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題名 數位時代領導人
Who is leading digital in organization(s)
作者 葉慧琳
Yap, Huei-Ling
貢獻者 吳文傑
Wu, Jack
葉慧琳
Yap, Huei-Ling
關鍵詞 領導力
資訊長
數位長
行銷長
Leadership
Chief Information Officer
Chief Digital Office
Chief Marketing Officer
日期 2017
上傳時間 3-Jul-2017 14:38:58 (UTC+8)
摘要 As organizations are getting more dependent on the use of technologies, it is essential to identify the shape of organization’s digital leaders in order to adapt rapidly into the opportunities of digital transformation and remain competitive. However, there might be gap for leaders in managing this digital trend. This creates a research opportunity to learn about the requirements of leaders in creating new leadership at this digital age. Extant literatures have provided the drivers or determinants of digital transformation, which are customer knowledge, leadership style and contextual factors of organizations. The CIOs, CDOs, and CMOs are the essential candidates in leading digital of an organization. In this paper, the roles and responsibilities of CIO, CDO, and CMO would be examined and the gap occurred between existing capabilities of leaders and new digital leadership will be analyzed.
參考文獻 ABERBACH, J. D. & ROCKMAN, B. A. 2002. Conducting and coding elite interviews. Political Science & Politics, 35, 673-676.
BANKER, R. D., HU, N., PAVLOU, P. A. & LUFTMAN, J. 2011. CIO reporting structure, strategic positioning, and firm performance. MIS quarterly, 35, 487-504.
BONFANTE, L. 2012. CIO Skills: Do You Have What It Takes to Lead IT Today? [Online]. CIO Insight. Available: http://www.cioinsight.com/c/a/Expert-Voices/CIO-Skills-Do-You-Have-What-It-Takes-to-Lead-IT-Today-309496.
BONNET, D. 2013. The DNA Of Digital Leaders [Online]. Forbes Magazine. Available: http://www.forbes.com/sites/ciocentral/2013/03/10/the-dna-of-digital-leaders/#2efb65d7fc12.
BRYMAN, A. & BELL, E. 2015. Business research methods, Oxford University Press, USA.
BURNARD, P. 1991. A method of analysing interview transcripts in qualitative research. Nurse Education Today, 11, 461-466.
CASH, J. I. & PEARLSON, K. E. 2004. The future CIO. Information Week, 1010, 28-29.
CHATTERJEE, D., RICHARDSON, V. J. & ZMUD, R. W. 2001. Examining the shareholder wealth effects of announcements of newly created CIO positions. Mis Quarterly, 43-70.
CHEN, Y.-C. & WU, J.-H. 2011. IT management capability and its impact on the performance of a CIO. Information & Management, 48, 145-156.
CHUN, M. & MOONEY, J. 2009. CIO roles and responsibilities: Twenty-five years of evolution and change. Information & Management, 46, 323-334.
COHEN, J. F. & DENNIS, C. M. 2010. Chief information officers: an empirical study of competence, organisational, positioning and implications for performance: communication. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 13, 203-221.
COLLIN, J., HIEKKANEN, K., KORHONEN, J. J., HALÉN, M., ITÄLÄ, T. & HELENIUS, M. 2015. IT leadership in transition-the impact of digitalization on finnish organizations.
COURT, D. 2007. The evolving role of the CMO [Online]. McKinsey Quarterly. Available: http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/marketing-and-sales/our-insights/the-evolving-role-of-the-cmo.
DAY, G. S. & MALCOLM, R. 2012. The CMO and the future of marketing. Marketing Management, 22, 34-43.
DENZIN, N. K. & LINCOLN, Y. S. 2011. The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research, SAGE Publications.
DIAMANTE, T. & LONDON, M. 2002. Expansive leadership in the age of digital technology. Journal of Management Development, 21, 404-416.
DUMERESQUE, D. 2014. The chief digital officer: bringing a dynamic approach to digital business. Strategic Direction, 30, 1-3.
