1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Communication
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 買或不買: 馬來西亞大學生綠色購買意向調查
To buy or not to buy: Malaysian University students’ green purchase intention
作者 伊德琳
Spykerman, Edaline Audrey
貢獻者 施琮仁
Shih, Tsung-Jen
伊德琳
Edaline Audrey Spykerman
關鍵詞 理性行為理論
價格敏感度
生態知識
生態關懷
人與自然的方向
綠色的購買意向
Theory of Reasoned Action
Price sensitivity
Ecological knowledge
Ecological concern
Man-nature orientation
Green purchase intention
日期 2017
上傳時間 3-Jul-2017 14:42:04 (UTC+8)
摘要 This research was driven by Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) to examine the impact of ecological knowledge, ecological concern, and man-nature orientation on green purchasing (including both intention and actual behavior), with the moderating effect of price sensitivity and allowance and/or income. This research surveyed 602 Malaysian university students within the age bracket of 18 to 25, because this specific demographic is a sizeable market and such research is lacking in an emerging economy like Malaysia. The results demonstrated that ecological concern and man-nature orientation influenced purchase intention and actual purchase. The findings also indicated that price sensitivity and allowance and/or income moderated the relationship between behavioral intention and actual behavior. This study has two implications: (1) it extends TRA by exploring the potential moderating variables between behavioral intention and actual behavior, and its findings adds to the body of knowledge in the area of green consumer behavior; (2) marketing managers can formulate their green marketing strategies effectively by consistently driving heart-warming campaigns to create or stir consumers’ emotions. Marketers should keep in mind that Malaysians are highly influenced by man-nature relationship belief, and additionally, marketers need to be careful in justifying pricing difference between non-green and green products for consumers that are sensitive to price.
參考文獻 Abdul Wahid, N., Rahbar, E. & Shyan, T. S. (2011). Factors influencing the green purchase behavior of Penang environmental volunteers. International Business Management, 5(1), 38-49.
Aini, M. S., Fakhru`l‐Razi, A., Laily, H. P., & Jariah, M. (2003). Environmental concerns, knowledge and practices gap among Malaysian teachers. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 4(4), 305-313.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211.
Alba, J. W., & Hutchinson, J. W. (1987). Dimensions of consumer expertise. Journal of Consumer Research, 13, 411-454.
Aman, A. H. L., Harun, A., & Hussein, Z. (2012). The influence of environmental knowledge and concern on green purchase intention the role of attitude as a mediating variable. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 7, 145-167.
Anderson, E. W. (1996). Customer satisfaction and price tolerance. Marketing Letters, 7(3), 265-274.
Ang, S. H., Leong, S. M., & Kotler, P. (2000). The Asian apocalypse: Crisis marketing for consumers and businesses. Long Range Planning, 33, 97-119.
Arnold, M. J., & Reynolds, K. E. (2009). Affect and retail shopping behavior: understanding the role of mood regulation and regulatory focus. Journal of Retail, 85(3), 308-320.
Axelrod, L. J. & Lehman, D. R. (1993). Responding to environmental concern: what factors guide individual action? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13, 149-159.
Azzone, G., & Beretele, U. (1994). Exploiting green strategies for competitive advantage. Long Range Planning, 27(6), 69-81.
Balderjahn, I. (1988). Personality variables and environmental attitudes as predictors of ecologically responsible consumption patterns. Journal of Business Research, 17, 51-56.
Bamberg, S., & Moser, G. (2007). Twenty years after Hines, Hungerford, and Tomera: A new meta-analysis of psycho-social determinants of pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27, 14-25.
Barak, B., & Gould, S. (1985). Alternative age measures: A research agenda. Association for Consumer Research: Advances in Consumer Research, 12, 53-58.
Beckford, C., Jacobs, C., Williams, N., & Nahdee, R. (2010). Aboriginal environmental wisdom, stewardship, and sustainability: Lessons from the Walpole island first nations, Ontario, Canada. Journal of Environmental Education, 41(4), 239-248.
Berger, I. E. & Corbin, R. M. (1992). Perceived consumer effectiveness and faith in others as moderators of environmentally responsible behaviors. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 11, 79-89.
Bina, O., & Vaz, S. G. (2011). Humans, environment and economies: From vicious relationships to virtuous responsibility. Original Research Article Ecological Economics, 72(12), 170-178.
