 110-18.
Weiss , Carol H. and Barton , Allen H., eds. 1982.
Making Bureaucracies Work . Beverly Hills , London : Sage.
West , William F. 1984.
"Structuring Administrative Discretion : The Pursuit of Rationality and Responsiveness . " American Journal of Political Science 2 : 340-60.
Wildavsky , Aaron B. 1974.
The Politics of the Budgetary Process . 2d ed. Boston : Little, Brown.
Wildavsky , Aaron B. 1980.
"The Self-Evaluating Organization . " In The Practice of Policy Evaluation , PP. 441-60. Edited by David Nachimas. New York: St. Martin`s.
Williams , walter and Elmore , Richard F. 1976.
Social Program Implementation. New York: Academic.
Williams , Walter et al. 1982.
Studying Implementation : Methodological and Administrative Issues . Chatham , New Jersey : Chatham House.
Wilson , James Q. 1975.
" The Rise of the Bureaucratic State . " The Public Interest 41:
關聯 國立政治大學
公共行政研究所
碩士
73
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 雷飛龍
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 施能傑
dc.creator (作者) 施能傑zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 1985
dc.date.accessioned 9-Nov-2016 17:34:58 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 9-Nov-2016 17:34:58 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 9-Nov-2016 17:34:58 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/103690-
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 第一章 緒論1
第一節 行政權的擴張1
第二節 國會的現代角色4
第三節 本文結構9
第二章 政策執行的理論14
第一節 執行研究的主要模型與主要發現14
第二節 兩個執行理論的建構22
第三節 成功的政策執行架構28
第三章 國會監督的理論發展38
第一節 背景38
第二節 國會監督的意義與沿革41
第三節 國會監督的基礎：委員會、幕僚與輔助單位44
第四節 國會監督的常用技術49
第四章 國會監督對政策執行的影響59
第一節 政策執行的監視59
第二節 政策執行的支持63
第三節 國會監督的可能問題68
第四節 個案研究：一九七九年以後美國對華軍售的國會監督70
第五章 國會監督的困境79
第一節 國會監督的一般狀況79
第二節 結構問題與個人動機不足83
第三節 政策執行複雜性的困境89
第六章 本文結構在我國的觀察95
第一節 我國政策執行的問題95
第二節 立法院的監督分析104
第三節 監察院的監督分析111
第四節 中美國會監督的比較120
第七章 結論133
第一節 回顧與啟示133
第二節 我國國會的反省與因應136
參考書目141
圖表目錄
圖 1 - 1 研究架構圖11
表 1 - 1 Mezey 比較議會研究歸類表6
圖 2 - 1 第三世界的政策執行理論24
圖 2 - 2 政策執行座標圖25
表 2 - 1 四類政策類型的主要執行參與者29
表 2 - 2 不同政策類型的執行成功內涵26
表 2 - 3 政策類型對政策執行的影響27
表 3 - 1 1891-1971年美國國會幕僚人數表57
圖 4 - 1 國會監督與政策執行的支持關係圖67
圖 4 - 2 美國軍品銷售審查流程73
圖 5 - 1 監督行為研究架構圖81
圖 5 - 2 三角聯盟圖91
圖 6 - 1 我國政策規劃與執行體系圖96
圖 6 - 2 立法院十年總質詢（51-70會期）質詢項目次數統計圖106
圖 6 - 3 預算控制、決算審核及政策執行的關係109
表 6 - 1 國內政策執行研究摘要表97
表 6 - 2 立法院審查行政命令統計表（42～74會期）107
表 6 - 3 監察院調查權行使次數統計表（39～66年）113
表 6 - 4 監察院糾正權行使次數統計表（37～73年）115
表 6 - 5 監察院糾、彈兩權行使次數統計表（37～73年）118
表 6 - 6 中美國會監督比較表121
表 6 - 7 立法院交付審查之行政命令摘要表（62～74會期）125
dc.format.extent 115 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype text/html-
dc.relation (關聯) 國立政治大學
dc.relation (關聯) 公共行政研究所
dc.relation (關聯) 碩士
dc.relation (關聯) 73
dc.title (題名) 國會監督與政策執行 : 美國經驗之研究並兼論我國的發展zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesis
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一．中文書目
中華民國 立法院 立法院公報。第67卷15期至第74卷16期（民67年2月至74年2月）。
中華民國 監察院 監察院公報。第1124期至第1457期（民67年1月至民73年12月）。
中美關係報告編輯小組編 民69年 中美關係報告：1979〜1980。台北：中研院中美文化研究所。
中美關係報告編輯小組編 民70年 中美關係報告：1980〜1981。台北：中研院中美文化研究所。
朱志宏 民68年 公共政策概論。台北：三民書局。
朱志宏 1980年 "當前立法研究途徑之評估"。思與言，18卷1期，頁62-100。
李國雄譯 民72年 "美國國會的委員會制度─結構變遷與功能"。憲政思潮，64期，60〜78頁。
吳秀光 民73年 "花蓮縣「加強基層建設提高農民所得方案」執行之研究"。碩士論文。國立政治大學公共行政研究所。
邱志淳 民73年 "美國國會政策分析結構與功能之研究"。碩士論文。國立台灣大學政治研究所。
林文程 民73年 "一九七九年以後美國對華軍售政策─決定因素及過程之研究"。碩士論文。國立政治大學外交研究所。
林水波 民73年 "剖析日落立法的內涵、原則與可行性"。中國論壇，18卷11期，50〜55頁。
林水波 民73年 政策分析評論。台北：五南圖書公司。
林水波與張世賢 民71年 公共政策 台北：五南圖書公司。
林嘉誠 民74年 "中美國會預算審查制度的比較"。中國論壇，20卷2期，59〜62頁
柯三吉 民72年 "開發中國家的政策執行理論：我國違規遊覽車的個案分析"。政治學報，11期，281〜334頁。
柯三吉 民73年 "政策評估在公共行政上的應用"。中國行政，37期，23〜45頁。
段重祺 民74年 "公共政策與組織習習：興建核四廠爭議之個案分析"。第四次社會指標研討會。中央研究院三民主義研究所。
陳國璋 民68年 "立法院對委任立法監督之研究"。碩士論文。國立政治大學政治研究所。
張家洋 民73年 "行政立法制度的理論基礎"。中國行政，37期，1〜12頁。
張劍寒 民58年 "論行政立法之有效要件與監督"。憲政思潮， 7期，23〜33頁。
張劍寒 民61年 行政立法之研究。台北：作者自印。
陶百川 民67年 比較監察制度。台北：三民書局。
曾濟群 民65年 立法院常設委員會之研究。台北：正中書局。
曾濟群 民64年 中華民國立法院之組織與職權分析。台北：商務書局。
雷倩與鄭又平 1982年 "論美國國會之立法監督：中美關係中軍事售予之個案研究"。思與言，19卷5期，405〜430頁。
監察院實錄編輯委員會編 民72年 行憲監察院錄。第一至三編（共18冊）。
詹瑞益 民71年 "公共政策之順服理論"。碩士論文。國立中興大學公共行政暨政策研究所。
二．英文書目
Aberbach , Joel D. 1979.
"Changes in Congressional Oversight . " American Behavioral Scientist 22 : 493-515.
Adams , Bruce and Sherman , Betsy . 1978
"Sunset Implementation : A Positive Partnership to Make Government Work . " Public Administration Review 1 : 78-81.
Alexander , Ernest R. 1985.
"From Idea to Action : " Notes for a Contingency Theovy of the Policy Implementation Process. " Administration and Society 4 :403-26
Allison, Graham T. 1971.
Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston : Little , Brown.
Altman , Stan . 1979.
"Performance Monitoring Systems for Public Managers." Public Administration Review 1 : 31-35.
Bardach, Eugene. 1977.
The Implementation Game. Cambridge, Mass: M. I. T.
Bardach , Eugene . 1982.
"On Designing Implementable Programs. " In Current Issues in Public Administration, PP. 495-2. Edited by Frederick S. Lane. New York : St. Martin’s.
Barrett , Susan and Hill , Michael . 1984.
"Policy, Bargaining and Structure in Implementation Theory: Towards an Integrated Perspective. " Policy and Politics 3 : 219-40.
Baum , Lawrence . 1980.
"Legal Structuring of Implementation . " Policy Studies Journal 8 : 560-74.
Behn , Robert D. 1977.
" The False Dawn of the Sunset Laws. " The Public Interest 49: 103-18.
Berman, Paul. 1978.
" Thinking about Programmed and Adaptive Implementation : Matching Strategies to Situations . " In Why Policies Succeed or Fail , PP. 205-27. Edited by H. M. Ingram and E. D. Mann. Beverly Hills, California : Sage.