EISENHARDT, K. M. 1989. Building Theories from Case Study Research. The Academy of Management Review, 14, 532-550.
ERIC BOYD, D., CHANDY, R. K. & CUNHA, M. 2010. When Do Chief Marketing Officers Affect Firm Value? A Customer Power Explanation. Journal of Marketing Research, 47, 1162-1176.
FERRARI, A. 2012. Digital Competence in practice: An analysis of frameworks. Sevilla: JRC IPTS.(DOI: 10.2791/82116).
FITZGERALD, M., KRUSCHWITZ, N., BONNET, D. & WELCH, M. 2014. Embracing digital technology: A new strategic imperative. MIT sloan management review, 55, 1.
FLICK, U. 2009. An Introduction to Qualitative Research, SAGE Publications.
GEOFFRION, A. M. & KRISHNAN, R. 2003. E-Business and Management Science: Mutual Impacts (Part 1 of 2). Management Science, 49, 1275-1286.
GOTTSCHALK, P. 2000. Information systems executives: the changing role of new IS/IT leaders.
GROSSMAN, R. & RICH, J. 2012. Digital transformation: the rise of the chief digital officer, Russell Reynolds Associates.
HUGHES, P. 2015. The rise of the Chief Digital Officer: Key considerations for driving digital growth from the C-suite [Online]. Deloitte Digital. Available: http://www.deloittedigital.ca/chief-digital-officer.
HUIZINGH, E. K. R. E. 2002. Towards successful e-business strategies: a hierarchy of three management models. Journal of Marketing Management, 18, 721-747.
HUNTER, G. 2010. The chief information officer: a review of the role. Journal of Information, Information Technology, and Organizations, 5, 125-143.
JOHN, K. 2012. Research methodology: A project guide for university students, Samfundslitteratur.
KEELE, S. 2007. Guidelines for performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering. Technical report, Ver. 2.3 EBSE Technical Report. EBSE.
KING, W. R. 2008. Including the CIO in top management. Information systems management, 25, 188-189.
KUMAR, R. 2005. Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners, SAGE Publications.
LANCASTER, G. 2007. Research methods in management, Routledge.
LARS FIEDLER, T. G., MARCUS ROTH, AND OLE JØRGEN VETVIK. 2016. Why customer analytics matter [Online]. McKinsey & Company. Available: http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/marketing-and-sales/our-insights/why-customer-analytics-matter.
LEE, N. & LINGS, I. 2008. Doing business research: a guide to theory and practice, Sage.
LEIDNER, D. E. & MACKAY, J. M. 2007. How incoming CIOs transition into their new jobs. MIS Quarterly Executive, 6.
LUFTMAN, J. N. & KEMPAIAH, R. M. 2007. An Update on Business-IT Alignment: "A Line" Has Been Drawn. Mis Quarterly Executive, 6.
MCLEOD JR, R., KIM, C. N., SAUNDERS, C., JONES, J. W., SCHEEL, C. & ESTRADA, M. C. 1997. Information management as perceived by CIOs in three Pacific Rim countries. Journal of Global Information Management (JGIM), 5, 5-17.
MEYER, C. & SCHWAGER, A. 2007. Understanding Customer Experience. Harvard business review, 85(2), 116-26.
MICHAEL, J. 2010. Barriers to innovation adoption: a study of e‐markets. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 110, 157-174.
PAUL, M. A. 2004. Validating generational differences: A legitimate diversity and leadership issue. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 25, 124-141.
PEPPARD, J., EDWARDS, C. & LAMBERT, R. 2011. CLARIFYING THE AMBIGUOUS ROLE OF THE CIO. MIS Quarterly Executive, 10, 31-44.
PETER DAHLSTROM, C. D., FABIAN HIERONIMUS,MARC SINGER. 2014. The Rebirth of the CMO [Online]. Available: https://hbr.org/2014/08/the-rebirth-of-the-cmo.
POHLE, G. & CHAPMAN, M. 2006. IBM`s global CEO report 2006: business model innovation matters. Strategy & Leadership, 34, 34-40.
