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題名 我國執業會計師風險態度及其相關因素之研究
作者 陳滄河
貢獻者 吳靜吉
陳滄河
日期 1985
上傳時間 14-Nov-2016 16:02:09 (UTC+8)
摘要 論文提要
由於風險與不確定性在人類的決策過程中扮演著極重要之角色,而會計師執業所面臨的風險及不確定日益增加,因此會計師面臨風險之態度如何,將對其決策有重大影響。為了瞭解會計師之決策行為模式,實有必要對會計師之風險態度及影響因素加以研究證實。
本論文係對我國執業會計師執業風險及影響其風險態度之因素作一探討,以文獻探討及實證方法進行研究,對於某些個人背景變項與會計師風險態度間之關係加以研究,以明瞭會計師的風險態度,同時對我國會計師專業提供更多有關風險之資訊,以利會計師專業之發展。
感言 貳
圖表目次 伍
第一章 緒論1
第一節 研究動機及目的1
第二節 研究假設3
第三節 操作定義4
第四節 研究限制5
第五節 論文結構6
第二章 相關文獻之探討(一) - 一般風險7
第一節 風險的本質7
第二節 影響風險態度的因素11
第三節 處理風險的方法25
第四節 彙總30
第三章 相關文獻之探討(二) - 風險對會計理論與審計實務之影響38
第一節 風險對會計理論及實務之影響38
第二節 審計實務上之攸關風險44
第三節 彙總與結論62
第四章 研究方法70
第一節 研究對象及施測過程70
第二節 測量工具73
第三節 分析方法94
第五章 結果與分析96
第一節 我國會計師的風險態度96
第二節 我國執業會計師風險態度相關因素之實證研究101
第三節 我國會計師之素描157
第六章 結論與建議161
第一節 結論161
第二節 對會計師事務所之意義及建議167
第三節 後續研究之建議169
參考書目174
圖表目次
圖 4 - 1 :本研究之分析架構95
表 3 - 1 :查帳準則與風險62
表 4 - 1 :問卷發出及收回數目統計表71
表 4 - 2 :受測樣本基本資料統計表71
表 4 - 3 :我國執業會計師一般風險態度因素分析結果79
表 4 - 4 :我國執業會計師一般風險態度各因素所包含的題目及因素負荷量79
表 4 - 5 :美國會計師一般風險態度各因素所包含的題目81
表 4 - 6 :我國會計師在「兩難抉擇」問卷各分量表的α係數值表83
表 4 - 7 :淡大會計系學生在「兩難抉擇」問卷各分量表及總分上的再測相關表84
表 4 - 8 :「兩難抉擇」問卷每個題目和總分間相關係數表85
表 4 - 9 :一般風險各構面及整體風險之相關係數表86
表 4 - 10:自認風險趨向在一般風險態度上的變異數分析結果87
表 4 - 11:淡大會計系學生在審計風險各題的再測相關表89
表 4 - 12:自認風險趨向在審計風險態度上變異數分析結果90
表 4 - 13:美國大學生在工作與家庭取向量表各分量表上的α係數值92
表 5 - 1 :中、美會計師及淡大學生對一般風險反應之平均數及標準差98
表 5 - 2 :中、美會計師及淡大學生在一般風險態度上各題平均數差異之考驗100
表 5 - 3 :男女在風險態度上之變異數分析結果103
表 5 - 4 :年齡在風險態度上之變異數分析結果105
表 5 - 5 :婚姻在風險態度上變異數分析結果108
表 5 - 6 :子女人數在風險態度上變異數分析結果111
表 5 - 7 :宗教信仰在風險態度上變異數分析結果112
表 5 - 8 :政黨在風險態度上變異數分析結果114
表 5 - 9 :學歷在風險態度上變異數分析結果117
表 5 - 10:大學教育所在地在風險態度上變異數分析結果119
表 5 - 11:生長地方在風險態度上變異數分析結果122
表 5 - 12:目前住所在風險態度上變異數分析結果123
表 5 - 13:目前月薪在風險態度上變異數分析結果125
表 5 - 14:支出在風險態度上變異數分析結果127
表 5 - 15:職位在風險態度上變異數分析結果129
表 5 - 16:職務在風險態度上變異數分析結果133
表 5 - 17:事務所規模在風險態度上變異數分析結果135
表 5 - 18:會計經驗在風險態度上變異數分析結果137
表 5 - 19:受試者在精熟、工作取向、競爭、個人不在意四分量表上高、中、低分組的分數界定標準表140
表 5 - 20:精熟在風險態度上變異數分析結果143
表 5 - 21:工作取向在風險態度上變異數分析結果145
表 5 - 22:競爭在風險態度上變異數分析結果147
表 5 - 23:個人不在意在風險態度上變異數分析結果151