Berman , Paul . 1978.
"The Study of Macro-and Micro-Implementation . " Public Policy 26 : 157-84.
Bibby , John F. 1970.
"Committee Characteristics and Legislative Oversight of Administration . " In The Congressional System: Notes and Readings , PP. 412-31. Edited by eroy N. Rieselbach. Belmont , California : Wadsworth.
Browning , Rufus F. ; Marshall , Dale R. ; and Tabb , David H. 1981.
" Implementatior and Political Change : Sources of Local Variation in Federal Social Program." In Effect Policy Implementation , PP. 127-46. Edited by Daniel A. Mazmanian and Paul A. Sabatier. Lexington , Mass : Heath.
Bunn , George and Gallagher , Jeff . 1977.
"Legislative Committee Review of Administrative Rules in Wisconsin . " Wisconsin Law Review 4 : 935-88.
Calvert , Randall L. and Weingast , Barry R. 1982
"Runway Bureaucracy and Congressional Oversight: Why Reforms Fail. " Policy Studies Review 3 : 557-65.
Cleaves , Peter S. 1981.
" Implementation Admist Scarcity and Apathy : Political Chang Power and Policy Design." In Polictics and Policy Implementation in the Third World , PP. 281-303 . Edited by Merilee S. Grindle. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Clune III , Willam H. and Lindquist , R. E. 1981.
"What Implementation Isn’t : Forward a General Framework for Research." Wisconsin Law Reivew 5 :1044-1116.
Committee on Government Operation, U. S. Senate. 1977.
Congressional Oversight of Regulatory Agencies.
Congressional Quarterly Inc. 1982.
Power of Congress. 2d ed. Washington , DC : Congressional Quarterly Inc.
Cooper , Phillip J. 1983.
Public Law and Public Administration. Balo Alto, California : Mayfield.
Davidson , Roger H. 1970.
"Congress in the American Political System." In Legislatures in Developmental Perspective , PP. 129-78. Edited by Alan Kornberg and Lloyd Musolf . Durham, New Jersey : Duke University Press.
Davidson, Roger H. and Oleszek , Walter J. 1977.
Congress Against Itself. Blommington : Indiana University Press.
Davidson , Roger H. and Oleszek , Walter J. 1981.
Congress and Its Member. Washington , DC: Congressional Quarterly Inc.
deHaven-Smith , Lance. 1983.
"Evidence of the Targeted Jobs Tax Credit . " Journal of Politics 3 : 711 -30.
Dodd , Lawrence C. and Schott , Richard C. 1979.
Congress and Administrative State . New York : John Wiley & Son.
Downs , Anthony . 1966.
Inside Bureaucracy. Boston : Little , Brown.
Dunn , William N. 1981.
Public Policy Analysis: An Introduction. Englewood Cliff, New Jersey : Prentice-Hall. Edwards III , George C. 1980.
Implementing Public Policy. Washington , DC : Congressional Quarterly Inc.
Edwards III , George C. and Sharkansky , Ira. 1978. The Policy Predicament . San Francisco : W. H. Freeman.
Elmore , Richard F. 1979.
" Organizational Models of Social Program Implementation." Public Policy 26: 186-228.
Elmore , Richard F. 1980.
"Backward Mapping: Implementation Research and Policy Decision. " Political Science Quarterly 94 : 601-16.
Ethridge , Marcus E. 1984.
"Consequences of Legislative Review of Agency Regulation in three U. S. State." Legislative Studies Quarterly 1 : 161-78.
Fenno , Richard F. Jr. 1973.
Congressman in Committee. Boston : Little , Brown.
Fesler , James W. 1980.
Public Administration : Theory and Practice. Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice-Hall
Fiorina , Morris P. 1981.
" Congressional Control of the Bureaucracy : A Mismatch of Incentives and Capabilities." In Congress Reconsidered. 2d ed. Edited by Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I . Oppenheimer. Washington , DC: Congressional Quarterly Inc.
Galloway , George B. 1951.
"The Operation of the Legislation Act of 1946. " American Political Science Review 1 : 41-68.
Grindle , Merilee S. , ed. 1980.
Politics and Policy Implementation in the Third World. Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press
Gryski , Gerald S. 1981.
Bureaucratic Policy Making in a Technological Society. Cambridge , Mass : Schenkman.
Hamm, Keith E. 1983.