POLANSKY, M., INUGANTI, T. & WIGGINS, S. 2004. The 21st century CIO. Business Strategy Review, 15, 29-33.
RAWSON, A., DUNCAN, E. & JONES, C. 2013. The truth about customer experience. Harvard Business Review, 91, 90-98.
ROMAN FRIEDRICH, M. P., CHRIS CURRAN 2016. The right CDO for your company`s future: The five archetypes of a chief digital officer. Strategy&, PwC.
SAUL, J. B. 2012. Digital transformation: opportunities to create new business models. Strategy & Leadership, 40, 16-24.
SAUNDERS, M., LEWIS, P. & THORNHILL, A. 2007. Research Methods for Business Students, Financial Times/Prentice Hall.
SHAHEEN, R. & OLUSOJI, G. 2011. Analysis of Qualitative Data. Availa.
SRINIVASAN, R., LILIEN, G. L. & RANGASWAMY, A. 2002. Technological Opportunism and Radical Technology Adoption: An Application to E-Business. Journal of Marketing, 66, 47-60.
STEVE KELNER, C. P. 2010. Developing the competencies of a Future-State CIO [Online]. CIO from IDG. Available: http://www.cio.co.uk/cio-career/developing-the-competencies-of-a-future-state-cio-3430210/.
STRAUSS, A. & CORBIN, J. 2008. Basics of qualitative research, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
SUH, C. 2014. Is 2014 the Year of the Chief Digital Officer? [Online]. Available: http://www.wired.com/insights/2014/01/2014-year-chief-digital-officer/.
TROCHIM, W. M. K. 2006. The Research Methods Knowledge Base, 2nd Edition [Online]. Available: http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/dedind.php.
TUCK RICKARDS, K. S., AND VIK SOHONI 2015. ‘Transformer in chief’: The new chief digital officer.
VAN DEURSEN, A. & VAN DIJK, J. 2010. Internet skills and the digital divide. New Media & Society, 13, 893-911.
VOGELSANG, M. 2010. Digitalization in Open Economies: Theory and Policy Implications, Physica-Verlag HD.
WANG, R. 2011. The Four Personas of the Next-Generation CIO. Harvard Business Review.
WELCH, C., MARSCHAN-PIEKKARI, R., PENTTINEN, H. & TAHVANAINEN, M. 2002. Corporate elites as informants in qualitative international business research. International Business Review, 11, 611-628.
WESTERMAN, G., BONNET, D. & MCAFEE, A. 2014. Leading Digital: Turning Technology Into Business Transformation, Harvard Business Press.
WESTERMAN, G., CALMÉJANE, C., BONNET, D., FERRARIS, P. & MCAFEE, A. 2011. Digital Transformation: A Roadmap for Billion-Dollar Organizations. MIT Center for Digital Business and Capgemini Consulting.
