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題名 我國警勤區警員防禦行為之研究--第一線執行理論之檢證
A study on the Defensive Behaviors of the police officers in the Police Beats: the verification of the Theory of Street-Level Bureaucracy作者 斯儀仙
Szu, Yi-Hsien貢獻者 詹中原<br>顏世錫
斯儀仙
Szu, Yi-Hsien關鍵詞 警勤區警員
防禦行為
政策執行者
第一線執行理論
The police officers in the police beats
Defensive Behavior
Policy implementer
Theory of Street-Level Bureaucracy日期 1998 上傳時間 5-Apr-2017 15:38:24 (UTC+8) 摘要 我國警察的任務,依警察法第二條規定為「依法維持公共秩序,保護社會安全,防止一切危害,促進人民福利。」致警察工作包羅萬象,使得警察人員成為政府推動許多行政事務的重要執行者,扮演政府與民眾之間的橋樑角色,是民眾接觸最頻繁的公務員;又因警察任務具有執法及管制的特性,影響民眾權益甚大,所以平時爭議頗多,其中尤以負責將警察任務轉化為實際行動的警察勤務基本單位的警勤區警員,更是警察組織對外的代表,其經常決定了警察政策的實際效果,所做所為不僅是民眾對警察組織評價的重要依據,更可能轉移至對政府的印象,故選擇其為本文的研究對象。Lipsky(1980)的「第一線人員執行理論」(Theory of the work of street-level bureaucracies),從第一線執行人員的工作本質,其身處的工作情境談到第一線執行人員的行為類型,本文即是以Lipsky之第一線執行理論為基礎架構,防禦行為(defensive behaviors)部分並參考Sorg(1983)的「基層官僚執行行為類型」及Ashforth和Lee(1990)的「防禦行為之初探模式」等研究,以實證調查方式,研究我國警勤區警員的防禦行為,目的在瞭解我國警勤區警員的工作環境及其適應環境的心態與方法;我國警勤區警員防禦行為的現況;他們為何會有這些行為表現?及不同防禦行為之重要決定因素。 為求能了解警勤區警員防禦行為之實際情形,恐態度認知和行為表現間存有差距,本研究嘗試結合質與量的研究方法,除對警勤區警員編製問卷施測外,亦由警察大學二年級至派出所實習的學生擔任觀察者,樣本之選取,係以立意抽樣法(purposive sampling),配合觀察者之實習,選擇警察大學正科六十一期學生83年度實習派出(分駐)所內之所有警勤區員警為施測對象。研究編製「我國警勤區員警執勤模式問卷量表」,由員警填答,另設計「學生實習觀察問卷表」,由學生實習畢填寫,問卷調查資料,則進行次數(Frequency)、量表的效信度(Reliability & Validity)及因素分析(Factor Analysis)、描述性統計(Descriptive statistics)、卡方考驗(X2)、相關係數(Correlation Coefficient)、T考驗(T Test)、變異數分析(ANOVA)、迴歸分析(Regression Analysis)、逐步迴歸(Stepwise regression)、路徑分析(Path Analysis)、集群分析(Cluster Analysis)、區別分析(Discriminant analysis)等統計法分析。研究發現摘錄如下:一、我國警勤區警員防禦行為之現況:我國警勤區員警普遍存在「推諉責任」、「輕忽民眾」、「抑制變遷」等防禦行為,現況經分析員警和學生二組之調查結果,在「推諉責任」、「輕忽民眾」項,員警自認不會推諉責任及輕忽民眾需求(平均數低於中位數),但學生組的觀察,員警們有推諉責任及輕忽民眾需求的防禦行為(平均數則高於中位數),且二組間的差異經T檢定,達顯著水準;至於在「抑制變遷」因素項,二組的平均數皆高於中位數,員警的平均數高於學生組的平均數,表示警勤區警員對新政策、新措施在態度上是抗拒的,但學生們旁觀者的觀察,警勤區警員在行為表現上卻未如是強烈,研究者認為是「警察管理階層與執行階層鴻溝」與「警察服從天性」二者矛盾交織而成的現象:任何新的措施與作法皆會增加員警有形(工作量) 無形(心理層面)的負擔,員警在心態上是抗拒排斥改變的,但為因應組織監督考核的現況,故在行為上則是配合的。經集群分析:「消極應付」組有618人為最高,「高度防禦」組607人,「積極認事」組則有448人,顯示有33.5%的勤區員警是以消極、應付的心態及行為模式在執行日常的勤務,有33%的警勤區警員會表現出積極的防禦行為,故有66.3%的警勤區員警有防禦行為。二、警勤區員警處於民眾矛盾對待嚴重、各種內外環境交錯複雜之混沌環境中,同時法令不完備、工作單調矛盾具危險性常須處理突發狀況,資源不足、同儕間汲汲追求績效,對上無從表達意見、重服從的工作情境;整體而言,則認為警察工作目標、工作範圍尚稱明確。三、本研究從警動機調查,有33.9%的員警是「想為社會治安貢獻一己心力」為最多,而有22.9%的員警是為「喜歡警察工作」,得知我國警勤區警察之從警動機仍多有利他的理想。大致而言,從警動機主動明確,愈具理想性則其愈能明瞭工作範圍與職掌,亦認為警察之理想目標是可實現的,在行為的表現上亦較不會有推諉責任的防禦行為。四、年紀愈輕、從警年資愈低,愈認為警察工作目標過高遠、職掌不明確,執勤所需之資源不足感愈強,而工作壓力愈大,表現推諉責任之防禦行為情形愈嚴重。五、未婚者之推諉責任、抑制變遷、輕忽民眾等防禦行為較已婚者嚴重;有宗教信仰的同仁較不會逃避工作、推卸責任(「推諉責任」平均數較低),對於民眾的權益及需求會積極熱心處理(「積極應事」平均數較高)。六、勤區員警之工作考量優先順序是,50.1%的員警(925人)是個人導向(保護自己優先),38.7%的員警則為程序導向(程序合於法規優先),而有10.9%的員警是屬任務導向(達成任務優先)。個人導向者在防禦行為中的「推諉責任」、「重質輕量」、「抑制變遷」、「輕忽民眾」等4項,平均數最高和其他五組中之一至二組組間差異達顯著水準,由此可知,個人導向工作考量之警勤區警員,較易有防禦行為。七、路徑分析結果,驗證「工作壓力」、「工作自主」及「管理自主」居於中介變項之位置,「裁量權」(含「裁量權限」及「裁量功能」)非居於中介變項位置,研究架構需作修正。八、依多變量的區別分析法分析,彙整成2線性區別函數,函數一,可將62.64%母群體加以分類,而其餘37.36%,則可由函數二加以分類,整體正確區別率為56.56%,超過50%,而56.56%之整體區別率達顯著水準。九、迴歸、路徑分析及區別分析皆顯示「工作壓力」、「工作目標模糊衝突」、「管理自主」、「工作自主」、「政策目標接受度」5因素為預測防禦行為之重要變數,雖先後順序有所不同。從本研究結果顯示,目前基層普遍存在消極、無力的任事態度,此種情形與違法犯紀的重大違規事件比起來,或許微不足道,但若大部份的政策執行者都採此態度應事,那麼即使有再立意甚佳、見解精闢、規劃完善的政策計畫亦屬空中樓閣,而無法落實執行,故於實務上對於警勤區警員的工作提出以下建議:一、業務簡化降低壓力二、尊重基層參與決策三、定位預防犯罪專業四、有效溝通價值傳承五、回應民意民眾回饋有關後續研究則提出:精進發展預測模式,對工作2年之警勤區員警施測後分群,針對問題給予正確引導;對於員警裁量之判斷與選擇過程等做行政學上之研究探討,與「裁量權限」、「裁量功能」二因素對防禦行為之影響地位進行瞭解;警勤區警員在面臨「服務更多民眾」與「維持高品質服務」時的實際選擇;及持續定期關注瞭解我國警勤區警員防禦行為的現況,等建議。