表 5 - 24:中、美會計師各變項在風險態度上分析結果彙總表155
表 5 - 25:一般風險因素之平均原始分數158
表 5 - 26:我國會計師、師專生、大專生、公務員、小學教師及美國大學生在工作與家庭取向量表各分量表上的平均數及標準差對照表159
參考文獻 一、中文書籍
1.中華民國會計師公會全國聯合會查帳準則委員會,查帳準則公報第一號:一般公認查帳準則總綱,民國七十二年。
2.中華民國會計師公會全國聯合會簽證業務促進會,"會計師事務所查帳品質管制規範"民國七十三年十二月。
3.余昭,人格心理學,(台北:三民書局,民國六十六年)。
4.林清山,心理教育統計學,(台北:東華書局,民國六十九年六版)。
5.施文森,保險學,(台北:五南圖書出版公司,民國七十年修正二版)。
6.查帳委員會,查帳準則公報第二號:查帳報告處理準則,民國七十二年。
7.袁宗蔚,保險學,(台北:三民書局有限公司,民國五十三年六月再版)。
8.高松譯,審計準則報告彙編,(台北:自版,民國七十年初版)。
9.馮拙人譯,審計學原理,(台北:大中國圖書公司,民國七十一年)。
10.鄭丁旺,中級會計學上下冊,(台北:政大會計研究叢書/1023,民國六十九年)。
11.鄭丁旺,現值會計,(台北:政大會計研究叢書/1022,民國六十九年)。
12.賴崇慶譯,「美國會計師制度」,會計師會訊第卅一期(台北:中華民國會計師公會全國聯合會,民國七十三年元月)。
二、未出版論文
1.王立瑋,"會計師事務所品質控制與同業評鑑之研究",(國立政治大學會計研究所碩士論文,民國七十年)。
2.吳子輝,"內外控取向與自由選擇對於閱讀測驗成績之影響",(國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文,民國六十四年)。
3.林寶彩,"審計人員獨立性問題之研究",(台北:國立政治大學會計研究所碩士論文,民國七十年)。
4.康淑珍,"審計憑證品質與審計風險之研究",(台北:國立政治大學會計研究所碩士論文,民國七十年)。
5.莊書彰,"企業家成就動機與新產品創新之關係研究",(國立政治大學企管研究所碩士論文,民國六十七年)。
6.許俐雅,"審計溝通功能之研究 - 投資者對於審計報告之了解",(台北:國立政治大學會計研究所碩士論文,民國七十三年)。
7.陳惠卿,"我國會計師社會形象之研究",(國立政治大學會計研究所碩士論文,民國七十二年)。
8.詹素嬌,"我國證管會對公開發行公司財務公開監督功能之研究",(國立政治大學會計研究所碩士論文,民國七十年)。
9.葉鴻濱,"資本支出之風險分析"(東吳大學會計研究所碩士論文民國七十三年)。
三、英文書籍及期刊
l. Alker, H "Rationality and Achievement: A Comparison of the Atkinson-McClelland and Kogan-Wallach Formulations, "Journal of Personality 37 (1969): 207-24.
2. American Accounting Association 1964 Concepts and Standards Research Study Committee, The Realization Concept, "The Realization Concept", The Accounting Review, Vol. 40, April 1965.
3. James L. Athearn, Risk and Insurance, (West Publishing Co. 1977) pp 3-5.
4. J. W. Atkinson, An Introduction to Motivation (Princetion, New Jersey: Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1964), pp. 240-68.
5. J. W. Atkinson and J. O. Raynor, Motivation and Achievement , (N.Y.: John Wiley Sons, 1974), pp. 13-18.
6. J. W. Atkinson et al., "The Achievement Motive, Goal-setting, and Probability Preferences," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 60 (1960): 27-36.