WOODS, D. 2014. Don`t Let A Chief Digital Officer Steal The Best Part Of Your Job [Online]. Available: http://www.forbes.com/sites/danwoods/2014/04/14/dont-let-a-chief-digital-officer-steal-the-best-part-of-your-job/#2d978e7c1bae.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA)
103933049
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103933049
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 吳文傑zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Wu, Jacken_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 葉慧琳zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Yap, Huei-Lingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 葉慧琳zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Yap, Huei-Lingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2017en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-Jul-2017 14:38:58 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-Jul-2017 14:38:58 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Jul-2017 14:38:58 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0103933049en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/110679-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 103933049zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) As organizations are getting more dependent on the use of technologies, it is essential to identify the shape of organization’s digital leaders in order to adapt rapidly into the opportunities of digital transformation and remain competitive. However, there might be gap for leaders in managing this digital trend. This creates a research opportunity to learn about the requirements of leaders in creating new leadership at this digital age. Extant literatures have provided the drivers or determinants of digital transformation, which are customer knowledge, leadership style and contextual factors of organizations. The CIOs, CDOs, and CMOs are the essential candidates in leading digital of an organization. In this paper, the roles and responsibilities of CIO, CDO, and CMO would be examined and the gap occurred between existing capabilities of leaders and new digital leadership will be analyzed.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 1. Introduction 1
1.1. Research background 1
1.2. Research objectives and questions 2
1.3. Research structure 3
1.4. Theoretical framework 4
2. Methodology 6
2.1. Research design 6
2.2. Research Methods 6
2.3. Data collection 8
2.3.1. Secondary data collection 8
2.3.2. Primary data collection 9
2.3.3. Participant collection 10
2.4. Data Analysis 11
2.5. Reliability and Validity 13
3. Literature review 14
3.1. The digital age 14
3.1.1. The digital transformation 15
3.1.2. Digital transformation opportunities and challenges for organizations 18
3.2. Leadership in the digital age 21
3.2.1. How to be a digital leader 22
3.2.2. Skills and competencies required in leading digital 23
3.3. Candidates for fulfilling digital leaders’ requirements 27
3.3.1. The role and responsibilities of Chief Information Officer (CIO) 27
3.3.2. The role and responsibilities of Chief Digital Officer (CDO) 30
3.3.3. The role and responsibilities of Chief Marketing Officer (CMO) 34
4. Findings 38
4.1. Introduction to interview partners and respective companies 38
4.2. Digital transformation 39
4.3. Digital leadership in organization 41
4.4. What a digital leader needs in digital age 42
5. Analysis 44
5.1. Digital transformation in organizations 44
5.2. Digital leadership 47
5.3. Skills and competencies required by leaders 48
6. Discussion and conclusion 54
6.1. Summary and conclusions 54
6.2. Limitations of the study 56
6.3. Suggestions for further study 56
Reference 57
Appendix A 63
 		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103933049en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 領導力zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 資訊長zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 數位長zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 行銷長zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Leadershipen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Chief Information Officeren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Chief Digital Officeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Chief Marketing Officeren_US
dc.title (題名) 數位時代領導人zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Who is leading digital in organization(s)en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) ABERBACH, J. D. & ROCKMAN, B. A. 2002. Conducting and coding elite interviews. Political Science & Politics, 35, 673-676.
BANKER, R. D., HU, N., PAVLOU, P. A. & LUFTMAN, J. 2011. CIO reporting structure, strategic positioning, and firm performance. MIS quarterly, 35, 487-504.
BONFANTE, L. 2012. CIO Skills: Do You Have What It Takes to Lead IT Today? [Online]. CIO Insight. Available: http://www.cioinsight.com/c/a/Expert-Voices/CIO-Skills-Do-You-Have-What-It-Takes-to-Lead-IT-Today-309496.
BONNET, D. 2013. The DNA Of Digital Leaders [Online]. Forbes Magazine. Available: http://www.forbes.com/sites/ciocentral/2013/03/10/the-dna-of-digital-leaders/#2efb65d7fc12.
BRYMAN, A. & BELL, E. 2015. Business research methods, Oxford University Press, USA.
BURNARD, P. 1991. A method of analysing interview transcripts in qualitative research. Nurse Education Today, 11, 461-466.
CASH, J. I. & PEARLSON, K. E. 2004. The future CIO. Information Week, 1010, 28-29.
CHATTERJEE, D., RICHARDSON, V. J. & ZMUD, R. W. 2001. Examining the shareholder wealth effects of announcements of newly created CIO positions. Mis Quarterly, 43-70.
CHEN, Y.-C. & WU, J.-H. 2011. IT management capability and its impact on the performance of a CIO. Information & Management, 48, 145-156.
CHUN, M. & MOONEY, J. 2009. CIO roles and responsibilities: Twenty-five years of evolution and change. Information & Management, 46, 323-334.
COHEN, J. F. & DENNIS, C. M. 2010. Chief information officers: an empirical study of competence, organisational, positioning and implications for performance: communication. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 13, 203-221.