According to the Article 2 of the Police Act: The police are obligated to maintain public order, protect social security, prevent all hazards, and promote public welfare according to applicable laws. The work of police is all-encompassing, and the police officers are the frontline workers or policy implementers in government agencies. They are more frequently and directly interacting with citizens, they play the role of bridge between the government and the public. Because the police officers are the law enforcement and regulatory role, they affect the rights and interests of the public very seriously, so there are usually a lot of controversy, especially the police beats that are the basic unit of police duties, a key contention of the police officers in the police beats is that the decisions and actions of them, actually ‘become’, or represent, the policies of the government agencies they work for. They are very important so chosen to be the objects of this study. "Theory of Street-Level Bureaucracy" of Lipsky (1980), which is grounded in observations of the collective behavior of public service organizations and advances a theory of the work of street level bureaucracies as individual workers experience it. The behavior of street-level bureaucrats is shaped by the nature of their work and conditions in which they operate. In response to the challenges they face, street-level bureaucrats often develop routines and simplifications in an attempt to reduce complexity, gain greater control over their work and manage stress. This research was based on Lipsky`s theory of street-level bureaucracy, and the “A Typology of Implementation Behaviors of Street Level Bureaucrats.” of Sorg (1983), and the “Defensive Behavior in Organizations: A Preliminary Model." of Ashforth and Lee (1990). The purpose of this study is to understand what’s the working environment and dilemmas of the police officers in the police beats? How they adapted the dilemmas? What’s the situation of the defensive behaviors of the police officers in the police beats? Why did they have these behaviors? And what are the important determinants of the defensive behaviors?This study attempts to combine the quantitative and qualitative research methods. There is a questionnaire for the police officers in the police beats, also an observant questionnaire for the sophomores of the Central Police University, while the sophomores worked as police cadets they also were observers. The questionnaire survey data was analyzed by Frequency, Reliability and Validity Analysis, Factor Analysis, Descriptive Statistics, X2, Correlation Coefficient, T Test, Variance Analysis (ANOVA), Regression Analysis, Stepwise regression, Path Analysis, Cluster Analysis, Discriminant Analysis and so on. This study’s finding are as follows:1. There are some kinds of defensive behaviors of the police officers in the police beats such as "shirk responsibility", "neglect the people", "resist change".According to the cluster analysis, there are 618 samples (33.5%) in the "negative coping" group, 607(33%) in the "highly defensive" group and 448 in the "Positive Attendance" group, showing that 66.3% of police officers have defensive behaviors.2. The internal and external environment of the police officers in the police beats is complex and chaotic. There are a series of dilemmas of the police officers in the police beats.3. There are 56.8% of the police officers in the police beats serve as public employment with a commitment to serving the community. The police officers in the police beats working with more idealization are more less "shirk responsibility" behavior.4. The younger police officers who were working