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題名 國內規章：必要性測試的困境與解決
Necessity test in domestic regulation: challenges and solutions
作者 李宜芳
Lee, Yi-Fang
貢獻者 楊光華
李宜芳
Lee, Yi-Fang
關鍵詞 服務貿易
服務貿易障礙
國內規章
必要性測試
Service trade
Trade barrier in service sector
Domestic regulation
Necessity test
日期 2017
上傳時間 1-Mar-2017 17:02:46 (UTC+8)
摘要 服務貿易的管制密集，因此管制也最有可能形成主要的貿易障礙，然而服務貿易總協定第6條第4項國內規章準則的談判卻幾近停滯。本文探究其中原因，著眼於管制、國內規章準則的共同點皆在於「管制」，而好的管制必然植基於成本效益評估，因此必要性測試即成為國內規章準則的核心。必要性測試的核心為管制目的、成本效益評估，本文觀察必要性測試的談判歷程，認為必要性測試的談判實不應透過管制目的的限縮，而應著重於成本效益的衡量，因此著重於成本效益評估要件的設計方有可能於必要性測試的議題取得突破。
As service sector is heavily regulated, domestic regulation might become the major trade barrier. However, the negotiation under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) article 6.4 is almost stalled. The paper aims at analyzing the challenges in the negotiation. Focusing on the common nature of “governance” between domestic regulation and trade governance in GATS article 6.4, the paper argues that good governance must be based on impact analysis, which makes necessity test the core of GATS article 6.4 negotiation. The paper examines the negotiation history of necessity test, and argues that the focus of negotiation should be the necessity analysis, rather than the scope of objectives in necessity test. The solution of the negotiation challenge is therefore focusing on the elements of necessity analysis, particularly the trade restrictiveness.
參考文獻 參考文獻
一、 專書
1. DELIMATSIS, PANAGIOTIS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICES AND DOMESTIC REGULATIONS: NECESSITY, TRANSPARENCY, AND REGULATORY DIVERSITY (1st ed., 2009).
2. KRAJEWSKI, MARKUS, NATIONAL REGULATION AND TRADE LIBERALIZATION IN SERVICES (1st ed. 2003)
二、 專書論文
1. Lim, Aik Hoe & de Meester, Bart, An Introduction to Domestic Regulation and GATS, in WTO DOMESTIC REGULATION AND SERVICE TRADE (Aik Hoe Lim & Bart de Meester eds., 2014).
2. Renda, Andrea, Regulatory Impact Assessment and Regulatory Policy, in REGULATORY POLICY IN PERSPECTIVE - A READER`S COMPANION TO THE OECD REGULATORY POLICY OUTLOOK 2015 (OECD eds., 2015)
三、 期刊文獻
1. 張新平，WTO服務貿易國內規章有關問題之探討，政大法學評論，112期。
2. Crozet, Matthieu, Milet, Emmanuel & Mirza, Daniel, The Impact of Domestic Regulations on International Trade in Services: Evidence from Firm-Level Data, 44 J. COMP. ECON. 585 (2016).
3. Delimatsis, Panagiotis, Due Process and `Good` Regulation Embedded in the GATS —Disciplining Regulatory Behavior in Service Through Article VI of the GATS, 10 J. INT`L ECON. L. 13 (2006).
4. Kox, Henk & Nordås, Hildegunn K., Services Trade and Domestic Regulation, 49 OECD TRADE POLICY PAPERS 1 (2007).
四、 談判會議記錄與相關文件
1. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Decision on Disciplines Relating to the Accountancy Sector, S/L/63 (Dec. 15, 1998).
2. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 14 July 1999 , S/WPDR/M/2 (Sept. 2, 1999).
3. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 12 July 2000, S/WPDR/M/7 (Sept. 19, 2000).
4. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Communication from Korea, S/WPDR/W/9 (Sept. 28, 2000).
5. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 2 October 2000 (Annex: Summary of Informal Discussion on the Checklist of Issues for WPDR), S/WPDR/M/8 (Nov. 17, 2000).
6. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 29 November 2000, S/WPDR/M/9 (Mar. 12, 2001).
7. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Communication from Australia, S/WPDR/W/15 (May 3, 2001).
8. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 20 March 2001, S/WPDR/M/10 (May 10, 2001).
9. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 11 May 2001, S/WPDR/M/11 (June 7, 2001).
10. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 3 July 2001, S/WPDR/M/12 (Aug. 16, 2001).
11. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Communication from the European Communities and Their Member States, S/WPDR/W/14 (May 1, 2001).
12. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 11 May 2001 (Annex: Informal Summary of Discussions on the Checklist of Issues for WPDR), S/WPDR/M/11 (June 7, 2001).
13. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 12 March 2002, S/WPDR/M/15 (Apr. 10, 2002).
14. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 15 May 2003, S/WPDR/M/21 (June 23, 2003).
15. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 1 July 2003, S/WPDR/M/22 (Sept. 22, 2003).
16. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 3 December 2003, S/WPDR/M/24 (Jan. 22, 2004).
17. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 31 March 2004, S/WPDR/M/25 (May 18, 2004).
18. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 18 February 2005, S/WPDR/M/29 (July 11, 2005).
19. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Communication from Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Fiji, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mauritius, Mongolia, Nicaragua, Paraguay, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago, JOB(06)/66 (Mar. 27, 2006).
20. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Communication from the ACP Group, JOB(06)/136 (May 2, 2006).
21. WTO, Communication from Australia; Chile; Colombia; Hong Kong, China; Korea; New Zealand and The Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Article VI:4 Disciplines – Proposal for Draft Text), JOB(06)/193 (Jun. 19, 2006).
22. WTO, Summary of the Informal Meeting Held on 19 and 20 June 2006, JOB(06)/235 (Aug. 14, 2006).
23. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 22 June 2005, S/WPDR/M/30 (Sept. 6, 2006).
24. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation, Annual Report of the Working Party on Domestic Regulation to the Council for Trade in Services (2007), S/WPDR/10 (Nov. 13, 2007).
25. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 1 April 2009, S/WPDR/M/40 (May 12, 2009).
26. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Informal Meeting of 14 and 15 December 2009, RD/SERV/1 (Jan. 11, 2010).
27. WTO, Disciplines on Domestic Regulation Pursuant to GATS Article VI:4 (2010 Annotated Text and Informal Note by the Chairperson), RD/SERV/10 (Mar. 14, 2010).
28. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Informal Meeting of 2 February 2010, RD/SERV/11 (Mar. 22, 2010)
29. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Communication from Brazil, Canada and the United States, S/WPDR/W/44 (Mar. 22, 2011).
30. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Communication from Brazil, Canada and the United States, S/WPDR/W/44 (Mar. 22, 2011).
31. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Disciplines on Domestic Regulation Pursuant to GATS Article VI:4 (Chairman`s Progress Report), S/WPDR/W/45 (Apr. 14, 2011).
五、 其他
1. 司法院釋字476號解釋理由書
2. Chao, Loretta & Efrati, Amir, China Renews Google`s License, Tech, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, July 11, 2010, available at http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704075604575356552939507706 (last visited Dec. 22, 2016).
3. Dakers, Marion, BP picks Deloitte for one of Britain`s most valuable audits, Business, THE TELEGRAPH, Nov. 15, 2016, available at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/11/15/bp-picks-deloitte-for-one-of-britains-most-valuable-audits/ (last visited Dec. 22, 2016).
4. Drummond, David，關於谷歌中國的最新聲明，GOOGLE，2010年3月23日，網址：https://www.google.com/press/new-approach-to-china/update.html（最後瀏覽日：2016年12月22日）。
5. Who we are and what we do, About us, IFRS, 2016, available at http://www.ifrs.org/About-us/Documents/Who-We-Are-English-2016.pdf (last visited Dec. 22, 2016).
6. WTO Trade in Services Division, Disciplines on Domestic Regulation Pursuant to GATS Article (Background document), Service, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, June 2011, available at https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/dom_reg_negs_bckgddoc_e.doc (last visited Dec. 22, 2016).