COLLIN, J., HIEKKANEN, K., KORHONEN, J. J., HALÉN, M., ITÄLÄ, T. & HELENIUS, M. 2015. IT leadership in transition-the impact of digitalization on finnish organizations.
COURT, D. 2007. The evolving role of the CMO [Online]. McKinsey Quarterly. Available: http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/marketing-and-sales/our-insights/the-evolving-role-of-the-cmo.
DAY, G. S. & MALCOLM, R. 2012. The CMO and the future of marketing. Marketing Management, 22, 34-43.
DENZIN, N. K. & LINCOLN, Y. S. 2011. The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research, SAGE Publications.
DIAMANTE, T. & LONDON, M. 2002. Expansive leadership in the age of digital technology. Journal of Management Development, 21, 404-416.
DUMERESQUE, D. 2014. The chief digital officer: bringing a dynamic approach to digital business. Strategic Direction, 30, 1-3.
EISENHARDT, K. M. 1989. Building Theories from Case Study Research. The Academy of Management Review, 14, 532-550.
ERIC BOYD, D., CHANDY, R. K. & CUNHA, M. 2010. When Do Chief Marketing Officers Affect Firm Value? A Customer Power Explanation. Journal of Marketing Research, 47, 1162-1176.
FERRARI, A. 2012. Digital Competence in practice: An analysis of frameworks. Sevilla: JRC IPTS.(DOI: 10.2791/82116).
FITZGERALD, M., KRUSCHWITZ, N., BONNET, D. & WELCH, M. 2014. Embracing digital technology: A new strategic imperative. MIT sloan management review, 55, 1.
FLICK, U. 2009. An Introduction to Qualitative Research, SAGE Publications.
GEOFFRION, A. M. & KRISHNAN, R. 2003. E-Business and Management Science: Mutual Impacts (Part 1 of 2). Management Science, 49, 1275-1286.
GOTTSCHALK, P. 2000. Information systems executives: the changing role of new IS/IT leaders.
GROSSMAN, R. & RICH, J. 2012. Digital transformation: the rise of the chief digital officer, Russell Reynolds Associates.
HUGHES, P. 2015. The rise of the Chief Digital Officer: Key considerations for driving digital growth from the C-suite [Online]. Deloitte Digital. Available: http://www.deloittedigital.ca/chief-digital-officer.
HUIZINGH, E. K. R. E. 2002. Towards successful e-business strategies: a hierarchy of three management models. Journal of Marketing Management, 18, 721-747.
HUNTER, G. 2010. The chief information officer: a review of the role. Journal of Information, Information Technology, and Organizations, 5, 125-143.
JOHN, K. 2012. Research methodology: A project guide for university students, Samfundslitteratur.
KEELE, S. 2007. Guidelines for performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering. Technical report, Ver. 2.3 EBSE Technical Report. EBSE.
KING, W. R. 2008. Including the CIO in top management. Information systems management, 25, 188-189.
KUMAR, R. 2005. Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners, SAGE Publications.
LANCASTER, G. 2007. Research methods in management, Routledge.
LARS FIEDLER, T. G., MARCUS ROTH, AND OLE JØRGEN VETVIK. 2016. Why customer analytics matter [Online]. McKinsey & Company. Available: http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/marketing-and-sales/our-insights/why-customer-analytics-matter.
LEE, N. & LINGS, I. 2008. Doing business research: a guide to theory and practice, Sage.
LEIDNER, D. E. & MACKAY, J. M. 2007. How incoming CIOs transition into their new jobs. MIS Quarterly Executive, 6.
LUFTMAN, J. N. & KEMPAIAH, R. M. 2007. An Update on Business-IT Alignment: "A Line" Has Been Drawn. Mis Quarterly Executive, 6.
MCLEOD JR, R., KIM, C. N., SAUNDERS, C., JONES, J. W., SCHEEL, C. & ESTRADA, M. C. 1997. Information management as perceived by CIOs in three Pacific Rim countries. Journal of Global Information Management (JGIM), 5, 5-17.
MEYER, C. & SCHWAGER, A. 2007. Understanding Customer Experience. Harvard business review, 85(2), 116-26.