less than 2 years from the police service, they think that the goal of police is too ambitious, lacking of resources, felling more working pressure, and have more serious "shirk responsibility" behavior.5. The unmarried police officers in the police beats have more "shirk responsibility", "neglect the people" and "resist change" behaviors than the married. The police officers with religion have less "shirk responsibility" behavior.6. The priority of the police officers in the police beats were follow: there are 50.1% of the police officers (925) are personal oriented (to protect themselves), 38.7% of the police officers are procedural oriented (the legal procedure) and 10.9% of the staff are task-oriented (to achieve the task). The personal oriented police officers have more serious defensive behaviors.7. According to the path analysis, that the "working pressure", "work autonomy" and "manage autonomy" are the intermediary variables of the defensive behaviors. The "Discretion" is not, so the structure of research needs to be revised.8. According to the discriminant analysis, there are 2 function, the 62.64% of the population could classify correctly by function 1, and the remaining 37.36% of the population could classify correctly by function 2. The distinction rate was 56.56 %, more than 50%, and reached a significant level.9. According to the regression, path and discriminant analyses, that the "working pressure", "the working objectives are fuzzy and conflict", "manage autonomy", "working autonomy" and "acceptance of policy goal" 5 factors are important variables of defensive behaviors.Based on the findings above-mentioned, here are the recommendations of this study:1. Simplify the working contents of the police officers in the police beats, and to reduce the working pressure.2. Establish the mechanisms that the police officers in the police beats participate in decision-making.3. Clarify the police officers in the police beats be the professional crime prevention roles.4. Enhance internal communicant channels to preserve the heritage.5. 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國立政治大學
公共行政學系
81256002資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0081256002 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 詹中原<br>顏世錫 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) 斯儀仙 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Szu, Yi-Hsien en_US dc.creator (作者) 斯儀仙 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Szu, Yi-Hsien en_US dc.date (日期) 1998 en_US dc.date.accessioned 5-Apr-2017 15:38:24 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 5-Apr-2017 15:38:24 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 5-Apr-2017 15:38:24 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0081256002 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/108126 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 公共行政學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 81256002 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 我國警察的任務,依警察法第二條規定為「依法維持公共秩序,保護社會安全,防止一切危害,促進人民福利。」致警察工作包羅萬象,使得警察人員成為政府推動許多行政事務的重要執行者,扮演政府與民眾之間的橋樑角色,是民眾接觸最頻繁的公務員;又因警察任務具有執法及管制的特性,影響民眾權益甚大,所以平時爭議頗多,其中尤以負責將警察任務轉化為實際行動的警察勤務基本單位的警勤區警員,更是警察組織對外的代表,其經常決定了警察政策的實際效果,所做所為不僅是民眾對警察組織評價的重要依據,更可能轉移至對政府的印象,故選擇其為本文的研究對象。Lipsky(1980)的「第一線人員執行理論」(Theory of the work of street-level bureaucracies),從第一線執行人員的工作本質,其身處的工作情境談到第一線執行人員的行為類型,本文即是以Lipsky之第一線執行理論為基礎架構,防禦行為(defensive behaviors)部分並參考Sorg(1983)的「基層官僚執行行為類型」及Ashforth和Lee(1990)的「防禦行為之初探模式」等研究,以實證調查方式,研究我國警勤區警員的防禦行為,目的在瞭解我國警勤區警員的工作環境及其適應環境的心態與方法;我國警勤區警員防禦行為的現況;他們為何會有這些行為表現?