學術產出-學位論文
文章檢視/開啟
書目匯出
-
題名 當代領導力－其發展及在中國企業之可行性
Modern leadership–development and practicality in chinese companies作者 殷麗莎
Yin, Lisa貢獻者 許仲翔
Hsu, Jason
殷麗莎
Yin, Lisa關鍵詞 當代領導力
組織文化
中國企業
有效管理
臉面工作
Modern leadership
Organizational culture
Chinese business
Effective management
Face-work日期 2017 上傳時間 3-七月-2017 14:39:50 (UTC+8) 摘要 The topic of leadership and leadership devolvement has attracted considerable interest from both academics and practitioners. Further, there have been explicit and implicit claims, that both leadership and culture are linked with each other and both influence organizational performance. While modern leadership and its evolving theories has been examined independently, its applicability was taken as universally. Few studies have investigated the association between the three concepts. This thesis focuses on the new styles of modern leadership and presents evidence suggesting that leadership is very dependent on its cultural context. It further shows that most leadership theories are based on western values, and therefore questions, whether these are applicable in Chinese companies. In fact, this paper is based on the assumption that the relationship between leadership style and performance is mediated by the organizational culture that is present at hand. It concludes with several implications for theory and practice and identifies future research objectives. 參考文獻 Adler, N. J. (1986). International dimensions of organizational behavior. Thunderbird International Business Review, 28(1), 31–32.Alon, I., & Higgins, J. M. (2005). Global leadership success through emotional and cultural intelligences. Business Horizons, 48(6), 501–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2005.04.003Ambler, T., Witzel, M., Xi, C., & Zou, D. (2008). Doing business in China. Routledge.Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. Collier Macmillan.Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational leadership and organizational culture. The International Journal of Public Administration, 17(3–4), 541–554.Bass, B. M., & Stogdill, R. M. (1990). Bass & Stogdill’s Handbook of Leadership: Theory,Research, and Managerial Application. New York: Free Press.Bennis, W. (1999). The leadership advantage. Leader to leader, 1999(12), 18-23.Bird, C. (1940). Social psychology. New York: Appleton-Century.Blunt, P., & Jones, M. L. (1997). Exploring the limits of Western leadership theory in East Asia and Africa. Personnel Review, 26(1/2), 6–23. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483489710157760Borgatta, E. F., Bales, R. F., & Couch, A. S. (1954). Some Findings Relevant to the Great Man Theory of Leadership. American Sociological Review, 19(6), 755. https://doi.org/10.2307/2087923Bucholtz, M., & Hall, K. (2005). Identity and interaction: a sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies, 7(4–5), 585–614. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445605054407Bycio, P., Hackett, R. D., & Allen, J. S. (1995). Further assessments of Bass’s (1985)conceptualization of transactional and transformational leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(4), 468.Cheng, C. (1994). Diversity as Community and Communions: A Taoist Alternative to Modernity. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 7(6), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534819410072728Day, D. V. (2001). Leadership development: A review in context. The Leadership Quarterly, 11(4), 581-613.Deal, T. E., & Kennedy, A. A. (1983). Culture: A new look through old lenses. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 19(4), 498–505.Denison, D. R., Hooijberg, R., & Quinn, R. E. (1995). Paradox and Performance: Toward a Theory of Behavioral Complexity in Managerial Leadership. Organization Science, 6(5), 524–540.Drucker, P. F. (2009). Managing in a time of great change. Harvard Business Press.Engardio, P. (1995). China: Move over, Karl Marx–Here comes Confucius. Business Week.Fairhurst, G. T. (2008). Discursive Leadership: A Communication Alternative to Leadership Psychology. Management Communication Quarterly, 21(4), 510–521. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318907313714Fernandez, D. R., Carlson, D. S., Stepina, L. P., & Nicholson, J. D. (1997). Hofstede’s country classification 25 years later. The Journal of Social Psychology, 137(1), 43–54.Fiedler, F. E. (1996). Research on leadership selection and training: One view of the future. Administrative science quarterly, 241-250.Fleishman, E. A. (1973). Twenty years of consideration and structure. In E. A. Fleishman & J. G. Hunt (Eds.), Current developments in the study of leadership (pp. 1–40). Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.Furnham, A. (1984). Personality and values. Personality and Individual Differences, 5(4),483–485.Galton, F. (1869). Hereditary genius: An inquiry into its laws and consequences (Vol. 27).Macmillan.Geyer, N. (2008). Discourse and politeness: Ambivalent face in Japanese. A&C Black.Goffman, E. (1955). On face-work: An analysis of ritual elements in social interaction (3rd ed., Vol. 18). Psychiatry.Hall, C., Sarangi, S., & Slembrouck, S. (1999). The legitimation of the client and the profession: Identities and roles in social work discourse. Talk, work and institutional order: Discourse in medical, mediation and management settings.Halpin, A. W., & Winer, B. J. (1957). A factorial study of the leader behavior descriptions. Leader behavior: Its description and measurement, 39-51.Heenan, D. A., & Bennis, W. (1999). Co-leaders: The power of great partnerships. John Wiley & Sons.Hennessey, J. T. (1998). “Reinventing” Government: Does Leadership Make the Difference? Public Administration Review, 58(6), 522. https://doi.org/10.2307/977579Ho, D. Y. (1976). On the concept of face. American Journal of Sociology, 81(4), 867–884.Hofstede, G. (1980). Motivation, leadership, and organization: do American theories apply abroad?Organizational Dynamics, 9(1), 42–63.Hofstede, G. (1983). National cultures in four dimensions: A research-based theory of cultural differences among nations. International Studies of Management & Organization, 13(12), 46–74.Hofstede, G. (1993). Cultural constraints in management theories. The Academy of Management Executive, 7(1), 81–94.Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. H. (1988). The Confucius connection: From cultural roots toeconomic growth. Organizational Dynamics, 16(4), 5–21.Isaacson, W. (2012). The Real Leadership Lessons of Steve Jobs. Harvard Business ReviewJenkins, R. (2000). Categorization: Identity, Social Process and Epistemology. Current Sociology, 48(3), 7–25.Lashinsky, A. (2015). Apple`s Tim Cook leads different. Fortune. (http://fortune.com/2015/03/26/tim-cook/)Leithwood, K. A. (1992). The move toward transformational leadership. Educational Leadership, 49(5), 8.Levasseur, R. E. (2004). People Skills: Change Management Tools–The Modern Leadership Model. Interfaces, 34(2), 147–148. https://doi.org/10.1287/inte.1030.0064Liden, R. C. (2012). Leadership research in Asia: A brief assessment and suggestions for the future. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 29(2), 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-011-9276-2Manimala M. J., Wasdani K. P., Poornima K. (2013). Distributed leadership at Google: Lessons from the billion-dollar brand. Ivey Business JournalManz, C. C., & Sims, H. P. (1984). Manz, Sims 1984_Searching for the unleader, organizational member views on leading selfmanaged groups.pdf. Human Relations, 37(5), 409–424.McCall, M. W. (1998). High flyers (Vol. Developing the next generation of leaders). Boston.Molero, F., Cuadrado, I., Navas, M., & Morales, F. (2007). Relations and Effects of Transformational Leadership: A comparative Analysis with Traditional Leadership Styles. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 10(2), 358–368.Nicholls, J. (1988). Leadership in organisations: Meta, macro and micro. European Management Journal, 6(1), 16–25.Oetzel, J., Ting-Toomey, S., Masumoto, T., Yokochi, Y., Pan, X., Takai, J., & Wilcox, R. (2001). Face and facework in conflict: A cross-cultural comparison of China, Germany, Japan, and the United States. Communication Monographs, 68(3), 235–258.Ogbonna, E., & Harris, L. C. (2000). Leadership style, organizational culture and performance: empirical evidence from UK companies. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11(4), 766–788. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190050075114Pearce, C. L. (2007). The future of leadership development: The importance of identity, multi-level approaches, self-leadership, physical fitness, shared leadership, networking, creativity, emotions, spirituality and on-boarding processes. Human Resource Management Review, 17(4), 355–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2007.08.006Ralston, D. A., Holt, D. H., Terpstra, R. H., & Kai-Cheng, Y. (1997). The impact of national culture and economic ideology on managerial work values: A study of the United States, Russia, Japan, and China. Journal of International Business Studies, 177–207.Rowley, C., & Ulrich, D. (2012a). Conclusion: lessons learned and insights derived fromleadership in Asia. Asia Pacific Business Review, 18(4), 675–681. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2012.694725Rowley, C., & Ulrich, D. (2012b). Introduction: setting the scene for leadership in Asia. Asia Pacific Business Review, 18(4), 451–463. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2012.694726Schein, E. H. (1996). Culture: The Missing Concept in Organization Studies. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(2), 229. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393715Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership (Vol. 2) (Vol. 2). John Wiley & Sons.Schnake, M., Dumler, M. P., & Cochran, D. S. (1993). The Relationship Between “Traditional” Leadership, “Super” Leadership, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Group & Organization Management, 18(3), 352–363.Schnurr, S., & Chan, A. (2011). Exploring another side of co-leadership: Negotiating professional identities through face-work in disagreements. Language in Society, 40(2), 187–209. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404511000030Selmer, J. (2006). Language ability and adjustment: Western expatriates in China. Thunderbird International Business Review, 48(3), 347–368. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.20099Slack, T., & Parent, M. M. (2006). Understanding sport organizations: The application of organization theory. Human Kinetics.Sutter, R. (2010). Assessing China’s Rise and US Leadership in Asia—growing maturity and balance. Journal of Contemporary China, 19(65), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670561003666186Swierczek, F. W. (1991). Leadership and Culture: Comparing Asian Managers. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 12(7), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000001165Thomson, J. (2013). 21st Century leadership. Strategic Finance, 95(5), 23–24.Ting-Toomey, S., & Kurogi, A. (1998). Facework competence in intercultural conflict: An updated face-negotiation theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22(2), 187–225.Tourish, D. (2007). Themed book reviews: Communication, discourse and leadership. Human Relations, 60(11), 1727–1740.Triandis, H. C. (1996). The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes. AmericanPsychologist, 51(4), 407.Triandis, H. C., Bontempo, R., Betancourt, H., Bond, M., Leung, K., Brenes, A., Montmollin, G. (1986). The measurement of the etic aspects of individualism and collectivism across cultures. Australian Journal of Psychology, 38(3), 257–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049538608259013Vicere, A. A., & Fulmer, R. M. (1998). Leadership by design. Harvard Business Press.Vine, B., Holmes, J., Marra, M., Pfeifer, D., & Jackson, B. (2008). Exploring Co-leadership Talk Through Interactional Sociolinguistics. Leadership, 4(3), 339–360. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715008092389Yukl, G. (1971). Toward a behavioral theory of leadership. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 6(4), 414–440.Yukl, G. A. (2002). Leadership in organizations.Yukl, G. (2008). How leaders influence organizational effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(6), 708–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.09.008Zaccaro, S. J. (2007). Trait-based perspectives of leadership. American Psychologist, 62(1), 6–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.1.6 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA)
105933058資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0105933058 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 許仲翔 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Hsu, Jason en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 殷麗莎 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Yin, Lisa en_US dc.creator (作者) 殷麗莎 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Yin, Lisa en_US dc.date (日期) 2017 en_US dc.date.accessioned 3-七月-2017 14:39:50 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 3-七月-2017 14:39:50 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-七月-2017 14:39:50 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0105933058 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/110687 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 105933058 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The topic of leadership and leadership devolvement has attracted considerable interest from both academics and practitioners. Further, there have been explicit and implicit claims, that both leadership and culture are linked with each other and both influence organizational performance. While modern leadership and its evolving theories has been examined independently, its applicability was taken as universally. Few studies have investigated the association between the three concepts. This thesis focuses on the new styles of modern leadership and presents evidence suggesting that leadership is very dependent on its cultural context. It further shows that most leadership theories are based on western values, and therefore questions, whether these are applicable in Chinese companies. In fact, this paper is based on the assumption that the relationship between leadership style and performance is mediated by the organizational culture that is present at hand. It concludes with several implications for theory and practice and identifies future research objectives. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 1. Introduction 12. The Concept of Leadership 42.1. The Development of Leadership Theories 42.1.1. Traditional Leadership Theories 52.1.1.1. Trait Model of Leadership 52.1.1.2. Behavioral Model of Leadership 62.1.2. Modern Leadership Theories 72.1.2.1. Transactional leadership 82.1.2.2. Transformational Leadership 92.1.2.3. Super Leadership 102.1.2.4. Discursive Leadership 102.1.2.5. The 21st Century Leadership 112.2. Relationship between Leadership and Company Performance 143. Leadership and Culture 163.1. Hofstede’s dimensions of culture 173.1.1. Power Distance 173.1.2. Uncertainty Avoidance 183.1.3. Individualism vs. Collectivism 183.1.4. Masculinity vs. Femininity 193.2. Relationship between Leadership and Culture 203.3. Comparison between Western and Eastern culture 223.3.1. Western Culture – United States 243.3.2. Eastern Culture - China 254. Practicality of Modern Leadership in Asian Companies 294.1. Identity and Face Maintenance in China 304.2. Traditional Values based on Confucianism 334.3. Collectivism and Power Distance 345. Discussion / Conclusion 376. Limitations and Future Implications 397. References 418. Affidavit 48 zh_TW dc.format.extent 747200 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0105933058 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 當代領導力 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 組織文化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中國企業 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 有效管理 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 臉面工作 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Modern leadership en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Organizational culture en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Chinese business en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Effective management en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Face-work en_US dc.title (題名) 當代領導力－其發展及在中國企業之可行性 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Modern leadership–development and practicality in chinese companies en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Adler, N. J. (1986). International dimensions of organizational behavior. Thunderbird International Business Review, 28(1), 31–32.Alon, I., & Higgins, J. M. (2005). Global leadership success through emotional and cultural intelligences. Business Horizons, 48(6), 501–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2005.04.003Ambler, T., Witzel, M., Xi, C., & Zou, D. (2008). Doing business in China. Routledge.Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. Collier Macmillan.Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational leadership and organizational culture. The International Journal of Public Administration, 17(3–4), 541–554.Bass, B. M., & Stogdill, R. M. (1990). Bass & Stogdill’s Handbook of Leadership: Theory,Research, and Managerial Application. New York: Free Press.Bennis, W. (1999). The leadership advantage. Leader to leader, 1999(12), 18-23.Bird, C. (1940). Social psychology. New York: Appleton-Century.Blunt, P., & Jones, M. L. (1997). Exploring the limits of Western leadership theory in East Asia and Africa. Personnel Review, 26(1/2), 6–23. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483489710157760Borgatta, E. F., Bales, R. F., & Couch, A. S. (1954). Some Findings Relevant to the Great Man Theory of Leadership. American Sociological Review, 19(6), 755. https://doi.org/10.2307/2087923Bucholtz, M., & Hall, K. (2005). Identity and interaction: a sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies, 7(4–5), 585–614. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445605054407Bycio, P., Hackett, R. D., & Allen, J. S. (1995). Further assessments of Bass’s (1985)conceptualization of transactional and transformational leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(4), 468.Cheng, C. (1994). Diversity as Community and Communions: A Taoist Alternative to Modernity. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 7(6), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534819410072728Day, D. V. (2001). Leadership development: A review in context. The Leadership Quarterly, 11(4), 581-613.Deal, T. E., & Kennedy, A. A. (1983). Culture: A new look through old lenses. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 19(4), 498–505.Denison, D. R., Hooijberg, R., & Quinn, R. E. (1995). Paradox and Performance: Toward a Theory of Behavioral Complexity in Managerial Leadership. Organization Science, 6(5), 524–540.Drucker, P. F. (2009). Managing in a time of great change. Harvard Business Press.Engardio, P. (1995). China: Move over, Karl Marx–Here comes Confucius. Business Week.Fairhurst, G. T. (2008). Discursive Leadership: A Communication Alternative to Leadership Psychology. Management Communication Quarterly, 21(4), 510–521. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318907313714Fernandez, D. R., Carlson, D. S., Stepina, L. P., & Nicholson, J. D. (1997). Hofstede’s country classification 25 years later. The Journal of Social Psychology, 137(1), 43–54.Fiedler, F. E. (1996). Research on leadership selection and training: One view of the future. Administrative science quarterly, 241-250.Fleishman, E. A. (1973). Twenty years of consideration and structure. In E. A. Fleishman & J. G. Hunt (Eds.), Current developments in the study of leadership (pp. 1–40). Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.Furnham, A. (1984). Personality and values. Personality and Individual Differences, 5(4),483–485.Galton, F. (1869). Hereditary genius: An inquiry into its laws and consequences (Vol. 27).Macmillan.Geyer, N. (2008). Discourse and politeness: Ambivalent face in Japanese. A&C Black.Goffman, E. (1955). On face-work: An analysis of ritual elements in social interaction (3rd ed., Vol. 18). Psychiatry.Hall, C., Sarangi, S., & Slembrouck, S. (1999). The legitimation of the client and the profession: Identities and roles in social work discourse. Talk, work and institutional order: Discourse in medical, mediation and management settings.Halpin, A. W., & Winer, B. J. (1957). A factorial study of the leader behavior descriptions. Leader behavior: Its description and measurement, 39-51.Heenan, D. A., & Bennis, W. (1999). Co-leaders: The power of great partnerships. John Wiley & Sons.Hennessey, J. T. (1998). “Reinventing” Government: Does Leadership Make the Difference? Public Administration Review, 58(6), 522. https://doi.org/10.2307/977579Ho, D. Y. (1976). On the concept of face. American Journal of Sociology, 81(4), 867–884.Hofstede, G. (1980). Motivation, leadership, and organization: do American theories apply abroad?Organizational Dynamics, 9(1), 42–63.Hofstede, G. (1983). National cultures in four dimensions: A research-based theory of cultural differences among nations. International Studies of Management & Organization, 13(12), 46–74.Hofstede, G. (1993). Cultural constraints in management theories. The Academy of Management Executive, 7(1), 81–94.Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. H. (1988). The Confucius connection: From cultural roots toeconomic growth. Organizational Dynamics, 16(4), 5–21.Isaacson, W. (2012). The Real Leadership Lessons of Steve Jobs. Harvard Business ReviewJenkins, R. (2000). Categorization: Identity, Social Process and Epistemology. Current Sociology, 48(3), 7–25.Lashinsky, A. (2015). Apple`s Tim Cook leads different. Fortune. (http://fortune.com/2015/03/26/tim-cook/)Leithwood, K. A. (1992). The move toward transformational leadership. Educational Leadership, 49(5), 8.Levasseur, R. E. (2004). People Skills: Change Management Tools–The Modern Leadership Model. Interfaces, 34(2), 147–148. https://doi.org/10.1287/inte.1030.0064Liden, R. C. (2012). Leadership research in Asia: A brief assessment and suggestions for the future. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 29(2), 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-011-9276-2Manimala M. J., Wasdani K. P., Poornima K. (2013). Distributed leadership at Google: Lessons from the billion-dollar brand. Ivey Business JournalManz, C. C., & Sims, H. P. (1984). Manz, Sims 1984_Searching for the unleader, organizational member views on leading selfmanaged groups.pdf. Human Relations, 37(5), 409–424.McCall, M. W. (1998). High flyers (Vol. Developing the next generation of leaders). Boston.Molero, F., Cuadrado, I., Navas, M., & Morales, F. (2007). Relations and Effects of Transformational Leadership: A comparative Analysis with Traditional Leadership Styles. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 10(2), 358–368.Nicholls, J. (1988). Leadership in organisations: Meta, macro and micro. European Management Journal, 6(1), 16–25.Oetzel, J., Ting-Toomey, S., Masumoto, T., Yokochi, Y., Pan, X., Takai, J., & Wilcox, R. (2001). Face and facework in conflict: A cross-cultural comparison of China, Germany, Japan, and the United States. Communication Monographs, 68(3), 235–258.Ogbonna, E., & Harris, L. C. (2000). Leadership style, organizational culture and performance: empirical evidence from UK companies. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11(4), 766–788. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190050075114Pearce, C. L. (2007). The future of leadership development: The importance of identity, multi-level approaches, self-leadership, physical fitness, shared leadership, networking, creativity, emotions, spirituality and on-boarding processes. Human Resource Management Review, 17(4), 355–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2007.08.006Ralston, D. A., Holt, D. H., Terpstra, R. H., & Kai-Cheng, Y. (1997). The impact of national culture and economic ideology on managerial work values: A study of the United States, Russia, Japan, and China. Journal of International Business Studies, 177–207.Rowley, C., & Ulrich, D. (2012a). Conclusion: lessons learned and insights derived fromleadership in Asia. Asia Pacific Business Review, 18(4), 675–681. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2012.694725Rowley, C., & Ulrich, D. (2012b). Introduction: setting the scene for leadership in Asia. Asia Pacific Business Review, 18(4), 451–463. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2012.694726Schein, E. H. (1996). Culture: The Missing Concept in Organization Studies. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(2), 229. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393715Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership (Vol. 2) (Vol. 2). John Wiley & Sons.Schnake, M., Dumler, M. P., & Cochran, D. S. (1993). The Relationship Between “Traditional” Leadership, “Super” Leadership, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Group & Organization Management, 18(3), 352–363.Schnurr, S., & Chan, A. (2011). Exploring another side of co-leadership: Negotiating professional identities through face-work in disagreements. Language in Society, 40(2), 187–209. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404511000030Selmer, J. (2006). Language ability and adjustment: Western expatriates in China. Thunderbird International Business Review, 48(3), 347–368. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.20099Slack, T., & Parent, M. M. (2006). Understanding sport organizations: The application of organization theory. Human Kinetics.Sutter, R. (2010). Assessing China’s Rise and US Leadership in Asia—growing maturity and balance. Journal of Contemporary China, 19(65), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670561003666186Swierczek, F. W. (1991). Leadership and Culture: Comparing Asian Managers. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 12(7), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000001165Thomson, J. (2013). 21st Century leadership. Strategic Finance, 95(5), 23–24.Ting-Toomey, S., & Kurogi, A. (1998). Facework competence in intercultural conflict: An updated face-negotiation theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22(2), 187–225.Tourish, D. (2007). Themed book reviews: Communication, discourse and leadership. Human Relations, 60(11), 1727–1740.Triandis, H. C. (1996). The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes. AmericanPsychologist, 51(4), 407.Triandis, H. C., Bontempo, R., Betancourt, H., Bond, M., Leung, K., Brenes, A., Montmollin, G. (1986). The measurement of the etic aspects of individualism and collectivism across cultures. Australian Journal of Psychology, 38(3), 257–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049538608259013Vicere, A. A., & Fulmer, R. M. (1998). Leadership by design. Harvard Business Press.Vine, B., Holmes, J., Marra, M., Pfeifer, D., & Jackson, B. (2008). Exploring Co-leadership Talk Through Interactional Sociolinguistics. Leadership, 4(3), 339–360. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715008092389Yukl, G. (1971). Toward a behavioral theory of leadership. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 6(4), 414–440.Yukl, G. A. (2002). Leadership in organizations.Yukl, G. (2008). How leaders influence organizational effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(6), 708–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.09.008Zaccaro, S. J. (2007). Trait-based perspectives of leadership. American Psychologist, 62(1), 6–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.1.6 zh_TW