MICHAEL, J. 2010. Barriers to innovation adoption: a study of e‐markets. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 110, 157-174.
PAUL, M. A. 2004. Validating generational differences: A legitimate diversity and leadership issue. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 25, 124-141.
PEPPARD, J., EDWARDS, C. & LAMBERT, R. 2011. CLARIFYING THE AMBIGUOUS ROLE OF THE CIO. MIS Quarterly Executive, 10, 31-44.
PETER DAHLSTROM, C. D., FABIAN HIERONIMUS,MARC SINGER. 2014. The Rebirth of the CMO [Online]. Available: https://hbr.org/2014/08/the-rebirth-of-the-cmo.
POHLE, G. & CHAPMAN, M. 2006. IBM`s global CEO report 2006: business model innovation matters. Strategy & Leadership, 34, 34-40.
POLANSKY, M., INUGANTI, T. & WIGGINS, S. 2004. The 21st century CIO. Business Strategy Review, 15, 29-33.
RAWSON, A., DUNCAN, E. & JONES, C. 2013. The truth about customer experience. Harvard Business Review, 91, 90-98.
ROMAN FRIEDRICH, M. P., CHRIS CURRAN 2016. The right CDO for your company`s future: The five archetypes of a chief digital officer. Strategy&, PwC.
SAUL, J. B. 2012. Digital transformation: opportunities to create new business models. Strategy & Leadership, 40, 16-24.
SAUNDERS, M., LEWIS, P. & THORNHILL, A. 2007. Research Methods for Business Students, Financial Times/Prentice Hall.
SHAHEEN, R. & OLUSOJI, G. 2011. Analysis of Qualitative Data. Availa.
SRINIVASAN, R., LILIEN, G. L. & RANGASWAMY, A. 2002. Technological Opportunism and Radical Technology Adoption: An Application to E-Business. Journal of Marketing, 66, 47-60.
STEVE KELNER, C. P. 2010. Developing the competencies of a Future-State CIO [Online]. CIO from IDG. Available: http://www.cio.co.uk/cio-career/developing-the-competencies-of-a-future-state-cio-3430210/.
STRAUSS, A. & CORBIN, J. 2008. Basics of qualitative research, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
SUH, C. 2014. Is 2014 the Year of the Chief Digital Officer? [Online]. Available: http://www.wired.com/insights/2014/01/2014-year-chief-digital-officer/.
TROCHIM, W. M. K. 2006. The Research Methods Knowledge Base, 2nd Edition [Online]. Available: http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/dedind.php.
TUCK RICKARDS, K. S., AND VIK SOHONI 2015. ‘Transformer in chief’: The new chief digital officer.
VAN DEURSEN, A. & VAN DIJK, J. 2010. Internet skills and the digital divide. New Media & Society, 13, 893-911.
VOGELSANG, M. 2010. Digitalization in Open Economies: Theory and Policy Implications, Physica-Verlag HD.
WANG, R. 2011. The Four Personas of the Next-Generation CIO. Harvard Business Review.
WELCH, C., MARSCHAN-PIEKKARI, R., PENTTINEN, H. & TAHVANAINEN, M. 2002. Corporate elites as informants in qualitative international business research. International Business Review, 11, 611-628.
WESTERMAN, G., BONNET, D. & MCAFEE, A. 2014. Leading Digital: Turning Technology Into Business Transformation, Harvard Business Press.
WESTERMAN, G., CALMÉJANE, C., BONNET, D., FERRARIS, P. & MCAFEE, A. 2011. Digital Transformation: A Roadmap for Billion-Dollar Organizations. MIT Center for Digital Business and Capgemini Consulting.
WOODS, D. 2014. Don`t Let A Chief Digital Officer Steal The Best Part Of Your Job [Online]. Available: http://www.forbes.com/sites/danwoods/2014/04/14/dont-let-a-chief-digital-officer-steal-the-best-part-of-your-job/#2d978e7c1bae.		zh_TW