及不同防禦行為之重要決定因素。 為求能了解警勤區警員防禦行為之實際情形,恐態度認知和行為表現間存有差距,本研究嘗試結合質與量的研究方法,除對警勤區警員編製問卷施測外,亦由警察大學二年級至派出所實習的學生擔任觀察者,樣本之選取,係以立意抽樣法(purposive sampling),配合觀察者之實習,選擇警察大學正科六十一期學生83年度實習派出(分駐)所內之所有警勤區員警為施測對象。研究編製「我國警勤區員警執勤模式問卷量表」,由員警填答,另設計「學生實習觀察問卷表」,由學生實習畢填寫,問卷調查資料,則進行次數(Frequency)、量表的效信度(Reliability & Validity)及因素分析(Factor Analysis)、描述性統計(Descriptive statistics)、卡方考驗(X2)、相關係數(Correlation Coefficient)、T考驗(T Test)、變異數分析(ANOVA)、迴歸分析(Regression Analysis)、逐步迴歸(Stepwise regression)、路徑分析(Path Analysis)、集群分析(Cluster Analysis)、區別分析(Discriminant analysis)等統計法分析。研究發現摘錄如下:一、我國警勤區警員防禦行為之現況:我國警勤區員警普遍存在「推諉責任」、「輕忽民眾」、「抑制變遷」等防禦行為,現況經分析員警和學生二組之調查結果,在「推諉責任」、「輕忽民眾」項,員警自認不會推諉責任及輕忽民眾需求(平均數低於中位數),但學生組的觀察,員警們有推諉責任及輕忽民眾需求的防禦行為(平均數則高於中位數),且二組間的差異經T檢定,達顯著水準;至於在「抑制變遷」因素項,二組的平均數皆高於中位數,員警的平均數高於學生組的平均數,表示警勤區警員對新政策、新措施在態度上是抗拒的,但學生們旁觀者的觀察,警勤區警員在行為表現上卻未如是強烈,研究者認為是「警察管理階層與執行階層鴻溝」與「警察服從天性」二者矛盾交織而成的現象:任何新的措施與作法皆會增加員警有形(工作量) 無形(心理層面)的負擔,員警在心態上是抗拒排斥改變的,但為因應組織監督考核的現況,故在行為上則是配合的。經集群分析:「消極應付」組有618人為最高,「高度防禦」組607人,「積極認事」組則有448人,顯示有33.5%的勤區員警是以消極、應付的心態及行為模式在執行日常的勤務,有33%的警勤區警員會表現出積極的防禦行為,故有66.3%的警勤區員警有防禦行為。二、警勤區員警處於民眾矛盾對待嚴重、各種內外環境交錯複雜之混沌環境中,同時法令不完備、工作單調矛盾具危險性常須處理突發狀況,資源不足、同儕間汲汲追求績效,對上無從表達意見、重服從的工作情境;整體而言,則認為警察工作目標、工作範圍尚稱明確。三、本研究從警動機調查,有33.9%的員警是「想為社會治安貢獻一己心力」為最多,而有22.9%的員警是為「喜歡警察工作」,得知我國警勤區警察之從警動機仍多有利他的理想。大致而言,從警動機主動明確,愈具理想性則其愈能明瞭工作範圍與職掌,亦認為警察之理想目標是可實現的,在行為的表現上亦較不會有推諉責任的防禦行為。四、年紀愈輕、從警年資愈低,愈認為警察工作目標過高遠、職掌不明確,執勤所需之資源不足感愈強,而工作壓力愈大,表現推諉責任之防禦行為情形愈嚴重。五、未婚者之推諉責任、抑制變遷、輕忽民眾等防禦行為較已婚者嚴重;有宗教信仰的同仁較不會逃避工作、推卸責任(「推諉責任」平均數較低),對於民眾的權益及需求會積極熱心處理(「積極應事」平均數較高)。六、勤區員警之工作考量優先順序是,50.1%的員警(925人)是個人導向(保護自己優先),38.7%的員警則為程序導向(程序合於法規優先),而有10.9%的員警是屬任務導向(達成任務優先)。個人導向者在防禦行為中的「推諉責任」、「重質輕量」、「抑制變遷」、「輕忽民眾」等4項,平均數最高和其他五組中之一至二組組間差異達顯著水準,由此可知,個人導向工作考量之警勤區警員,較易有防禦行為。七、路徑分析結果,驗證「工作壓力」、「工作自主」及「管理自主」居於中介變項之位置,「裁量權」(含「裁量權限」及「裁量功能」)非居於中介變項位置,研究架構需作修正。八、依多變量的區別分析法分析,彙整成2線性區別函數,函數一,可將62.64%母群體加以分類,而其餘37.36%,則可由函數二加以分類,整體正確區別率為56.56%,超過50%,而56.56%之整體區別率達顯著水準。九、迴歸、路徑分析及區別分析皆顯示「工作壓力」、「工作目標模糊衝突」、「管理自主」、「工作自主」、「政策目標接受度」5因素為預測防禦行為之重要變數,雖先後順序有所不同。從本研究結果顯示,目前基層普遍存在消極、無力的任事態度,此種情形與違法犯紀的重大違規事件比起來,或許微不足道,但若大部份的政策執行者都採此態度應事,那麼即使有再立意甚佳、見解精闢、規劃完善的政策計畫亦屬空中樓閣,而無法落實執行,故於實務上對於警勤區警員的工作提出以下建議:一、業務簡化降低壓力二、尊重基層參與決策三、定位預防犯罪專業四、有效溝通價值傳承五、回應民意民眾回饋有關後續研究則提出:精進發展預測模式,對工作2年之警勤區員警施測後分群,針對問題給予正確引導;對於員警裁量之判斷與選擇過程等做行政學上之研究探討,與「裁量權限」、「裁量功能」二因素對防禦行為之影響地位進行瞭解;警勤區警員在面臨「服務更多民眾」與「維持高品質服務」時的實際選擇;及持續定期關注瞭解我國警勤區警員防禦行為的現況,等建議。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) According to the Article 2 of the Police Act: The police are obligated to maintain public order, protect social security, prevent all hazards, and promote public welfare according to applicable laws. The work of police is all-encompassing, and the police officers are the frontline workers or policy implementers in government agencies. They are more frequently and directly interacting with citizens, they play the role of bridge between the government and the public. Because the police officers are the law enforcement and regulatory role, they affect the rights and interests of the public very seriously, so there are usually a lot of controversy, especially the police beats that are the basic unit of police duties, a key contention of the police officers in the police beats is that the decisions and actions of them, actually ‘become’, or represent, the policies of the government agencies they work for. They are very important so chosen to be the objects of this study. "Theory of Street-Level Bureaucracy" of Lipsky (1980), which is grounded in observations of the collective