7. Basic Concepts and Accounting Principles Underlying Financial Statement of Business Enterprise", APB Statement No. 4 (N. Y.: AICPA), Par. 134.
8. J. Bem, "The Concept of Risk in the Study of Human Behavior, " in Risk-taking Behavior, ed. Richard E. Carney (Springfield, Massachusetts: Thomas, 1971), p.8.
9. Leopold A. Bernstein, Financial Statement Analysis: Theory, Application, and Interpretation, Third edition, 1983, p.12
10. Jack Botwinick, "Disinclination to Venture Response Versus Cautiousness in Responding: Age Differences," Journal of Genetic Psychology 115 (1969): 55-62.
11. Buchan, Peter "An Inquiry Into the Risk Taking Attitudes of Managers" (University of Michigan, 1969) ,132-34.
12. Burton, John C. "Criticism with Love: An Educator Looks at CPAs." The Arthur Young Journal (Winter/Apring 1971): 16-22
13. "Fair Presentation: Another View", The CPA Journal 45 (June 1975):14
14. Cecil, Earl A. "Factors Affecting Individual Risk Taking Attitudes, "The Journal of Psychology 82 (1972), p. 225.
15. Cecil, Earl A. "Factors Affecting Individual Risk-Taking Attitudes," Journal of Psychology 82 (1972):223-25
16. Committee On Auditing Procedure, Statement, Section 230.03
17. Decoster, Don T. and John Grant Rhode, "The Accountant`s Stereotype: Real or Imagined, Deserved or Unwarranted," The Accounting Review 46 (Oct. 1972), p.651
18. Dickinson, Arthur Lowes, Accounting Practice and Procedure (N.Y. The Ronald Press Co. 1914): 94.
19. Dicksee, Lawrence R. Advanced Accounting, (London: Gee & Co. 1903), p.5
20. Dicksee, Lawrence R. Auditing, (london: Gee & Co. 1903), p.179.
21. Dictionary of Insurance Terms, (Washington, D.C.: US. chamber of Commerce, 1949), p.5.
22. A Dictionary of the Social Science, 1969 ed., S. V. "Risk", by Mary Jean Bowan.
23. Edward, Ward, "Subjective Probabilities Inferred from Decisions," Psychological Review 69 (1962): 109-35
24. Edward, Ward, "Probability-Preferences in Gambling," American Journal of Psychology 66 (1953): 349-64
25. Feather, N. T., "Subjective Probability and Decision Under Uncertainty," Psychological Review 66 (1959): 150-64.
26. Fish, Irving, The Theory of Interest (New York: Reprints of Economics Classics, 1965), pp.76-79.
27. Friedman, Milton, and Leonard Savage, "The Utility Analysis of Choices Involving Risk," Journal of Political Economy 4 (1948), p.279-304.
28. George Mandler et al, New Directions in Psychology: III (N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1967), p.143.
29. Goodnow, Jacqueline J.: Response Sequences in a Pair of Two-choice Probability Situations," American Journal of Psychology 68 (1955): 624-30.
30. Greene, Mark R., Risk and Insurance, (NY: South-Western Publishing Co. 1973), pp 2-3.
31. Hardy, Chorles Co., Risk and Risk-Bearing (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1931), p.66.
32. Hatfield, Henry Rand, Accounting: Its Principles & Problems, (N.Y.: D. Appletion-Century Company, 1927), p.99.
33. Higbee, Kenneth L., and Siegfried Sturefort, "Perceived Control and Riskiness," Psychonomic Science 17 (1969): 105-06.
34. Isbell, David B. and D. R. Camichael, "Disclaimers and Liab-The Rhode Island Trust Case", The Journal of Accountancy 135 (April 1973): 38.
35. Kipnis, D. and A. S. Glickman, "The Development of a Non-cognitude Battery : Prediction of Radiomen`s Performance," Burean of Navel Personal Technical Bulletin, June, 1959.
36. Knight, F. H., Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, (London: London School of Economics and Political Science, Series of Reprints of Scarce Tracts, No. 16. 1933), pp 19-20, pp 197-232.