" Patterns of Influence Among Committees , Agencies , and Interest Groups. " Legislative Studies Quarterly 3 : 379-426.
Hamm, Keith E. and Robertson , Roby D. 1981.
"Factors Influenceing the Adopting of New Methods of Legislative Oversight in the U. S. States. " Legislatve Studies Quarterly 6 ; 133-50.
Hargrove , Erwin C. 1977.
"Implementation . " In Public Administration and Public Policy , PP. 3-14. Edited by H. George Frederickson and Charles R. Wise. Lexington , Mass : Heath.
Harris , Joseph P. 1964.
Congressional Control of Administration. Washington , DC : The Brookings Institution.
Harris , Joseph P. 1972.
Congress and the Legislative Process. 2d ed. New York : McGrow-Hill.
Heady , Ferrel . 1979.
Public Administration: A Comparative Perspective. 2d ed. rev. and exp. New York : Marcel Dekker.
Huntington , Samuel P. 1965.
"Congressional Responses to the Twentieth Century." In the Congress and American’s Future. PP. 5-31. Edited by David B. Truman. Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice-Hall.
Ingram, Helen. 1977.
"Policy Implementation through Bargaining : The Case of Federal Grants-in-Aid." Public Policy 24 : 499-526.
Jahnige , Thomas P. 1968.
"The Congressional Committee System and the Oversight Process : Congress and NASA. " Western Political Quarterly 2 : 227-39.
Johannes , John R. 1984.
"Congress , The Bureaucracy and Casework ". Administration and Society 1 : 41-69.
Johnson , Loch. 1980.
"The U. S. Congress and the C. I. A.: Monitoring the Dark Side of Government. " Legislative Studies Quarterly 5 : 477-99.
Jones , Charles O. 1984.
An Introduction to the Study of Public Policy. 3d ed. Monterey , California : Brooks / Cole.
Kaufman , Herbert. 1981.
"Fear of Bureacracy : A Raging Pandemic. " Public Administration Review 1 : 1-9.
Keefe , William J. and Ogul , Morris S. 1973.
The American Legislative Process : Congress and the State 2d ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Kerr , James R. 1965.
"Congress and Space: Overview or Oversight." Public Administration Review 2 : 185-92.
Knoepfel , Peter and Weidner H. 1982.
"Foundation and Implementation of Air Quality Control Programmes : Patterns of Interest Considerations." Policy and Politics 1 : 85-109.
Lane , Frederick S. , ed. 1982.
Current Issues in Public Administration. New York : St. Martin`s.
Larson , James S. 1980.
Why Government Programs Fail : Improving Policy Implementation . New York: Prager.
Lees , John D. 1977.
"Legislatures and Overishgt : A Review Article on a Neglected Area of Research." Legislative Studies Quarterly 2 : 193-207.
Loewenberg , Gerhard and Patterson , Samuel C. 1979.
Comparing Legislatures. Boston : Little , Brown.
Luft , Harold S. 1976.
"Benefit-cost Analysis and Public Policy Implementation." Public Policy 24 : 437-62.
Lutrin , Carl E. and Settle , Allen K. 1976.
American Public Administration: Concepts and Cases. California : Mayfield.
Majone , Clandomenico and Wildavsky , Aaron B. 1979.
"Implementation as Evolution." In Implementation, PP. 177-94. Aaron B. Wildavsky and Jeffery L. Pressman. Berkely , California : University of California Press.
May , Peter J. 1981.
"Hints for Crafting Alternative Policies . " Policy Analysis 2 :227-44.
Mayntz , Renate. 1978.
"Intergovernmental Implementation of Environmental Policy." In lntergovernemt Organizational Policy Making , PP. 201-14. Edited by K. Hanf and F. W. Schatph. Beverly Hills , California : Sage.
Mayntz , Renate. 1983.
"The Conditions of Effect Public Policy : A New Challenge for Policy Analysis." Policy and Politics 2: 123-43.
Mazmanian , Daniel A. and Sabatier , Paul A., eds. 1981. Effect Policy Implementation. Lexington , Mass : Heath.
McLaughlin , Milbrey. 1976.
"Implementation as Mutual Adaptation : Change in Classroom Organization."In Social Program Implementation, PP. 167-80. Edited by Walter Williams and Richard F. Elmore. New York : Academic.
Mezey , Michael L. 1979.
Compatative Legislatures. Durham, DC :Duke University press.