behavior of public service organizations and advances a theory of the work of street level bureaucracies as individual workers experience it. The behavior of street-level bureaucrats is shaped by the nature of their work and conditions in which they operate. In response to the challenges they face, street-level bureaucrats often develop routines and simplifications in an attempt to reduce complexity, gain greater control over their work and manage stress. This research was based on Lipsky`s theory of street-level bureaucracy, and the “A Typology of Implementation Behaviors of Street Level Bureaucrats.” of Sorg (1983), and the “Defensive Behavior in Organizations: A Preliminary Model." of Ashforth and Lee (1990). The purpose of this study is to understand what’s the working environment and dilemmas of the police officers in the police beats? How they adapted the dilemmas? What’s the situation of the defensive behaviors of the police officers in the police beats? Why did they have these behaviors? And what are the important determinants of the defensive behaviors?This study attempts to combine the quantitative and qualitative research methods. There is a questionnaire for the police officers in the police beats, also an observant questionnaire for the sophomores of the Central Police University, while the sophomores worked as police cadets they also were observers. The questionnaire survey data was analyzed by Frequency, Reliability and Validity Analysis, Factor Analysis, Descriptive Statistics, X2, Correlation Coefficient, T Test, Variance Analysis (ANOVA), Regression Analysis, Stepwise regression, Path Analysis, Cluster Analysis, Discriminant Analysis and so on. This study’s finding are as follows:1. There are some kinds of defensive behaviors of the police officers in the police beats such as "shirk responsibility", "neglect the people", "resist change".According to the cluster analysis, there are 618 samples (33.5%) in the "negative coping" group, 607(33%) in the "highly defensive" group and 448 in the "Positive Attendance" group, showing that 66.3% of police officers have defensive behaviors.2. The internal and external environment of the police officers in the police beats is complex and chaotic. There are a series of dilemmas of the police officers in the police beats.3. There are 56.8% of the police officers in the police beats serve as public employment with a commitment to serving the community. The police officers in the police beats working with more idealization are more less "shirk responsibility" behavior.4. The younger police officers who were working less than 2 years from the police service, they think that the goal of police is too ambitious, lacking of resources, felling more working pressure, and have more serious "shirk responsibility" behavior.5. The unmarried police officers in the police beats have more "shirk responsibility", "neglect the people" and "resist change" behaviors than the married. The police officers with religion have less "shirk responsibility" behavior.6. The priority of the police officers in the police beats were follow: there are 50.1% of the police officers (925) are personal oriented (to protect themselves), 38.7% of the police officers are procedural oriented (the legal procedure) and 10.9% of the staff are task-oriented (to achieve the task). The personal oriented police officers have more serious defensive behaviors.7. According to the path analysis, that the "working pressure", "work autonomy" and "manage