37. Kogan, N. and M. A. Wallach, Risk Taking (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. 1964)
38. Kogan, N. and Michael Wallach, "Sex Differences and Judgment Processes," Journal of Personality 27 (1959): 555-64.
39. Kogan, N. and Michael Wallach, "Aspects of Judgment and Decision-Making: Interrelationship and Changes with Age," Behavioral Sciences 6 (1961): 32.
40. Kramer, Allan, "The Significance of The Hochfelder Decision", CPA Journal 46 (August 1976): 11-12.
41. Lichtenstein, Sarah, "Bases for Preferences Among Three-outcome Bets," Journal of Experimental Psychology 69 (1965): 162-69.
42. Liverant, S. and A. Scodel, "Internal and External Control as Determinants of Decision Making Under Conditions of Risk," Psychological Reports 27 (1970):59-60.
43. MacNeal, Kenneth, Truth in Accounting, (Lawrence, Kanas: Scholars Book Co. 1939), pp.73-74.
44. Martuza, Victor R., "An Investigation of the Eftecting of Strutegy Availibility, Bankroll, and Sex on Risk-taking Behavior Measured in a Psychomatric Context, Journal of Personality 38 (1970): 146-59.
45. Maslow, Abraham, Eupsychian Management (New York: Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1961), pp. 214-15.
46. McClelland, D. C., The Achieving Society (N.Y.: D. Van Nostrand Co. Inc. 1961), p.212.
47. McGlothin, W. H., "Stability of Choice Among Uncertain Alternatives," American Journal of Psychology 69 (1956): 604-15.
48. Mahone, C. H., "Fear of Failure and Unrealistic Vocational Aspiration," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 60 (1960): 253-54.
49. Morris, R. P., "An Explanatory Study of Some Personality Characteristics of Gambles", Journal of Clinical Psychology 13 (1957): 191-93
50. Mosteller, F. and P. Nogee, "An Experimental Measurement of Utility", Journal of Political Economy 59 (1951) : 371-404.
51. Neumann, John Von and Oskar Morgenstern, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1947), p.20.
52. Okun, Morris A. and Francis J. di Vesta, "Cautiousness in Adulthood as a Function of age and Instructions," Journal of Gerontology 31 (September 1976): 571-76.
53. Parker, R. H., "lower of Cost or Market in Britain and United States: An Historical Survey", Abacus 1 (Dec. 1965): 158-59.
54. Plax, Timothy G. and Laurence B. Rosenfield, "Correlate of Risky Decision-Making", Journal of Personality Assessment 40 (August 1966): 416-17.
55. Roberts, Glyn C., "Sex and Achievement Motivation Effects on Risk-taking, "Research Quarterly 46 (March 1975): 58-70.
56. Rotter, Julian and Ray C. mulry, "Internal Versus External Control of Reinforcement and Decision Time," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2 (1965): 598-604.
57. Rowe, Willian D., An Anatomy of Risk, (A Wiley-Inter-science Publication 1977) pp 23-25.
58. Ryder, Paul and Ray Pike, "Criteria Placement in Detection: Implications for Kogan and Wallach`s Theory of Risk-taking", Australian Journal of Psychology.
59. Schodel, A. P. Ratoosh, and J. Mines, "Some Personality Correlates of Decision Making under Conditions of Risk," Behavioral Science, IV (1959), 11-18.
60. Slovic, Paul, "Differential Effects of Real Versus Hypothetical Payofts on Choices Among Gambles," Journal of Experimental Psychology 80 (1969): 434-37.
61. Sprague, Charles E., The Philosophy of Accounts, (Lawrence, Kansas: Scholars Book Co. 1907), pp.44-47.
62. Steiner, J., M. Jarris, and J. Parrish, "Risk Taking and Arousal Regulation,` British Journal of Medical Psychology 43 (1970): 336.
63. Sterling, Robert R., Accounting Collquim III (University of Kansas, 1973), p.40.
64. Steward, R.E., B. Com., "Independence: The Auditor`s Cornerstone", The Accounting Journals, Oct. 1977, p333.
65. Strickland, L. H., R. J. Lewicki, and A.M. Katz, "Temporal Orientation and Perceived Control as Determinants of Risk-taking," Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2 (1966): 143.