Mezey , Michael L. 1984.
"The Functions of Legislatures in the Third World . " Legislative Studies Quarterly 4 : 511-50
Mishler , William and Hildreth , Anne. 1984.
"Legislatures and Political Stability: An Exploratory Analysis." Journal of Politics 1 : 25-52.
Mueller , Keith J. 1984.
"Local Implementation of National Policy . " Policy Studies Review 1 : 86-98.
Murphy , Jerome T. 1971.
" Title I of ESEA. " Harvard Education Review 41 : 36-63.
Nachimas , David ed. 1980.
The Practice of Policy Evaluation . New York : St. Martin`s.
Nachimas , David and Rosenbloom, David H. 1980.
Bureaucratic Government U. S. A. New York : St. Martin`s.
Nakamura , Robert T. and Smallwood , Frank. 1980.
The Politics of Policy Implementation. New York : St. Martin`s.
Nixon , Jaqui . 1980.
"The Importance of Communication in the Implementation of Government Policy at Local Level . " Policy and Politics 2 : 127-44.
Ogul , Morris S. 1976.
Congress Oversees the Bureaucracy : Studies in Legislative Supervision. Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press.
Ogul , Morris S. 1981.
"Congressional Oversight : Structures and Incentives . " In Congress Reconsidered . 2d ed. , PP. 317-31. Edited by Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I . Oppenheimer. Washington , DC: Congressional Quarterly Inc.
Oleszek , Walter J. 1983.
" Integration and Fragementation : Key Themes of Congressional Change . " Annal 466 : 193-205.
Oleszek , Walter J. 1978.
Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process . Washington DC : Congressional Quarterly Inc.
Olson , David M. 1980.
The Legislative Process : A Comparative Approach . New York :Harper and Row.
O`Toole , Lawrence J. , Jr. and Montioy , Robert S. 1979.
“Toward a Theory of Policy Implementation : An Organization-al Perspective . " Public Administration Review 5 : 465-76.
O`Toole , Lawrence J. , Jr. and Montioy , Robert S. 1984.
"Interorganizational Policy Implementation : A Theoretical Perspective. " Public Administration Review 6: 493-503.
Palumbo , David M. and Harder , Marvin A. 1981.
Implementing Public Policy . Lexington , Mass: Lexington.
Palumbo , David M.; Maynard-Moody, Steven ; and Wright, Paula. 1984. "Measuring Degress of Successful Implementation : Acheving Policy versus Statutory Goals." Evaluatinn Review 1 :45-74.
Peters , B. Guy. 1981.
"The Problem of Bureaucratic Government . " Journal of Politics 43 : 56-82.
Polsby , Nelson W. 1975.
"Legislatures. " In Handbook of Political Science. Vol. 5, PP. 257-321. Edited by Fred I. Greentein and Nelson W. Polsby. Reading , Mass : Addison-Wesley.
Price , David E. 1978.
" The Impact of Reform: The House Commerce Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations ." In Legislative Reform, PP. 133-57. Edited by Leroy N. Rieselbach. Lexington , Mass : Heath.
Pressman , Jeffery L. and Wildavsky , Aaron B. 1979.
Implementation . 2d ed. Berkely , California : University of California Press.
Rabin, Jack; Miller, G. J.; Hildreth , W. B.; and Lynch, Thomas D. 1981.
"Public Bureaucracy . " In Contemparay Public Administration, PP. 41-63. Edited by Thomas Vocino and Jack Rabin. New York : Harcourt Brace Jovnovich.
Rieselbach , Leroy N. 1973.
Congressional Politics. New York : McGraw-Hill.
Rieselbach , Leroy N. 1978.
Legislative Reform. Lexington , Mass : Heath.
Ripley , Randall B. 1975.
Congress : Process and Policy. New York : Norton.
Ripley , Randall B. and Franklin , Grace A. 1980.
Congress , the Bureaucracy and Public Policy, rev. ed. Home-wood , Ill : Dorsey
Ripley , Randall B. and Franklin , Grace A. 1982.
Bureaucracy and Policy Implementation. Homewood , Ill : Dorsey.
Rockman , Bert A. 1984.
"Legislative-Executive Relations and Legislative Oversight." Legislative Studies Quarterly 3 : 387-441.
Rosen , Bernard. 1982.
Holding Government Bureaucracies Accountable . New York :Praeger.
Rosenthal , Alan. 1981a.