autonomy" are the intermediary variables of the defensive behaviors. The "Discretion" is not, so the structure of research needs to be revised.8. According to the discriminant analysis, there are 2 function, the 62.64% of the population could classify correctly by function 1, and the remaining 37.36% of the population could classify correctly by function 2. The distinction rate was 56.56 %, more than 50%, and reached a significant level.9. According to the regression, path and discriminant analyses, that the "working pressure", "the working objectives are fuzzy and conflict", "manage autonomy", "working autonomy" and "acceptance of policy goal" 5 factors are important variables of defensive behaviors.Based on the findings above-mentioned, here are the recommendations of this study:1. Simplify the working contents of the police officers in the police beats, and to reduce the working pressure.2. Establish the mechanisms that the police officers in the police beats participate in decision-making.3. Clarify the police officers in the police beats be the professional crime prevention roles.4. Enhance internal communicant channels to preserve the heritage.5. Respond to public opinion and build up the feedback of citizens to be the encouragement of the police officers in the police beats. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1第一節 研究動機與目的 1第二節 研究問題與範圍 4第三節 研究方法與限制 6第四節 預期研究貢獻 10第二章 相關文獻檢視 11第一節 政策執行理論 11第二節 第一線執行理論 16第三節 第一線執行人員的防禦行為類型 37第四節 國內第一線執行人員之相關研究 49第三章 研究設計與實施 57第一節 本文研究架構 57第二節 研究假設 85第三節 研究設計與樣本分析 87第四章 調查發現與分析 95第一節 因素分析、信度分析後之結果分析 95第二節 我國警勤區警員之工作環境及其工作壓力、運用裁量權限、自主性等和防禦行為之現況分析 98第三節 基本資料類別與其對組織內外環境因素、警察工作特質之感受,工作壓力、裁量權、自主性之覺知,和對防禦行為之影響分析 109第四節 相關類別資料與其對組織內外環境因素、警察工作特質之感受,與對工作壓力、裁量權、自主性之覺知,和其對防禦行為之影響分析 134第五章 調查驗證與討論 163第一節 研究架構驗證 163第二節 防禦行為之群集 177第三節 區別分析研究 179第六章 結論與建議 187第一節 研究發現 187第二節 研究建議 198參考文獻 205附件一 員警問卷 Ⅰ-Ⅵ 附件二 學生實習觀察問卷 Ⅶ-Ⅸ附件三 員警問卷學生問卷題目對照表 Ⅹ-ⅩⅡ附件四 樣本分佈統計表 ⅩⅢ-ⅩⅤ附件五 問卷各變項原設計題目表 ⅩⅥ-ⅩⅧ附件六 問卷因素分析、效信度考驗總表 ⅩⅨ-ⅩⅩⅡ附件七 學生實習期間觀察重點摘要表 ⅩⅩⅢ圖表目次表目次表1-3-1 實證論和自然論基本公理對照表 7表1-3-2 質與量的研究法在研究方法上之比較 7表2-1-1 國內有關政策執行研究主要變項表 15表2-3-1 Sorg執行行為之初步分類 39表2-3-2 Sorg執行行為之多樣類型 41表2-3-3 Sorg多樣執行行為之分類 42表2-4-1 國內第一線執行人員相關研究內容摘要 49-56表3-3-1 受測者年齡分配表 91表3-3-2 受測者從警年資及勤區年資分配表 91表3-3-3 受測者階級分配表 92表3-3-4 受測者轄區特性分配表 93表3-3-5 受測者婚姻情形分配表 93表3-3-6 受測者宗教信仰情形分配表 94表4-2-1 組織內外因素、警察工作特質等自變項之各因素描述統計 99表4-2-2 工作壓力、裁量權限、管理自主等中介變項各因素之描述統計 102表4-2-3 各防禦執行行為類型之描述統計 107表4-3-1 年齡對自變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 111表4-3-2 年齡對自變項各因素之變異數分析Scheffe統計表 112表4-3-3 年齡對中介變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 112表4-3-4 年齡對中介變項各因素之變異數分析Scheffe統計表 113表4-3-5 年齡對依變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 113表4-3-6 年齡對依變項各因素之變異數分析Scheffe統計表 114表4-3-7 從警年資對自變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 115表4-3-8 從警年資對自變數各要素之變異數分析Scheffe統計表 116表4-3-9 從警年資對中介變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 116表4-3-10 從警年資對依變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 117表4-3-11 從警年資對防禦性行為各要素變異數分析Scheffe統計表 117表4-3-12 任勤區員警年資對自變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 120表4-3-13 任勤區員警年資對中介變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 121表4-3-14 任勤區員警年資對依變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 121表4--3-15 任勤區員警年資對防禦行為各要素之變異數分析Scheffe統計表 122表4-3-16 婚姻對自變項各因素之比較平均數差異(TTEST)考驗 123表4-3-17 婚姻對中介變項各因素之比較平均數差異(TTEST)考驗 123表4-3-18 婚姻對依變項各因素之比較平均數差異(TTEST)考驗 124表4-3-19 階級對自變項各因素之比較平均數差異(TTEST)考驗 125表4-3-20 階級對中介變項各因素之比較平均數差異(TTEST)考驗 125表4-3-21 階級對依變項各因素之比較平均數差異(TTEST)考驗 126表4-3-22 宗教信仰對自變項各因素之比較平均數差異(TTEST)考驗 127表4-3-23 宗教信仰對中介變項各因素之比較平均數差異(TTEST)考驗 128表4-3-24 宗教信仰對依變項各因素之比較平均數差異(TTEST)考驗 128表4-3-25 轄區特性對自變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 129表4-3-26 轄區特性對中介變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 130表4-3-27 轄區特性對依變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 131表4-3-28 警察局對自變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 132表4-3-29 警察局對中介變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 133表4-3-30 警察局對依變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 134表4-4-1 長官對人性看法對自變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 137表4-4-2 長官對人性看法對自變項各因素之變異數分析Scheffe統計表 138表4-4-3 長官對人性看法對中介變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 139表4-4-4 長官對人性看法對中介變項各因素變異數分析Scheffe統計表 139表4-4-5 長官對人性看法對依變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 140表4-4-6 長官對人性看法對防禦行為各因素變異數分析Scheffe統計表 140表4-4-7 人性看法對自變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 143表4-4-8 人性看法對自變項各因素之變異數分析Scheffe統計表 144表4-4-9 人性看法對中介變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 145表4-4-10 人性看法對中介變項各因素變異數分析Scheffe統計表 145表4-4-11 人性看法對依變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 146表4-4-12 人性看法對防禦行為各因素之變異數分析Scheffe統計表 146表4-4-13 從警動機次數統計表 149表4-4-14 從警動機對自變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 150表4-4-15 從警動機對自變項各因素之變異數分析Scheffe統計表 150表4--4-16 從警動機對中介變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 151表4--4-17 從警動機對依變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 151表4-4-18 從警動機對防禦性執行行為之變異數分析Scheffe統計表 152表4-4-19 案件處理優先順序次數分配表 153表4--4-20 案件處理優先順序對自變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 153表4--4-21 案件處理優先順序對中介變項各因素變異數分析(ANOVA) 154表4--4-22 案件處理優先順序對依變項各因素變異數分析(ANOVA) 154表4-4-23 工作原則考量優先順序次數分配表 158表4-4-24 工作優先順序對自變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 158表4-4-25 工作原則優先順序對自變項變異數分析Scheffe統計表 159表4-4-26 工作原則優先順序對中介變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 159表4-4-27 工作原則優先順序對中介變項之變異數分析Scheffe統計表 159表4-4-28 工作優先順序對依變項各因素之變異數分析(ANOVA) 160表4-4-29 工作原則優先順序對防禦行為之變異數分析Scheffe統計 161表4-4-30 工作原則優先順序次數分配表 162表5-1-1 自變數間之相關性分析 165表5-1-2 自變項各因素與中介變項各因素之相關係數表 166表5-1-3 自變項各因素對工作壓力(IT1)之逐步迴歸分析表 166表5-1-4 自變項各因素對工作自主(IT2)之逐步迴歸分析表 167表5-1-5 自變項各因素對管理自主(IT3)之逐步迴歸分析表 167表5-1-6 自變項各因素對裁量權限(IT4)之逐步迴歸分析表 167表5-1-7 自變項各因素對裁量功能(IT5)之逐步迴歸分析表 167表5-1-8 自變項各因素與依(D)變項各因素之相關係數表 169表5-1-9 自變項各因素對防禦行為總合之逐步迴歸分析表 169表5-1-10 中介變項各因素之相關係數表 170表5-1-11 中介變項各因素與依變項(D)各因素之相關係數表 171表5-1-12 中介變項各因素對防禦行為總合之逐步迴歸分析表 171表5-1-13 路徑分析係數(1) 176表5-1-14 路徑分析係數(2) 176表5-2-1 三集群之重心座標 177表5-2-2 各集群分組情形 178表5-3-1 防禦行為區別分析之影響變項次序表 179表5-3-2 防禦行為典型區別函數未標準化係數表 180表5-3-3 防禦行為典型區別函數顯著性檢定表 181表5-3-4 防禦行為之典型區別分析函數組間結構相關係數表 182表5-3-5 區別函數群組平均數 183表5-3-6 區別率與分類錯誤率 185表5-3-7 Box`s M法考驗 186圖目次圖1-1-1 第一線執行人員之功能與角色 2圖2-1-1 Edwards Ⅲ的政策執行模式 11圖2-1-2 Van Horn & Van Meter之政府間政策執行模式 12圖2-1-3 Sabatier 和Mazmanian 執行過程架構模式 13圖2-1-4 Berman之總體與個體政策執行模式 14圖2-1-5 Goggin等的第三代執行途徑模式 16圖2-2-1 Lipsky第一線執行理論圖 36圖2-3-1 Ashforth & Lee防禦行為類型及其前因模型 46圖3-1-1 本文研究架構 84圖4-2-1 混沌環境常態分配圖 99圖4-2-2 政策目標接受度常態分配圖 99圖4-2-3 工作目標明確性常態分配圖 100圖4-2-4 資源不足常態分配圖 100圖4-2-5 民眾矛盾對待常態分配圖 100圖4-2-6 警察工作特質常態分配圖 101圖4-2-7 績效官僚權威常態分配圖 101圖4-2-8 法令不完備常態分配圖 101圖4-2-9 工作壓力常態分配圖 102圖4-2-10 工作自主常態分配圖 103圖4-2-11 管理自主常態分配圖 103圖4-2-12 裁量權限常態分配圖 104 圖4-2-13 裁量功能常態分配圖 104圖4-2-14 推諉責任常態分配圖 107圖4-2-15 重質輕量常態分配圖 107圖4-2-16 抑制變遷常態分配圖 108圖4-2-17 輕忽民眾常態分配圖 108圖4-2-18 積極應事常態分配圖 108圖4-2-19 推諉責任常態分配圖(學生觀察) 107圖4-2-20 重質輕量常態分配圖(學生觀察) 107圖4-2-21 抑制變遷常態分配圖(學生觀察) 108圖4-2-22 輕忽民眾常態分配圖(學生觀察) 108圖4-2-23 積極應事常態分配圖(學生觀察) 108圖5-1-1 防禦行為之充足模式 173圖5-1-2 防禦行為之限制模式 174圖5-1-3 防禦行為之路徑分析圖 175圖5-3-1 防禦行為三集群分佈領域圖 184 zh_TW dc.format.extent 3097708 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0081256002 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 警勤區警員 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 防禦行為 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 政策執行者 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 第一線執行理論 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) The police officers in the police beats en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Defensive Behavior en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Policy implementer en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Theory of Street-Level Bureaucracy en_US dc.title (題名) 我國警勤區警員防禦行為之研究--第一線執行理論之檢證 zh_TW dc.title (題名) A study on the Defensive Behaviors of the police officers in the Police Beats: the verification of the Theory of Street-Level Bureaucracy en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參考文獻一、 中文部分 (一)專著余昭 (民74年)人格心理學及人絡之培育,台北:三民書局杜奉賢等譯 (民80年)論社會科學的邏輯,哈伯馬斯著。台北,結構群。 沈清松 (民75年) 結構主義之解析與評價,收於【 現代哲學論衡】,台北,黎明文化事業公司。呂育生、陳明傳等 (民86年)強化都會區派出所警勤區功能之研究,行政院研究發展考核委員會編印。吳定 (民89年)公共政策,台北,中華電視公司。吳學燕 (民83年)警察的壓力與管理,第二屆警察行政管理研討會專輯林水波等 (民82年)強化政策執行能力之理論建構,行政院研究發展考核委員會編印。林水波、張世賢 (民71年)公共政策,台北,五南書局林秀娟、張紹勳(民82年) SPSS FOR WINDOW 統計分析—初等統計與高等統計,台北,松崗電腦圖書資料股份有限公司。(民83年) SPSS FOR WINDOW 統計分析—多變量統計分析,台北,松崗電腦圖書資料股份有限公司。 林紀東 (民75年)行政法,台北,三民書局,修訂初版林茂雄、張中勇譯著 (民71年)社會的犧牲者—警察,中央警察大學編印。 林鍾沂 (民79年) 公共事務的設計與執行,台北,幼獅文化事業公司。柯三吉 (民75年) 環境保護政策之執行,台北,五南書局。徐正光、黃順二譯 (民81年) 調查分析的邏輯,Morris Rosenberg著,台北,黎明文化事業公司。張憲譯 (民81年) 笛卡兒的沉思,胡塞爾著,台北,桂冠書局。曹俊漢 (民79年)公共政策,台北,三民書局。郭生玉 (民82年)心理與教育研究法,台北,精華書局,十一版。傅大為 (民78年)科學的哲學發展的孔恩,載於王道環編譯,孔恩著【科學革命的結構】,修訂新版,台北,遠流出版公司,頁1-13。楊國樞等 (民82年)社會及行為科學研究法(上、下),台北,東華書店。葉重新 (民72年)心理學,台北,華泰書局。管歐 (民68年)中國行政法總論,台北,自版,修訂十六版趙雅博 (民81年)知識論,台北,幼獅出版公司,三版。歐用生 (民82年) 質的研究,台北,師大書苑。 蔡德輝、吳學燕、蔡中志、許秀琴、鄧煌發等著 (民82年) 基層員警生活適應及工作適應,行政院研究發展考核委員會補助,台北,正中書局。藍采風 (民71年)生活的壓力與適應,台北,幼獅文化事業公司。(二)論文王錦池 (民82年)交通違規執法裁量行為之研究,中央警察大學警政研究所碩士論文。朱達暉 (民81年)規制性政策基層官僚執行行為之研究—我國公害防制法之執行分析,中興大學公共政策研究所碩士論文。池英二 (民74年)台灣警員招考問題之研究,中央警察大學警政研究所碩士論文。李興唐、馬傳鎮 (民72年)心理測驗在我國警界的應用,未發表。沈清松 (民82年)質的方法對量的方法––論辯或交談?譯Newcomer,K.E.演講詞: 82 年4月28日在政大哲學研究所。林文祥 (民71年)台灣地區基層員警工作滿意度之研究,中央警察大學警政研究所碩士論文。 林淑慧 (民76年)影響基層行政人員工作執行之因素 – 高雄市里幹事之個案分析,中興大學公共政策研究所碩士論文。洪葦倉 (民81年)我國水質保護政策執行過程之研究,政治大學公共行政研究所碩士論文。翁岳生 (民79年)論『不確定法律概念』與行政裁量之關係,行政法與現代法治國家,台大法學叢書,頁48一49。張瑛玿 (民79年)員工工作性質、個人屬性與其所覺察及期望的工作特性之關聯研究—以電信訓練機構為例,交通大學管理科學研究所碩士論文。曹爾忠 (民72年)台灣地區基層警(隊)員工作壓力之研究,中央警察大學警政研究所碩士論文。陳世寬 (民83年) 警察裁量權的運用與控制,行政學術與警政實務研討會,頁198-213。陳明傳 (民70年)我國警察機關激勵管理之研究,中央警察大學警政研究所碩士論文。陳家欽 (民74年)基層警察勤務特性調查與警力運用之研究,中央警察大學警政研究所碩士論文。陳書華 (民77年)第一線人員在政策執行中角色與功能之分析,政治大學公共行政研究碩士論文。陳愷 (民79年)政策執行中順服觀念的探討—以台北市交通警察取締道路違規駕駛為例 ,政治大學公共行政研究碩士論文。黃錫安 (民77年)警察行政裁量之研究,中央警察大學警政研究所碩士論文。楊國展 (民84年)警察工作壓力與適應之調查研究,中央警察大學警政研究所碩士論文。 董保城 (民83年)「警察裁量權的運用與控制」評論稿,行政學術與警政實務研討會專輯,頁214-216。蔡允棟 (民76年)政策規劃與執行結合之研究—我國現行檢肅流氓政策之個案分析,政治大學公共行政研究所碩士論文。鍾國文 (民77年)都市與鄉村基層警察人員勤務適應之比較研究,中央警察大學警政研究所碩士論文。(三)期刊江明修 (民81年)社會科學多重典範的爭辯:試論質與量的研究方法的整合,國立政治大學學報,第六十四期,頁315-344。吳瓊恩 (民78年)從各學科典範變遷趨勢檢討公共組織理論實證研究的限制及其突破的可行性,國立政治大學學報,第六十期,頁85-116 。吳瓊恩、張世杰 (民83年)質與量的評估途徑之比較--兼論其對政策分析的意涵,國立政治大學學報,第六十八期,頁121-141。李湧清 (民78年)簡論察裁量權,警學叢刊,21卷第2期,頁47-51林煥木 (民74年)論警民溝通,警學叢刊,第十五卷三期。段重祺 (民75年)行政機關特性與公共政策困境:自來水生飲計畫之個案分析,思與言,第24卷第1期 曹俊漢 (民74年)公共政策執行理論模式之研究:七十年代美國發展經驗的評估,美國研究,第十五卷一期,頁53-128錢玉芬 (民83年)整合質與量研究再思,國立政治大學學報,第六十八期,頁1 -16。顏良恭 (民83年)典範不可共量概念與組織理論研究:環繞Burrell與Morgan觀點的爭辯之評析,國立政治大學學報,第六十八期,頁143-182。二 、英文部分: (一) 專著Albanese, J. 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