66. Vroom, Victor H. and Bernd Pahl, "Relationship Between Age and Risk Taking Among Managers," Journal of Psychology 55 (October 1971): 339-405.
67. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged (Springfield, Mass.: G & C Merrian Co. 1961), p.1961
68. Welsch, Glenn A., Charles T. Zlatkovich and John A. White, Intermediate Accounting (Homewood, III. Richard ID. Irwin Inc. 1976), p.109.
69. Willett, A.H., The Economic Theory of Risk and Insurance (New York: Columbia University Press, 1901,), p.24.
70. Wright, Martin, Jimmy: A Study of Procticing CPAs` Risk Profiles to Determinate Attribute Relevant to The Certified Public Accountant’s Personality and Practice", p.208.
關聯 國立政治大學
會計研究所
碩士
73
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 吳靜吉
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳滄河
dc.creator (作者) 陳滄河zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 1985
dc.date.accessioned 14-Nov-2016 16:02:09 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 14-Nov-2016 16:02:09 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 14-Nov-2016 16:02:09 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/103970-
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 論文提要
由於風險與不確定性在人類的決策過程中扮演著極重要之角色,而會計師執業所面臨的風險及不確定日益增加,因此會計師面臨風險之態度如何,將對其決策有重大影響。為了瞭解會計師之決策行為模式,實有必要對會計師之風險態度及影響因素加以研究證實。
本論文係對我國執業會計師執業風險及影響其風險態度之因素作一探討,以文獻探討及實證方法進行研究,對於某些個人背景變項與會計師風險態度間之關係加以研究,以明瞭會計師的風險態度,同時對我國會計師專業提供更多有關風險之資訊,以利會計師專業之發展。
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 感言 貳
圖表目次 伍
第一章 緒論1
第一節 研究動機及目的1
第二節 研究假設3
第三節 操作定義4
第四節 研究限制5
第五節 論文結構6
第二章 相關文獻之探討(一) - 一般風險7
第一節 風險的本質7
第二節 影響風險態度的因素11
第三節 處理風險的方法25
第四節 彙總30
第三章 相關文獻之探討(二) - 風險對會計理論與審計實務之影響38
第一節 風險對會計理論及實務之影響38
第二節 審計實務上之攸關風險44
第三節 彙總與結論62
第四章 研究方法70
第一節 研究對象及施測過程70
第二節 測量工具73
第三節 分析方法94
第五章 結果與分析96
第一節 我國會計師的風險態度96
第二節 我國執業會計師風險態度相關因素之實證研究101
第三節 我國會計師之素描157
第六章 結論與建議161
第一節 結論161
第二節 對會計師事務所之意義及建議167
第三節 後續研究之建議169
參考書目174
圖表目次
圖 4 - 1 :本研究之分析架構95
表 3 - 1 :查帳準則與風險62
表 4 - 1 :問卷發出及收回數目統計表71
表 4 - 2 :受測樣本基本資料統計表71
表 4 - 3 :我國執業會計師一般風險態度因素分析結果79
表 4 - 4 :我國執業會計師一般風險態度各因素所包含的題目及因素負荷量79
表 4 - 5 :美國會計師一般風險態度各因素所包含的題目81
表 4 - 6 :我國會計師在「兩難抉擇」問卷各分量表的α係數值表83
表 4 - 7 :淡大會計系學生在「兩難抉擇」問卷各分量表及總分上的再測相關表84
表 4 - 8 :「兩難抉擇」問卷每個題目和總分間相關係數表85
表 4 - 9 :一般風險各構面及整體風險之相關係數表86
表 4 - 10:自認風險趨向在一般風險態度上的變異數分析結果87
表 4 - 11:淡大會計系學生在審計風險各題的再測相關表89
表 4 - 12:自認風險趨向在審計風險態度上變異數分析結果90
表 4 - 13:美國大學生在工作與家庭取向量表各分量表上的α係數值92