Legislative Life : People , Process , and Performance in the States. New York : Harper and Row.
Rosenthal , Alan . 1981b.
"Legislative Behavior and Legislative Oversight . " Legislative Studies Quarterly 2 : 115-31.
Rossi , Peter H. ard Freeman , Howard E. 1982.
Evaluation : A Systematic Apporach . 2d ed. Beverly Hills California : Sage.
Rourke , Francis E. 1984.
Bureaucracy , Politics and Public Policy . 3d ed. Boston : Little, Brown.
Sabatier , Paul A. and Mazmanian , Daniel A. 1983.
"Policy Implementation." In Encyclopedia of Policy Studies, PP. 143-69. Edited by Stuart S. Nagel. New York: Marcel Dekker.
Sabatier , Paul A. and Mazmanian , Daniel A. 1981.
"The Implementation of Public Policy : A Framework of Analysis . " In Effect Policy Implementation , PP. 3-35. Edited by Paul A. Sabatier and Daniel A. Mazmanian. Lexington , Mass : Heath.
Saloma III , John S. 1973.
"Legislative Effectivenessl：Control and Investingation . " In Legislative Politics in U. S. A. 3d ed. , PP. 322-35. Edited by Theodore J. Lowi and Randall B. Ripley. Boston : Little Brown.
Scheirer , Mary A. 1981.
Program Imolementation : The Organizational Context. Beverly Hills , California : Sage.
Scher , Seymour. 1960.
"Congressional Committee Members as Independent Agency Overseers : A Case Study . " American Political Science Review 54 : 911-20.
Scher , Seymour . 1963.
"Conditions for Legislative Control ." Journal of Politics 25: 526-51.
Schick , Allen. 1976.
"Congress and the Details of Administration . " Public Administration Review 5：516-28.
Schneider , Anne I . 1982.
"Studying Implementation : A Conceptual Framework . " Evaluation Review 6 : 715-30.
Self , Peter. 1981.
"Planning : Rational or Political ?" In Policy Analysis and Polciy Innovation : Patterns Problems and Potentials , PP.219-35. Edited by Peter R. Baker and Bjorn Wittrock. London : Sage .
Sharkansky , Ira. 1982.
Public Administration : Agencies , Policies and Politics. San Francisco : Freeman.
Strosberg , Martin A. and Wholy , Joseph S. 1983.
" Evaluability Assessmant : From Theory to Practice in the Department of Health and Human Services . " Public Administration Review 1 : 66-71.
Sundquist , James L. 1981.
The Decline, and Resurgence of Congress . Washington , DC : The Brookings Institution.
Thurber, James A. 1977.
" Legislative-Executive Relations . " In Public Administration and Public Policy , PP. 109-18. Edited by H. George Fredericn and Charles R. Wise. Lexington , Mass: Heath.
Van Horn , Carl E. 1978.
" New Powers of the Purse : An Assessment of Congressional Budget Reform. " In Legislative Reform, PP. 159-72. Edited by Leroy N. Rieselbach. Lexington , Mass : Heath.
Van Horn , Carl E. 1979.
Policy Implementation in the Federal System. Lexington, Mass : Heath.
Van Meter , Donald S. and Van Horn , Carl E. 1975.
"The Policy Implementation Process : A Conceptual Framework ." Administration and Society 6 : 445-88.
Webb , David J. 1984.
"Political Conditions Motivating Legislators` Use of Policy Information." Policy Studies Review 1: 110-18.
Weiss , Carol H. and Barton , Allen H., eds. 1982.
Making Bureaucracies Work . Beverly Hills , London : Sage.
West , William F. 1984.
"Structuring Administrative Discretion : The Pursuit of Rationality and Responsiveness . " American Journal of Political Science 2 : 340-60.
Wildavsky , Aaron B. 1974.
The Politics of the Budgetary Process . 2d ed. Boston : Little, Brown.
Wildavsky , Aaron B. 1980.
"The Self-Evaluating Organization . " In The Practice of Policy Evaluation , PP. 441-60. Edited by David Nachimas. New York: St. Martin`s.
Williams , walter and Elmore , Richard F. 1976.
Social Program Implementation. New York: Academic.
Williams , Walter et al. 1982.
Studying Implementation : Methodological and Administrative Issues . Chatham , New Jersey : Chatham House.
Wilson , James Q. 1975.
" The Rise of the Bureaucratic State . " The Public Interest 41: