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題名 蘇聯黨精英對其政治發展之衝激 : 論工業化與意識型態問題
作者 趙相明
貢獻者 趙春山
趙相明
日期 1985
上傳時間 11-Nov-2016 16:47:24 (UTC+8)
摘要 論文提要
蘇聯自十月革命後，在短短數十年內躍昇為今世兩大超強之一，其間的過程及種種問題都很值得我們探討。不過，蘇聯是個幅員廣闊、歷史文化悠久的國家，若要深入地加以瞭解，必須窮畢生心力才有可能。因此，本篇論文將僅就蘇聯工業化與意識型態間的關聯，以政治發展的角度從事研究。由於政治發展涉及變項甚多，因此，討論的重點將限定在蘇聯黨精英的範圍內。
本論文總計約八萬字，共分為五章十二節。大致內容如下：
第一章：導論，準備對論文中所牽涉到的幾個重要概念，如黨精英、政治發展及工業化等，作簡單的介紹。同時，說明本論文的研究動機。
第二章：簡述蘇聯推動工業化的過程及大致的變動趨勢，並分析蘇聯工業化過程的特徵。
第三章：討論工業化與蘇聯黨精英的關聯。文中將專就精英甄選及精英態度變遷兩主題來分析工業化與蘇聯黨精英的互動關係。
第四章：分別討論列寧、史達林時期以迄布里茲涅夫時期，蘇聯意識型態變遷的情形。由於是從黨精英的角度來探討，因此，將配合黨精英的相互關係、及黨精英的態度變遷來研究。
第五章：結論，總結以上各章討論要點，並分析蘇聯工業化過程中，黨精英如何因應社會變遷，及反映到意識型態的內容及角色上，究竟發生何種變動。最後，將簡單討論未來蘇聯政治發展的趨勢。
由於本文係就有限範圍從事研究，因此，本論文並不排斥其他因素也可能影響到內中各個面相。同時，作者本人認為由這篇論文開始，將有助於日後對蘇聯問題進一步及更深入的研究。
論文提要 壹
序言 參
第一章 導論1
第一節 蘇聯工業化與政治發展1
第二節 蘇聯黨精英的意涵6
第二章 蘇聯的工業化過程17
第一節 帝俄時期工業化與革命17
第二節 戰時共產主義與新經濟政策24
第三節 史達林及其後的發展32
第三章 工業化與蘇聯黨精英55
第一節 工業化與精英的關聯55
第二節 工業化與黨精英甄選61
第三節 黨精英態度變遷71
第四章 工業化與蘇聯意識型態96
第一節 從列寧到「一國社會主義」96
第二節 赫魯雪夫時期的黨綱領104
第三節 已發展的社會主義112
第五章 結論131
參考書目147
參考文獻 壹、中文書籍
(1)尹慶耀著，從馬克思、列寧到毛澤東─毛澤東思想探源，台北：中華民國國際關係研究所，民國六十二年三月。
(2)史達林著，列寧主義問題，莫斯科：外國文書籍出版局，一九四九年。
(3)呂亞力著，政治發展與民主，台北：五南圖書出版公司，民國六十八年十月。
(4)列寧選集，北京：人民出版社，一九七三年十月二版。
(5)馬克思恩格斯全集，北京：人民出版社，一九五八年八月。
(6)陳鴻瑜著，政治發展理論，台北：桂冠圖書公司，民國七十一年十月。
(7)華力進著，政治學，台北：經世書局，民國六十九年十一月初版。
(8)雲五社會科學大辭典，第一冊，社會學，第三冊，政治學，台北：台灣商務印書館，民國六十年一月 。
(9)鄭學稼著，列寧評傳，台北：黎明文化公司，民國六十七年三月再版。
(10)鄭學稼著，第三國際史，台北：商務印書館，民國六十五年九月。
貳、中文譯著
(1)雷岱爾著，鄭學稼譯，社會主義思想史，台北：帕米爾書店，民國六十六年四月再版。
(2) Berdyaev, Nicolas Alexandrovich, The Origin of Russian Communism, Traslated by R. C. French. Geoffrey Bless,1948. 鄭學稼譯，俄羅斯共產主義之本原，台北：中華民國國際關係研究所，未註年月。
(3) Djilas, Milovan. The New Class : An Analysis of the Communist System. New York : Praeger, 1957. 譯者佚名，新階級，台北：龍田出版社，民國六十八年五月再版。
(4) Huntington, P. Samuel. Political Order in Changing Societies, ( New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968) 江炳倫、張世賢及陳鴻瑜合譯，轉變中社會的政治秩序，台北：黎明文化事業股份有限公司，民國七十年六月。
叁、英文書籍
(1) Almond, Gabriel A. Political Development: Essays in Heuristic Theory. Boston :Little, Brown and Company. 1970.
(2) ________., and Powell, G. Bingham, JR. Comparative Politics : System, Process, and Policy. 2nd Edition. Boston : Little, Brown and Company, 1978.
(3) Bailes, Kendall E. Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin : Origins of the Soviet Techical Intelligentsia, 1917-1941. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1978.
(4) Baykov, Alexander. The Development of the Soviet Economic System : An Essay on the Experience of Planning in the U.S.S.R. Cambridge : At the Universits Press, 1946.
(5) Breslauer, George W. Khrushchev and Brezhnev as Leaders : Building Authority in Soviet Politics. London : George Allen & Unwin, 1982.
(6) Brzezinski, Zbigniew, and Huntington, Samuel P. Political Power : USA/USSR. New York : The Viking Press, 1964.
(7) ________ . Ideology and Power in Soviet Politics. Revised Edition. New York : Praeger 1967.
(8)________. Between Two Ages : America’s Role in the Technetronic Era. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England : Penguin Books, 1970.
(9) Bullock, Allan, and Stallybrass, Oliver, ed. The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, London : Fontana Books, 1977.
(10) Carr, Edward Hallett. The Bolshevik Revolution 1917～1923, a History of Soviet Russia. Volume 2. New York : The Macmillan Company, 1952.
(11) Churchward, L. G. The Soviet Intelligentsia : An Essay on the Social Structure and Roles of Soviet Intellectuals during the 1960’s. London : Rontledge and kegan Paul, 1973.
(12) Conyngham, William J. Industrial Management in the Soviet Union : The Role of the CPSU in Industrial Decision-Making 1917〜1970. Stanford , California : Hoover Institution Press, 1973.
(13) Dallin, Allexander, and Larson, Thomas B. eds. Soviet Politics Since Khrushchev. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Drentice-Hall, 1968.
(14) Dallin, David J. The Changing World of Soviet Russia. New Haven :Yale University Press, 1956.
(15) Daniels, Robert V. The Nature of Communism. New York : Random House, 1962.
(16)________., ed. a Documentary History of Communism. Volume I. Communism in Russia. Revised Edition. Hanover and London : University Press of New England, 1984.
(17) Dunmore, Timothy. The Stalinist Command Economy: The Soviet State Apparatus and Economic Policy 1945〜53. London : The Macmillan Press, 1980.
(18) Erlich, Alexander. The Soviet Industrialization Debate 1924〜1928. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1967.
(19) Fainsod, Merle. How Russia is Ruled. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957.
(20) Goldman, Marshall I. The Soviet Economy : Myth and Reality. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, 1968.
(21) Gustafson, Thane. Reform in Soviet Politics : Lesson of Recent Policies on Land and Water. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1977.
(22) Harasymiw, Bohdan. Political Elite Recruitment in the Soviet Union. New York : St. Martin’s Press, 1984.
(23) Hoffmann, Erick P., and Laird, Robin F., eds. The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era. New York : Aldine Publishig Co., 1984.
(24) Hough, Jerry F. The Soviet Union and Social Science Theory. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1977.
(25) _______. How the Soviet Union is Governed. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1978.
(26) Hunt, R. N. Carew. The Theory and Practice of Communism : An Introduction. New York : The Macmillan Company, 1962.
(27) Johnson, Chalmers., ed. Change in Communist Systems. Stanford, California : Stanford University Press, 1970.
(28) Katz, Abraham. The Politics of Economic Reform in the Soviet Union. New York : Praeger, 1972.
(29) Kelly, Donald R. , ed. Soviet Politics In the Brezhnev Era. New York : Praeger, 1980.
(30) Kerr, Clark ; Dunlop, John T. ; Harbison, Frederick H. ; and Mayers, Charles A. Industrialism and Industrial Man : The Problems of Labor and Management in Economic Growth. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1960.
(31) Lane, David, The Socialist Industrial State : Towards a Political Sociology of State Socialism. Boulder, Colorado : Westview Press, 1976.
(32)________. Politics & Society in the USSR. 2nd Edition. New York : New York : University Press, 1978.
(33) Leonhard, Wolfang. The Kremlin Since Stalin. Translated by Elizabeth Wiskemann and Marian Jackson . New York : Frederick A. Praeger, 1962.
(34) ________. Three Faces of Maxism : The Political Concepts of Soviet Ideology, Maoism, and Humanist Maxism. New York : Capricorn Books, 1974.
(35) Lodge, Milton C. Soviet Elite Attitudes since Stalin. Columbus, Ohio : Charles E. Merrill, 1969.
(36) Löwenhardt, John. Het Russische Politburo. B.V. Assen, Netherlands : Van Gorcum & Comp., 1978. Translated by Dymphna Clark. The Soviet Politburo New York : St. Martin’s Press, 1982.
(37)Mackenzie, David. A History of Russia and the Soviet Union. Homewood, Illinois : The Dorsey Press, 1977.
(38) Miller, R. F., and Féhér, Ferenc, eds. Khrushchev and the Communist World. Lodon : Croom Helm, 1984.
(39) Rigby, T. H. Communist Party Membership in the U.S.S.R. :1917〜1967. Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press, 1968.
(40) Rubinstein, Alvin Z. Communist Political Systems. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice -Hall, 1966.
(41) Schwartz, Harry. Russia’s Soviet Economy. 2nd Edition. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, 1958.
(42) Seroka, Jim, and Simon, Maurice D. , eds. Developed Socialism in the Soviet Bloc : Political Theory and Political Reality. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1982.
(43) Seton-Watson, Hugh. Nationalism and Communism: Essays 1946〜1963. New York : Frederick A, Praeger, 1962.
(44) Sherman, Howard J. The Soviet Economy. Boston : Little, Brown & Co. , 1969.
(45) Venturi, Franco. Roots of Revolution : A History of the Populist and Socialist Movements in Nineteen Century Russia. Translated by Francis Huskell. London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1960.
(46) Welsh, William A. Leaders and Elites. New York : Holt, Rinehart and winston, 1979.
(47) Wolfe, Bertram D. Revolution and Reality : Essays on the Origin and Fate of the Soviet System. Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press, 1981.
(48) Zaslavski, Victor. The Neo-Stalinist State. Brighton , Sussex, Britain : The Harvester Press, 1982.
肆、英文期刊文章
(1) Almond, Gobriel A., and Powell, G. Bingham, JR. “A Developmental Approach to Political System : An Overview.” In Political Development and Social Change. 2nd Edition. Edited by Jason L. Finkle and Richard W. Gable. New York: John Wiley and sons, 1971.
(2) Black, Cyril E. “The Soviet Union as an Advanced Society. ” In The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era. Edited by Erick P. Hoffmann and Robin F. Laird. New York : Aldine Publishing Co.,1984.
(3) Breslauer, George W. “On the Adaptability of Soviet Welfare-State Authoritarianism. ” In The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era. Edited by Erick P. Hoffmann and Robin F. Laird. New York : Aldine Publishing Co., 1984.
(4) Bunce, Valerie, and Echols Ⅲ , John M. “ Soviet Politics in Brezhnev Era `Pluralism` or `Corporatism` ? ” In Soviet Politics in the Brezhnev Era. Edited by Donald R. Kelly. NewYork : Praeger, 1980.
(5) Chernenko, Konstantin. “True to the Noble Ideals of Socialism. ” STP ( Socialism : Theory and Practice ) 1( January 1985 ) : 6〜8.
(6) _______ . “Living Up to the Standards of Developed Socialism. ” Moscow News spplement to issue No. 1 (3145), 1985 PP. 1〜6.
(7) Féhér, Ferenc. “The Social Character of Khrushchevism : A Transition or A New Phase ? ” In Khrushchev and the Communist World. Edited by R. F. Miller and F. Féhér. London : Croom Helm, 1984.
(8) Feiwel, George R., and Feiwel, Ida. “ Economic Performances and Reforms in the Soviet Union. ” In Soviet Politics in the Brezhnev Era. Edited by D. R. Kelly. New York : Praeger, 1980.
(9)Fitzpatrick, Sheila. “Stalin and the Making of a New Elite, 1928-1939. ” Slavic Review 38 ( September 1979 ) : 377〜402.
(10)Ford, Robert A.D. “The Soviet Union : The Next Decade. ” Foreign Affairs 62 ( Summer 1984 ) : 1132〜1144.
(11) Gerschenkron, Alexander. “The Problem of Economic Development in Russian Intellectual History of the Nineteen Century. ” In Continuity and Change In Russian and Soviet Thought. Edited by Ernest J. Simons, Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1955.
(12) Goodman, Elliot R. “ The Brezhnev-Andropov Legacy: Implications for the Future. ” Survey 28 ( Summer 1984 ) : 34〜69.
(13) Hahn, W. Jeffrey. “ Is Developed Socialism a Soviet Version of Convergence ? ” In Developed Socialism in the Soviet Bloc : Political Theory and Political Reality. Edited by Jim Seroka and Maurice D. Simon. Boulder, Colorado : Westview Press, 1982.
(14) Hammer , Darrell P. “ Brezhnev and the Communist Party. ” in The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era. Edited by Erick P. Hoffmann and Robin F. Laird. New York : Aldine Publishing Co., 1984.
(15) Hough, Jerry F. “ The Brezhnev Era : The Man and the System. ” Problems of Communism 25 ( March-April 1976 ) : 1〜17.
(16) _______ .“ The Generation Gap and the Brezhnev Succession. ” Problems of Communism 28 ( July- August 1979 ) : 1〜16.
(17) _______ . “ The Communist Party. ” In Soviet Politics in the Brezhnev Era. Edited by D. R. Kelly. New York : Praeger, 1980.
(18) Johnson, Chalmers. “Comparing Communist Nations. ” In Change in Communist Systems . Edited by C. Johnson. Stanford, California : Stanford University Press, 1970.
(19) Kelly, R. Donald. “Developed Socialism : a Political Formula for the Brezhnev Era.” In Developed Socialism in the Soviet Bloc : Political Theory and Political Reality. Edited by Jim Seroka and Maurice D. Simon. Boulder, Colorado : Westview Press, 1982.
(20) Laird, Robin F. “The Competition between Soviet Conservertives and Modernizers : Domestic and International Aspects. ” In The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era. Edited by Erick P. Hoff-mann and R. F. Laird. New York : Aldine Publishing Co., 1984.
(21) Lasswell, Harold D. “ Introduction : The Study of Political Elites.” In World Revolutionary Elites : Studies in Coercive Ideological Movements. 2nd Edition. Edited by H. D. Lasswell and Daniel Lerner. Cambridge, Massachusetts : The M. I. T. Press, 1967.
(22) Leonhard, Wolfang. “Politics and Ideology in the Post -Khrushchev Era. ” In Soviet Politics Since Khrushchev. Edited by Allexander Dallin and Thomas B. Larson. Englewood Cliffs., N.J. : Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.
(23) Löwenthal, Richard. “ Development vs. Utopia in Communist Policy. ” In Change in Communist Systems. Edited by Chalmers Johnson. Stanford, California : Stanford University Press, 1970.
(24) Luke, Timothy W. “The Proletarian Ethic and Soviet Industrialization.” The American Political Science Review 77 ( September 1983 ) : 588〜600.
(25) Matossian, Marry. “ Ideologies of Delayed Industrialization. ” In Political Development and Social Change. 2nd Edition. Edited by Jason L. Finkle and Richard W. Gable. New York : John Wiley & Sons, 1971.
(26) Meyer, Alfred G. “ The Functions of Ideology in the Soviet Political System”. In Comparative Communism : the Soviet, Chinese, and Yugoslav Models. Edited by Gary K. Bertsch and Thomas W. Ganchow. San Francisco : W. H. Freeman and Company, 1976.
(27) Miller, Robert F. “Khrushchev and the Soviet Economy : Management by Re-organization. ” In Khrushchev and the Communist World. Edited by R. F. Miller and F. Féhér. London : Croom Helm, 1984.
(28) Parsons, Talcott. “Some Principal Characteristics of Industrial Societies. ” In The Transformation of Russian Society : Aspects of Social Change Since 1861. Edited by Cyril E. Black. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1960.
(29) Pye, Lucien W. “The Concept of Political Development. ” In Political Development and Social Change . 2nd Edition. Edited by Jason L. Finkle and Richard W. Gable. New York : John Wiley & Sons, 1971.
(30) Roberts, Paul Craig. “War Communism : a Re-examination. ” Slavic Review 29 ( June 1970 ) : 238〜261.
(31) Schueller, George K. “ The Politburo. ” In World Revolutionary Elites : Studies in Coercive Ideological Movements. 2nd Edition. Edited by H. D. Lasswell and D. Lerner. Cambridge, Massachusetts : The M. I. T. Press, 1967.
(32) Schwartz, Solomon M. “Populism and Early Russian Marxism on Ways of Economic Development of Russia. ” In Continuity and Change In Russian and Soviet Thought. Edited by Ernest J. Simons. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1955.
(33) Seligman, Lester G. “ Elite Recruitment and Political Development. ” In Political Development and Social Change. 2nd Edition. Edited by Jason L. Finkle and Richard W. Gable. New York John Wiley & Sons, 1971.
(34) Theen, Rolf H. W. “ Party and Bureaucracy. ” In The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era. Edited by Erick P. Hoffmann and Robin F. Laird. New York : Aldine Publishing Co., 1984.
(35) Theodorson, George A. “Acceptance of Industrialization and It’s Attendant Consequences for the Social Pattern of Non-Western Societies. ” In Political Development and Social Change. 2nd Edition. Edited by Jason L. Finkle and Richard W. Gable. New York : John Wiley & Sons, 1971.
關聯 國立政治大學
東亞研究所
碩士
73
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 趙春山
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 趙相明
dc.creator (作者) 趙相明zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 1985
dc.date.accessioned 11-Nov-2016 16:47:24 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 11-Nov-2016 16:47:24 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 11-Nov-2016 16:47:24 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/103864-
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 論文提要
蘇聯自十月革命後，在短短數十年內躍昇為今世兩大超強之一，其間的過程及種種問題都很值得我們探討。不過，蘇聯是個幅員廣闊、歷史文化悠久的國家，若要深入地加以瞭解，必須窮畢生心力才有可能。因此，本篇論文將僅就蘇聯工業化與意識型態間的關聯，以政治發展的角度從事研究。由於政治發展涉及變項甚多，因此，討論的重點將限定在蘇聯黨精英的範圍內。
本論文總計約八萬字，共分為五章十二節。大致內容如下：
第一章：導論，準備對論文中所牽涉到的幾個重要概念，如黨精英、政治發展及工業化等，作簡單的介紹。同時，說明本論文的研究動機。
第二章：簡述蘇聯推動工業化的過程及大致的變動趨勢，並分析蘇聯工業化過程的特徵。
第三章：討論工業化與蘇聯黨精英的關聯。文中將專就精英甄選及精英態度變遷兩主題來分析工業化與蘇聯黨精英的互動關係。
第四章：分別討論列寧、史達林時期以迄布里茲涅夫時期，蘇聯意識型態變遷的情形。由於是從黨精英的角度來探討，因此，將配合黨精英的相互關係、及黨精英的態度變遷來研究。
第五章：結論，總結以上各章討論要點，並分析蘇聯工業化過程中，黨精英如何因應社會變遷，及反映到意識型態的內容及角色上，究竟發生何種變動。最後，將簡單討論未來蘇聯政治發展的趨勢。
由於本文係就有限範圍從事研究，因此，本論文並不排斥其他因素也可能影響到內中各個面相。同時，作者本人認為由這篇論文開始，將有助於日後對蘇聯問題進一步及更深入的研究。
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 論文提要 壹
序言 參
第一章 導論1
第一節 蘇聯工業化與政治發展1
第二節 蘇聯黨精英的意涵6
第二章 蘇聯的工業化過程17
第一節 帝俄時期工業化與革命17
第二節 戰時共產主義與新經濟政策24
第三節 史達林及其後的發展32
第三章 工業化與蘇聯黨精英55
第一節 工業化與精英的關聯55
第二節 工業化與黨精英甄選61
第三節 黨精英態度變遷71
第四章 工業化與蘇聯意識型態96
第一節 從列寧到「一國社會主義」96
第二節 赫魯雪夫時期的黨綱領104
第三節 已發展的社會主義112
第五章 結論131
參考書目147
dc.format.extent 115 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype text/html-
dc.relation (關聯) 國立政治大學
dc.relation (關聯) 東亞研究所
dc.relation (關聯) 碩士
dc.relation (關聯) 73
dc.title (題名) 蘇聯黨精英對其政治發展之衝激 : 論工業化與意識型態問題zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesis
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 壹、中文書籍
(1)尹慶耀著，從馬克思、列寧到毛澤東─毛澤東思想探源，台北：中華民國國際關係研究所，民國六十二年三月。
(2)史達林著，列寧主義問題，莫斯科：外國文書籍出版局，一九四九年。
(3)呂亞力著，政治發展與民主，台北：五南圖書出版公司，民國六十八年十月。
(4)列寧選集，北京：人民出版社，一九七三年十月二版。
(5)馬克思恩格斯全集，北京：人民出版社，一九五八年八月。
(6)陳鴻瑜著，政治發展理論，台北：桂冠圖書公司，民國七十一年十月。
(7)華力進著，政治學，台北：經世書局，民國六十九年十一月初版。
(8)雲五社會科學大辭典，第一冊，社會學，第三冊，政治學，台北：台灣商務印書館，民國六十年一月 。
(9)鄭學稼著，列寧評傳，台北：黎明文化公司，民國六十七年三月再版。
(10)鄭學稼著，第三國際史，台北：商務印書館，民國六十五年九月。
貳、中文譯著
(1)雷岱爾著，鄭學稼譯，社會主義思想史，台北：帕米爾書店，民國六十六年四月再版。
(2) Berdyaev, Nicolas Alexandrovich, The Origin of Russian Communism, Traslated by R. C. French. Geoffrey Bless,1948. 鄭學稼譯，俄羅斯共產主義之本原，台北：中華民國國際關係研究所，未註年月。
(3) Djilas, Milovan. The New Class : An Analysis of the Communist System. New York : Praeger, 1957. 譯者佚名，新階級，台北：龍田出版社，民國六十八年五月再版。
(4) Huntington, P. Samuel. Political Order in Changing Societies, ( New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968) 江炳倫、張世賢及陳鴻瑜合譯，轉變中社會的政治秩序，台北：黎明文化事業股份有限公司，民國七十年六月。
叁、英文書籍
(1) Almond, Gabriel A. Political Development: Essays in Heuristic Theory. Boston :Little, Brown and Company. 1970.
(2) ________., and Powell, G. Bingham, JR. Comparative Politics : System, Process, and Policy. 2nd Edition. Boston : Little, Brown and Company, 1978.
(3) Bailes, Kendall E. Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin : Origins of the Soviet Techical Intelligentsia, 1917-1941. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1978.
(4) Baykov, Alexander. The Development of the Soviet Economic System : An Essay on the Experience of Planning in the U.S.S.R. Cambridge : At the Universits Press, 1946.
(5) Breslauer, George W. Khrushchev and Brezhnev as Leaders : Building Authority in Soviet Politics. London : George Allen & Unwin, 1982.
(6) Brzezinski, Zbigniew, and Huntington, Samuel P. Political Power : USA/USSR. New York : The Viking Press, 1964.
(7) ________ . Ideology and Power in Soviet Politics. Revised Edition. New York : Praeger 1967.
(8)________. Between Two Ages : America’s Role in the Technetronic Era. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England : Penguin Books, 1970.
(9) Bullock, Allan, and Stallybrass, Oliver, ed. The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, London : Fontana Books, 1977.
(10) Carr, Edward Hallett. The Bolshevik Revolution 1917～1923, a History of Soviet Russia. Volume 2. New York : The Macmillan Company, 1952.
(11) Churchward, L. G. The Soviet Intelligentsia : An Essay on the Social Structure and Roles of Soviet Intellectuals during the 1960’s. London : Rontledge and kegan Paul, 1973.
(12) Conyngham, William J. Industrial Management in the Soviet Union : The Role of the CPSU in Industrial Decision-Making 1917〜1970. Stanford , California : Hoover Institution Press, 1973.
(13) Dallin, Allexander, and Larson, Thomas B. eds. Soviet Politics Since Khrushchev. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Drentice-Hall, 1968.
(14) Dallin, David J. The Changing World of Soviet Russia. New Haven :Yale University Press, 1956.
(15) Daniels, Robert V. The Nature of Communism. New York : Random House, 1962.
(16)________., ed. a Documentary History of Communism. Volume I. Communism in Russia. Revised Edition. Hanover and London : University Press of New England, 1984.
(17) Dunmore, Timothy. The Stalinist Command Economy: The Soviet State Apparatus and Economic Policy 1945〜53. London : The Macmillan Press, 1980.
(18) Erlich, Alexander. The Soviet Industrialization Debate 1924〜1928. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1967.
(19) Fainsod, Merle. How Russia is Ruled. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957.
(20) Goldman, Marshall I. The Soviet Economy : Myth and Reality. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, 1968.
(21) Gustafson, Thane. Reform in Soviet Politics : Lesson of Recent Policies on Land and Water. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1977.
(22) Harasymiw, Bohdan. Political Elite Recruitment in the Soviet Union. New York : St. Martin’s Press, 1984.
(23) Hoffmann, Erick P., and Laird, Robin F., eds. The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era. New York : Aldine Publishig Co., 1984.
(24) Hough, Jerry F. The Soviet Union and Social Science Theory. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1977.
(25) _______. How the Soviet Union is Governed. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1978.
(26) Hunt, R. N. Carew. The Theory and Practice of Communism : An Introduction. New York : The Macmillan Company, 1962.
(27) Johnson, Chalmers., ed. Change in Communist Systems. Stanford, California : Stanford University Press, 1970.
(28) Katz, Abraham. The Politics of Economic Reform in the Soviet Union. New York : Praeger, 1972.
(29) Kelly, Donald R. , ed. Soviet Politics In the Brezhnev Era. New York : Praeger, 1980.
(30) Kerr, Clark ; Dunlop, John T. ; Harbison, Frederick H. ; and Mayers, Charles A. Industrialism and Industrial Man : The Problems of Labor and Management in Economic Growth. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1960.
(31) Lane, David, The Socialist Industrial State : Towards a Political Sociology of State Socialism. Boulder, Colorado : Westview Press, 1976.
(32)________. Politics & Society in the USSR. 2nd Edition. New York : New York : University Press, 1978.
(33) Leonhard, Wolfang. The Kremlin Since Stalin. Translated by Elizabeth Wiskemann and Marian Jackson . New York : Frederick A. Praeger, 1962.
(34) ________. Three Faces of Maxism : The Political Concepts of Soviet Ideology, Maoism, and Humanist Maxism. New York : Capricorn Books, 1974.
(35) Lodge, Milton C. Soviet Elite Attitudes since Stalin. Columbus, Ohio : Charles E. Merrill, 1969.
(36) Löwenhardt, John. Het Russische Politburo. B.V. Assen, Netherlands : Van Gorcum & Comp., 1978. Translated by Dymphna Clark. The Soviet Politburo New York : St. Martin’s Press, 1982.
(37)Mackenzie, David. A History of Russia and the Soviet Union. Homewood, Illinois : The Dorsey Press, 1977.
(38) Miller, R. F., and Féhér, Ferenc, eds. Khrushchev and the Communist World. Lodon : Croom Helm, 1984.
(39) Rigby, T. H. Communist Party Membership in the U.S.S.R. :1917〜1967. Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press, 1968.
(40) Rubinstein, Alvin Z. Communist Political Systems. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice -Hall, 1966.
(41) Schwartz, Harry. Russia’s Soviet Economy. 2nd Edition. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, 1958.
(42) Seroka, Jim, and Simon, Maurice D. , eds. Developed Socialism in the Soviet Bloc : Political Theory and Political Reality. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1982.
(43) Seton-Watson, Hugh. Nationalism and Communism: Essays 1946〜1963. New York : Frederick A, Praeger, 1962.
(44) Sherman, Howard J. The Soviet Economy. Boston : Little, Brown & Co. , 1969.
(45) Venturi, Franco. Roots of Revolution : A History of the Populist and Socialist Movements in Nineteen Century Russia. Translated by Francis Huskell. London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1960.
(46) Welsh, William A. Leaders and Elites. New York : Holt, Rinehart and winston, 1979.
(47) Wolfe, Bertram D. Revolution and Reality : Essays on the Origin and Fate of the Soviet System. Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press, 1981.
(48) Zaslavski, Victor. The Neo-Stalinist State. Brighton , Sussex, Britain : The Harvester Press, 1982.
肆、英文期刊文章
(1) Almond, Gobriel A., and Powell, G. Bingham, JR. “A Developmental Approach to Political System : An Overview.” In Political Development and Social Change. 2nd Edition. Edited by Jason L. Finkle and Richard W. Gable. New York: John Wiley and sons, 1971.
(2) Black, Cyril E. “The Soviet Union as an Advanced Society. ” In The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era. Edited by Erick P. Hoffmann and Robin F. Laird. New York : Aldine Publishing Co.,1984.
(3) Breslauer, George W. “On the Adaptability of Soviet Welfare-State Authoritarianism. ” In The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era. Edited by Erick P. Hoffmann and Robin F. Laird. New York : Aldine Publishing Co., 1984.
(4) Bunce, Valerie, and Echols Ⅲ , John M. “ Soviet Politics in Brezhnev Era `Pluralism` or `Corporatism` ? ” In Soviet Politics in the Brezhnev Era. Edited by Donald R. Kelly. NewYork : Praeger, 1980.
(5) Chernenko, Konstantin. “True to the Noble Ideals of Socialism. ” STP ( Socialism : Theory and Practice ) 1( January 1985 ) : 6〜8.
(6) _______ . “Living Up to the Standards of Developed Socialism. ” Moscow News spplement to issue No. 1 (3145), 1985 PP. 1〜6.
(7) Féhér, Ferenc. “The Social Character of Khrushchevism : A Transition or A New Phase ? ” In Khrushchev and the Communist World. Edited by R. F. Miller and F. Féhér. London : Croom Helm, 1984.
(8) Feiwel, George R., and Feiwel, Ida. “ Economic Performances and Reforms in the Soviet Union. ” In Soviet Politics in the Brezhnev Era. Edited by D. R. Kelly. New York : Praeger, 1980.
(9)Fitzpatrick, Sheila. “Stalin and the Making of a New Elite, 1928-1939. ” Slavic Review 38 ( September 1979 ) : 377〜402.
(10)Ford, Robert A.D. “The Soviet Union : The Next Decade. ” Foreign Affairs 62 ( Summer 1984 ) : 1132〜1144.
(11) Gerschenkron, Alexander. “The Problem of Economic Development in Russian Intellectual History of the Nineteen Century. ” In Continuity and Change In Russian and Soviet Thought. Edited by Ernest J. Simons, Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1955.
(12) Goodman, Elliot R. “ The Brezhnev-Andropov Legacy: Implications for the Future. ” Survey 28 ( Summer 1984 ) : 34〜69.
(13) Hahn, W. Jeffrey. “ Is Developed Socialism a Soviet Version of Convergence ? ” In Developed Socialism in the Soviet Bloc : Political Theory and Political Reality. Edited by Jim Seroka and Maurice D. Simon. Boulder, Colorado : Westview Press, 1982.
(14) Hammer , Darrell P. “ Brezhnev and the Communist Party. ” in The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era. Edited by Erick P. Hoffmann and Robin F. Laird. New York : Aldine Publishing Co., 1984.
(15) Hough, Jerry F. “ The Brezhnev Era : The Man and the System. ” Problems of Communism 25 ( March-April 1976 ) : 1〜17.
(16) _______ .“ The Generation Gap and the Brezhnev Succession. ” Problems of Communism 28 ( July- August 1979 ) : 1〜16.
(17) _______ . “ The Communist Party. ” In Soviet Politics in the Brezhnev Era. Edited by D. R. Kelly. New York : Praeger, 1980.
(18) Johnson, Chalmers. “Comparing Communist Nations. ” In Change in Communist Systems . Edited by C. Johnson. Stanford, California : Stanford University Press, 1970.
(19) Kelly, R. Donald. “Developed Socialism : a Political Formula for the Brezhnev Era.” In Developed Socialism in the Soviet Bloc : Political Theory and Political Reality. Edited by Jim Seroka and Maurice D. Simon. Boulder, Colorado : Westview Press, 1982.
(20) Laird, Robin F. “The Competition between Soviet Conservertives and Modernizers : Domestic and International Aspects. ” In The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era. Edited by Erick P. Hoff-mann and R. F. Laird. New York : Aldine Publishing Co., 1984.
(21) Lasswell, Harold D. “ Introduction : The Study of Political Elites.” In World Revolutionary Elites : Studies in Coercive Ideological Movements. 2nd Edition. Edited by H. D. Lasswell and Daniel Lerner. Cambridge, Massachusetts : The M. I. T. Press, 1967.
(22) Leonhard, Wolfang. “Politics and Ideology in the Post -Khrushchev Era. ” In Soviet Politics Since Khrushchev. Edited by Allexander Dallin and Thomas B. Larson. Englewood Cliffs., N.J. : Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.
(23) Löwenthal, Richard. “ Development vs. Utopia in Communist Policy. ” In Change in Communist Systems. Edited by Chalmers Johnson. Stanford, California : Stanford University Press, 1970.
(24) Luke, Timothy W. “The Proletarian Ethic and Soviet Industrialization.” The American Political Science Review 77 ( September 1983 ) : 588〜600.
(25) Matossian, Marry. “ Ideologies of Delayed Industrialization. ” In Political Development and Social Change. 2nd Edition. Edited by Jason L. Finkle and Richard W. Gable. New York : John Wiley & Sons, 1971.
(26) Meyer, Alfred G. “ The Functions of Ideology in the Soviet Political System”. In Comparative Communism : the Soviet, Chinese, and Yugoslav Models. Edited by Gary K. Bertsch and Thomas W. Ganchow. San Francisco : W. H. Freeman and Company, 1976.
(27) Miller, Robert F. “Khrushchev and the Soviet Economy : Management by Re-organization. ” In Khrushchev and the Communist World. Edited by R. F. Miller and F. Féhér. London : Croom Helm, 1984.
(28) Parsons, Talcott. “Some Principal Characteristics of Industrial Societies. ” In The Transformation of Russian Society : Aspects of Social Change Since 1861. Edited by Cyril E. Black. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1960.
(29) Pye, Lucien W. “The Concept of Political Development. ” In Political Development and Social Change . 2nd Edition. Edited by Jason L. Finkle and Richard W. Gable. New York : John Wiley & Sons, 1971.
(30) Roberts, Paul Craig. “War Communism : a Re-examination. ” Slavic Review 29 ( June 1970 ) : 238〜261.
(31) Schueller, George K. “ The Politburo. ” In World Revolutionary Elites : Studies in Coercive Ideological Movements. 2nd Edition. Edited by H. D. Lasswell and D. Lerner. Cambridge, Massachusetts : The M. I. T. Press, 1967.
(32) Schwartz, Solomon M. “Populism and Early Russian Marxism on Ways of Economic Development of Russia. ” In Continuity and Change In Russian and Soviet Thought. Edited by Ernest J. Simons. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1955.
(33) Seligman, Lester G. “ Elite Recruitment and Political Development. ” In Political Development and Social Change. 2nd Edition. Edited by Jason L. Finkle and Richard W. Gable. New York John Wiley & Sons, 1971.
(34) Theen, Rolf H. W. “ Party and Bureaucracy. ” In The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era. Edited by Erick P. Hoffmann and Robin F. Laird. New York : Aldine Publishing Co., 1984.
(35) Theodorson, George A. “Acceptance of Industrialization and It’s Attendant Consequences for the Social Pattern of Non-Western Societies. ” In Political Development and Social Change. 2nd Edition. Edited by Jason L. Finkle and Richard W. Gable. New York : John Wiley & Sons, 1971.