表 5 - 1 :中、美會計師及淡大學生對一般風險反應之平均數及標準差98
表 5 - 2 :中、美會計師及淡大學生在一般風險態度上各題平均數差異之考驗100
表 5 - 3 :男女在風險態度上之變異數分析結果103
表 5 - 4 :年齡在風險態度上之變異數分析結果105
表 5 - 5 :婚姻在風險態度上變異數分析結果108
表 5 - 6 :子女人數在風險態度上變異數分析結果111
表 5 - 7 :宗教信仰在風險態度上變異數分析結果112
表 5 - 8 :政黨在風險態度上變異數分析結果114
表 5 - 9 :學歷在風險態度上變異數分析結果117
表 5 - 10:大學教育所在地在風險態度上變異數分析結果119
表 5 - 11:生長地方在風險態度上變異數分析結果122
表 5 - 12:目前住所在風險態度上變異數分析結果123
表 5 - 13:目前月薪在風險態度上變異數分析結果125
表 5 - 14:支出在風險態度上變異數分析結果127
表 5 - 15:職位在風險態度上變異數分析結果129
表 5 - 16:職務在風險態度上變異數分析結果133
表 5 - 17:事務所規模在風險態度上變異數分析結果135
表 5 - 18:會計經驗在風險態度上變異數分析結果137
表 5 - 19:受試者在精熟、工作取向、競爭、個人不在意四分量表上高、中、低分組的分數界定標準表140
表 5 - 20:精熟在風險態度上變異數分析結果143
表 5 - 21:工作取向在風險態度上變異數分析結果145
表 5 - 22:競爭在風險態度上變異數分析結果147
表 5 - 23:個人不在意在風險態度上變異數分析結果151
表 5 - 24:中、美會計師各變項在風險態度上分析結果彙總表155
表 5 - 25:一般風險因素之平均原始分數158
表 5 - 26:我國會計師、師專生、大專生、公務員、小學教師及美國大學生在工作與家庭取向量表各分量表上的平均數及標準差對照表159
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dc.format.mimetype text/html-
dc.relation (關聯) 國立政治大學
dc.relation (關聯) 會計研究所
dc.relation (關聯) 碩士
dc.relation (關聯) 73
dc.title (題名) 我國執業會計師風險態度及其相關因素之研究zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesis
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文書籍
1.中華民國會計師公會全國聯合會查帳準則委員會,查帳準則公報第一號:一般公認查帳準則總綱,民國七十二年。
2.中華民國會計師公會全國聯合會簽證業務促進會,"會計師事務所查帳品質管制規範"民國七十三年十二月。
3.余昭,人格心理學,(台北:三民書局,民國六十六年)。
4.林清山,心理教育統計學,(台北:東華書局,民國六十九年六版)。
5.施文森,保險學,(台北:五南圖書出版公司,民國七十年修正二版)。
6.查帳委員會,查帳準則公報第二號:查帳報告處理準則,民國七十二年。
7.袁宗蔚,保險學,(台北:三民書局有限公司,民國五十三年六月再版)。
8.高松譯,審計準則報告彙編,(台北:自版,民國七十年初版)。
9.馮拙人譯,審計學原理,(台北:大中國圖書公司,民國七十一年)。
10.鄭丁旺,中級會計學上下冊,(台北:政大會計研究叢書/1023,民國六十九年)。
11.鄭丁旺,現值會計,(台北:政大會計研究叢書/1022,民國六十九年)。
12.賴崇慶譯,「美國會計師制度」,會計師會訊第卅一期(台北:中華民國會計師公會全國聯合會,民國七十三年元月)。
二、未出版論文
1.王立瑋,"會計師事務所品質控制與同業評鑑之研究",(國立政治大學會計研究所碩士論文,民國七十年)。
2.吳子輝,"內外控取向與自由選擇對於閱讀測驗成績之影響",(國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文,民國六十四年)。
3.林寶彩,"審計人員獨立性問題之研究",(台北:國立政治大學會計研究所碩士論文,民國七十年)。
4.康淑珍,"審計憑證品質與審計風險之研究",(台北:國立政治大學會計研究所碩士論文,民國七十年)。
5.莊書彰,"企業家成就動機與新產品創新之關係研究",(國立政治大學企管研究所碩士論文,民國六十七年)。
6.許俐雅,"審計溝通功能之研究 - 投資者對於審計報告之了解",(台北:國立政治大學會計研究所碩士論文,民國七十三年)。
7.陳惠卿,"我國會計師社會形象之研究",(國立政治大學會計研究所碩士論文,民國七十二年)。
8.詹素嬌,"我國證管會對公開發行公司財務公開監督功能之研究",(國立政治大學會計研究所碩士論文,民國七十年)。
9.葉鴻濱,"資本支出之風險分析"(東吳大學會計研究所碩士論文民國七十三年)。
三、英文書籍及期刊
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4. J. W. Atkinson, An Introduction to Motivation (Princetion, New Jersey: Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1964), pp. 240-68.
5. J. W. Atkinson and J. O. Raynor, Motivation and Achievement , (N.Y.: John Wiley Sons, 1974), pp. 13-18.
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11. Buchan, Peter "An Inquiry Into the Risk Taking Attitudes of Managers" (University of Michigan, 1969) ,132-34.
12. Burton, John C. "Criticism with Love: An Educator Looks at CPAs." The Arthur Young Journal (Winter/Apring 1971): 16-22
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14. Cecil, Earl A. "Factors Affecting Individual Risk Taking Attitudes, "The Journal of Psychology 82 (1972), p. 225.
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16. Committee On Auditing Procedure, Statement, Section 230.03
17. Decoster, Don T. and John Grant Rhode, "The Accountant`s Stereotype: Real or Imagined, Deserved or Unwarranted," The Accounting Review 46 (Oct. 1972), p.651
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19. Dicksee, Lawrence R. Advanced Accounting, (London: Gee & Co. 1903), p.5
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22. A Dictionary of the Social Science, 1969 ed., S. V. "Risk", by Mary Jean Bowan.
23. Edward, Ward, "Subjective Probabilities Inferred from Decisions," Psychological Review 69 (1962): 109-35
24. Edward, Ward, "Probability-Preferences in Gambling," American Journal of Psychology 66 (1953): 349-64
25. Feather, N. T., "Subjective Probability and Decision Under Uncertainty," Psychological Review 66 (1959): 150-64.
26. Fish, Irving, The Theory of Interest (New York: Reprints of Economics Classics, 1965), pp.76-79.
27. Friedman, Milton, and Leonard Savage, "The Utility Analysis of Choices Involving Risk," Journal of Political Economy 4 (1948), p.279-304.
28. George Mandler et al, New Directions in Psychology: III (N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1967), p.143.
29. Goodnow, Jacqueline J.: Response Sequences in a Pair of Two-choice Probability Situations," American Journal of Psychology 68 (1955): 624-30.
30. Greene, Mark R., Risk and Insurance, (NY: South-Western Publishing Co. 1973), pp 2-3.
31. Hardy, Chorles Co., Risk and Risk-Bearing (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1931), p.66.
32. Hatfield, Henry Rand, Accounting: Its Principles & Problems, (N.Y.: D. Appletion-Century Company, 1927), p.99.
33. Higbee, Kenneth L., and Siegfried Sturefort, "Perceived Control and Riskiness," Psychonomic Science 17 (1969): 105-06.
34. Isbell, David B. and D. R. Camichael, "Disclaimers and Liab-The Rhode Island Trust Case", The Journal of Accountancy 135 (April 1973): 38.
35. Kipnis, D. and A. S. Glickman, "The Development of a Non-cognitude Battery : Prediction of Radiomen`s Performance," Burean of Navel Personal Technical Bulletin, June, 1959.
36. Knight, F. H., Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, (London: London School of Economics and Political Science, Series of Reprints of Scarce Tracts, No. 16. 1933), pp 19-20, pp 197-232.
37. Kogan, N. and M. A. Wallach, Risk Taking (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. 1964)
38. Kogan, N. and Michael Wallach, "Sex Differences and Judgment Processes," Journal of Personality 27 (1959): 555-64.
39. Kogan, N. and Michael Wallach, "Aspects of Judgment and Decision-Making: Interrelationship and Changes with Age," Behavioral Sciences 6 (1961): 32.
40. Kramer, Allan, "The Significance of The Hochfelder Decision", CPA Journal 46 (August 1976): 11-12.
41. Lichtenstein, Sarah, "Bases for Preferences Among Three-outcome Bets," Journal of Experimental Psychology 69 (1965): 162-69.
42. Liverant, S. and A. Scodel, "Internal and External Control as Determinants of Decision Making Under Conditions of Risk," Psychological Reports 27 (1970):59-60.
43. MacNeal, Kenneth, Truth in Accounting, (Lawrence, Kanas: Scholars Book Co. 1939), pp.73-74.
44. Martuza, Victor R., "An Investigation of the Eftecting of Strutegy Availibility, Bankroll, and Sex on Risk-taking Behavior Measured in a Psychomatric Context, Journal of Personality 38 (1970): 146-59.
45. Maslow, Abraham, Eupsychian Management (New York: Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1961), pp. 214-15.
46. McClelland, D. C., The Achieving Society (N.Y.: D. Van Nostrand Co. Inc. 1961), p.212.
47. McGlothin, W. H., "Stability of Choice Among Uncertain Alternatives," American Journal of Psychology 69 (1956): 604-15.
48. Mahone, C. H., "Fear of Failure and Unrealistic Vocational Aspiration," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 60 (1960): 253-54.
49. Morris, R. P., "An Explanatory Study of Some Personality Characteristics of Gambles", Journal of Clinical Psychology 13 (1957): 191-93
50. Mosteller, F. and P. Nogee, "An Experimental Measurement of Utility", Journal of Political Economy 59 (1951) : 371-404.
51. Neumann, John Von and Oskar Morgenstern, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1947), p.20.
52. Okun, Morris A. and Francis J. di Vesta, "Cautiousness in Adulthood as a Function of age and Instructions," Journal of Gerontology 31 (September 1976): 571-76.
53. Parker, R. H., "lower of Cost or Market in Britain and United States: An Historical Survey", Abacus 1 (Dec. 1965): 158-59.
54. Plax, Timothy G. and Laurence B. Rosenfield, "Correlate of Risky Decision-Making", Journal of Personality Assessment 40 (August 1966): 416-17.
55. Roberts, Glyn C., "Sex and Achievement Motivation Effects on Risk-taking, "Research Quarterly 46 (March 1975): 58-70.
56. Rotter, Julian and Ray C. mulry, "Internal Versus External Control of Reinforcement and Decision Time," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2 (1965): 598-604.
57. Rowe, Willian D., An Anatomy of Risk, (A Wiley-Inter-science Publication 1977) pp 23-25.
58. Ryder, Paul and Ray Pike, "Criteria Placement in Detection: Implications for Kogan and Wallach`s Theory of Risk-taking", Australian Journal of Psychology.
59. Schodel, A. P. Ratoosh, and J. Mines, "Some Personality Correlates of Decision Making under Conditions of Risk," Behavioral Science, IV (1959), 11-18.
60. Slovic, Paul, "Differential Effects of Real Versus Hypothetical Payofts on Choices Among Gambles," Journal of Experimental Psychology 80 (1969): 434-37.
61. Sprague, Charles E., The Philosophy of Accounts, (Lawrence, Kansas: Scholars Book Co. 1907), pp.44-47.
62. Steiner, J., M. Jarris, and J. Parrish, "Risk Taking and Arousal Regulation,` British Journal of Medical Psychology 43 (1970): 336.
63. Sterling, Robert R., Accounting Collquim III (University of Kansas, 1973), p.40.
64. Steward, R.E., B. Com., "Independence: The Auditor`s Cornerstone", The Accounting Journals, Oct. 1977, p333.
65. Strickland, L. H., R. J. Lewicki, and A.M. Katz, "Temporal Orientation and Perceived Control as Determinants of Risk-taking," Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2 (1966): 143.
66. Vroom, Victor H. and Bernd Pahl, "Relationship Between Age and Risk Taking Among Managers," Journal of Psychology 55 (October 1971): 339-405.
67. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged (Springfield, Mass.: G & C Merrian Co. 1961), p.1961
68. Welsch, Glenn A., Charles T. Zlatkovich and John A. White, Intermediate Accounting (Homewood, III. Richard ID. Irwin Inc. 1976), p.109.
69. Willett, A.H., The Economic Theory of Risk and Insurance (New York: Columbia University Press, 1901,), p.24.
70. Wright, Martin, Jimmy: A Study of Procticing CPAs` Risk Profiles to Determinate Attribute Relevant to The Certified Public Accountant’s Personality and Practice", p.208.