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易學系
102351017
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102351017
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 楊光華zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 李宜芳zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lee, Yi-Fangen_US
dc.creator (作者) 李宜芳zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lee, Yi-Fangen_US
dc.date (日期) 2017en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Mar-2017 17:02:46 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Mar-2017 17:02:46 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Mar-2017 17:02:46 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0102351017en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/106812-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際經營與貿易學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102351017zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 服務貿易的管制密集，因此管制也最有可能形成主要的貿易障礙，然而服務貿易總協定第6條第4項國內規章準則的談判卻幾近停滯。本文探究其中原因，著眼於管制、國內規章準則的共同點皆在於「管制」，而好的管制必然植基於成本效益評估，因此必要性測試即成為國內規章準則的核心。必要性測試的核心為管制目的、成本效益評估，本文觀察必要性測試的談判歷程，認為必要性測試的談判實不應透過管制目的的限縮，而應著重於成本效益的衡量，因此著重於成本效益評估要件的設計方有可能於必要性測試的議題取得突破。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) As service sector is heavily regulated, domestic regulation might become the major trade barrier. However, the negotiation under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) article 6.4 is almost stalled. The paper aims at analyzing the challenges in the negotiation. Focusing on the common nature of “governance” between domestic regulation and trade governance in GATS article 6.4, the paper argues that good governance must be based on impact analysis, which makes necessity test the core of GATS article 6.4 negotiation. The paper examines the negotiation history of necessity test, and argues that the focus of negotiation should be the necessity analysis, rather than the scope of objectives in necessity test. The solution of the negotiation challenge is therefore focusing on the elements of necessity analysis, particularly the trade restrictiveness.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 目次 1
1. 緒論 3
1.1 研究動機 3
1.2 研究方法 4
1.3 研究架構 4
2. 服務貿易自由化與管制 6
2.1 服務貿易之障礙 6
2.1.1 服務貿易與管制 6
2.1.2 邊境措施與境內法規 7
2.1.3 管制所形成的貿易障礙 7
2.2 服務貿易總協定與國內規章 8
2.2.1 服務貿易自由化三大基石 8
2.2.2 談判進度不一之影響 9
2.2.3 國內規章、市場進入與國民待遇之關係 9
2.3 小結 10
3. 國內規章與必要性測試 11
3.1 管制與成本效益評估 11
3.1.1 管制目的與效益 11
3.1.2 管制成本 12
3.1.3 管制成本效益的評估 13
3.2 成本效益評估之國內實踐 14
3.2.1 比例原則 14
3.2.2 管制影響評估 15
3.3 國際經貿法下的必要性測試 16
3.4 小結 17
4. 國內規章與必要性測試談判歷史 19
4.1 國內規章談判授權 19
4.2 國內規章準則談判歷程 21
4.2.1 專業服務工作小組時期 21
4.2.2 國內規章工作小組時期 24
4.3 必要性測試 27
4.3.1 目的 28
4.3.2 成本效益評估 35
4.4 小結 38
5. 國內規章必要性測試爭議之解決 39
5.1 國內規章談判中會員提議之解決方案 39
5.1.1 隱藏性貿易障礙 39
5.1.2 過渡期及技術援助 41
5.1.3 非操作型必要性測試 42
5.2 本文之分析與解決方案 44
5.2.1 必要性測試談判應繼續進行 44
5.2.2 管制目的之談判分析 44
5.2.3 談判重心的重新聚焦 46
5.3 小結 50
6. 結論 51
參考文獻 52		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1161914 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102351017en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 服務貿易zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 服務貿易障礙zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國內規章zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 必要性測試zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Service tradeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Trade barrier in service sectoren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Domestic regulationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Necessity testen_US
dc.title (題名) 國內規章：必要性測試的困境與解決zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Necessity test in domestic regulation: challenges and solutionsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參考文獻
一、 專書
1. DELIMATSIS, PANAGIOTIS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICES AND DOMESTIC REGULATIONS: NECESSITY, TRANSPARENCY, AND REGULATORY DIVERSITY (1st ed., 2009).
2. KRAJEWSKI, MARKUS, NATIONAL REGULATION AND TRADE LIBERALIZATION IN SERVICES (1st ed. 2003)
二、 專書論文
1. Lim, Aik Hoe & de Meester, Bart, An Introduction to Domestic Regulation and GATS, in WTO DOMESTIC REGULATION AND SERVICE TRADE (Aik Hoe Lim & Bart de Meester eds., 2014).
2. Renda, Andrea, Regulatory Impact Assessment and Regulatory Policy, in REGULATORY POLICY IN PERSPECTIVE - A READER`S COMPANION TO THE OECD REGULATORY POLICY OUTLOOK 2015 (OECD eds., 2015)
三、 期刊文獻
1. 張新平，WTO服務貿易國內規章有關問題之探討，政大法學評論，112期。
2. Crozet, Matthieu, Milet, Emmanuel & Mirza, Daniel, The Impact of Domestic Regulations on International Trade in Services: Evidence from Firm-Level Data, 44 J. COMP. ECON. 585 (2016).
3. Delimatsis, Panagiotis, Due Process and `Good` Regulation Embedded in the GATS —Disciplining Regulatory Behavior in Service Through Article VI of the GATS, 10 J. INT`L ECON. L. 13 (2006).
4. Kox, Henk & Nordås, Hildegunn K., Services Trade and Domestic Regulation, 49 OECD TRADE POLICY PAPERS 1 (2007).
四、 談判會議記錄與相關文件
1. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Decision on Disciplines Relating to the Accountancy Sector, S/L/63 (Dec. 15, 1998).
2. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 14 July 1999 , S/WPDR/M/2 (Sept. 2, 1999).
3. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 12 July 2000, S/WPDR/M/7 (Sept. 19, 2000).
4. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Communication from Korea, S/WPDR/W/9 (Sept. 28, 2000).
5. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 2 October 2000 (Annex: Summary of Informal Discussion on the Checklist of Issues for WPDR), S/WPDR/M/8 (Nov. 17, 2000).
6. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 29 November 2000, S/WPDR/M/9 (Mar. 12, 2001).
7. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Communication from Australia, S/WPDR/W/15 (May 3, 2001).
8. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 20 March 2001, S/WPDR/M/10 (May 10, 2001).
9. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 11 May 2001, S/WPDR/M/11 (June 7, 2001).
10. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 3 July 2001, S/WPDR/M/12 (Aug. 16, 2001).
11. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Communication from the European Communities and Their Member States, S/WPDR/W/14 (May 1, 2001).
12. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 11 May 2001 (Annex: Informal Summary of Discussions on the Checklist of Issues for WPDR), S/WPDR/M/11 (June 7, 2001).
13. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 12 March 2002, S/WPDR/M/15 (Apr. 10, 2002).
14. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 15 May 2003, S/WPDR/M/21 (June 23, 2003).
15. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 1 July 2003, S/WPDR/M/22 (Sept. 22, 2003).
16. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 3 December 2003, S/WPDR/M/24 (Jan. 22, 2004).
17. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 31 March 2004, S/WPDR/M/25 (May 18, 2004).
18. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 18 February 2005, S/WPDR/M/29 (July 11, 2005).
19. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Communication from Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Fiji, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mauritius, Mongolia, Nicaragua, Paraguay, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago, JOB(06)/66 (Mar. 27, 2006).
20. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Communication from the ACP Group, JOB(06)/136 (May 2, 2006).
21. WTO, Communication from Australia; Chile; Colombia; Hong Kong, China; Korea; New Zealand and The Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Article VI:4 Disciplines – Proposal for Draft Text), JOB(06)/193 (Jun. 19, 2006).
22. WTO, Summary of the Informal Meeting Held on 19 and 20 June 2006, JOB(06)/235 (Aug. 14, 2006).
23. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 22 June 2005, S/WPDR/M/30 (Sept. 6, 2006).
24. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation, Annual Report of the Working Party on Domestic Regulation to the Council for Trade in Services (2007), S/WPDR/10 (Nov. 13, 2007).
25. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold on 1 April 2009, S/WPDR/M/40 (May 12, 2009).
26. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Informal Meeting of 14 and 15 December 2009, RD/SERV/1 (Jan. 11, 2010).
27. WTO, Disciplines on Domestic Regulation Pursuant to GATS Article VI:4 (2010 Annotated Text and Informal Note by the Chairperson), RD/SERV/10 (Mar. 14, 2010).
28. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Informal Meeting of 2 February 2010, RD/SERV/11 (Mar. 22, 2010)
29. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Communication from Brazil, Canada and the United States, S/WPDR/W/44 (Mar. 22, 2011).
30. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Communication from Brazil, Canada and the United States, S/WPDR/W/44 (Mar. 22, 2011).
31. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Disciplines on Domestic Regulation Pursuant to GATS Article VI:4 (Chairman`s Progress Report), S/WPDR/W/45 (Apr. 14, 2011).
五、 其他
1. 司法院釋字476號解釋理由書
2. Chao, Loretta & Efrati, Amir, China Renews Google`s License, Tech, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, July 11, 2010, available at http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704075604575356552939507706 (last visited Dec. 22, 2016).
3. Dakers, Marion, BP picks Deloitte for one of Britain`s most valuable audits, Business, THE TELEGRAPH, Nov. 15, 2016, available at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/11/15/bp-picks-deloitte-for-one-of-britains-most-valuable-audits/ (last visited Dec. 22, 2016).
4. Drummond, David，關於谷歌中國的最新聲明，GOOGLE，2010年3月23日，網址：https://www.google.com/press/new-approach-to-china/update.html（最後瀏覽日：2016年12月22日）。
5. Who we are and what we do, About us, IFRS, 2016, available at http://www.ifrs.org/About-us/Documents/Who-We-Are-English-2016.pdf (last visited Dec. 22, 2016).
6. WTO Trade in Services Division, Disciplines on Domestic Regulation Pursuant to GATS Article (Background document), Service, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, June 2011, available at https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/dom_reg_negs_bckgddoc_e.doc (last visited Dec. 22, 2016).		zh_TW