Bohner, G., & Dickel, N. (2011). Attitudes and attitude change. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 391-417.
Bolton, R. N., & Lemon, K. N. (1999). A dynamic model of customers` usage of services: usage as an antecedent and consequence of satisfaction. Journal of Marketing Research, 36(2), 171-186.
Business Dictionary.com (2010). Definition of purchase intention. Retrieved April 21, 2017 from http://www.businessdictionary.com/
Carrigan, M., Szmigin, I., & Wright, J. (2004). Shopping for a better world? An interpretive study of the potential for ethical consumption within the older market. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 21(6), 401-417.
Cartmel, B., Loescher, L. J., & Villar-Werstler, P. (1992). Professional and consumer concerns about the environment, lifestyle, and cancer. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 8(1), 20-29.
Central Intelligence Agency. (2017). Malaysia. In the world factbook. Retrieved April 21, 2017 from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/my.html
Chan, E. S. W. (2013). Gap analysis of green hotel marketing. International Journal of Contemporary Hospital Management, 25(7), 1017-1048.
Chan, R. Y. K. (2001). Determinants of Chinese consumers’ green purchasing behavior. Psychology and Marketing, 18(4), 389-413.
Chan, R. Y. K., & Lau, L. B. Y. (2000). Antecedents of green purchases: a survey in China. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 17(4), 338-357.
Cheah, C. M. (2009). A study on consumers green purchasing intention (Master’s thesis). College of Business, University Utara Malaysia, Malaysia.
Chen, T. B., & Chai, L. T. (2010). Attitude towards the environment and green products: Consumers’ perspective. Management Science and Engineering, 4(2), 27-39.
Cheng, T. M., & Wu, H. C. (2015). How do environmental knowledge, environmental sensitivity, and place attachment affect environmentally responsible behavior? An integrated approach for sustainable island tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23 (4), 557-576.
Chukwuma, C. S. (1998). Environmental issues and our chemical world – the need for a multidimensional approach in environmental safety, health and management. Environmental Management and Health, 9(3), 136-143.
Cole, J., Sarraf, S., & Wang, X. (2015). Does use of survey incentives degrade data quality? Proceedings of Paper: Presented at the Association for Institutional Research Annual Forum. Retrieved April 21, 2017 from Indiana University Bloomington: http://nsse.indiana.edu/pdf/presentations/2015/AIR_Forum_2015_Cole_Sarraf_Wang_paper.pdf
Connell, K. Y. H. (2010). Internal and external barriers to eco-conscious apparel acquisition. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 34(3), 279-286.
Conner, M., & Armitage, C. J. (1998). Extending the theory of planned behavior: a review and avenues for further research. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 1429-1464.
Conraud-Koellner, E., & Rivas-Tovar, L. (2009). Study of green behavior with a focus on Mexican individuals. iBusiness, 1, 124-131.
Dahm, M. J., Samonte, A. V., & Shows, A. R. (2009). Organic foods: do eco-friendly attitudes predict eco-friendly behaviors? Journal of American College Health, (58)3, 195-202.
Dangelico, R. M., & Pujari, D. (2010). Mainstreaming green product innovation: Why and how companies integrate environmental sustainability. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(3), 471-486.
Desan, J. N. (2009). The green market – opportunities, competencies, complexities. CSR Asia. Retrieved April 21, 2017 from http://www.standardusers.org
Deustskens, E., de Ruyter, K., Wetzels, M., & Oosterveld, P. (2004). Response rate and response quality of internet-based surveys: An experimental study. Marketing Letters, 15(1), 21-36.
Dispoto, R. G. (1977). Interrelationships among measures of environmental activity, Emotionality, and Knowledge. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 37(2), 451-459.
D’Souza, C., Taghian, M., & Khosla, R. (2007). Examination of environmental beliefs and its impact on the influence of price, quality and demographic characteristics with respect to green purchase intention. Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 15(2), 69-78.
D’Souza, C., Taghian, M., & Lamb, P. (2006). An empirical study on the influence of environmental labels on consumers. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 11(2), 162-173.
Dorota, R. H. (2013). Determinants of purchasing behavior. Management, 17(1), 334-346.
Edwards, K. (1990). The interplay of affect and cognition in attitude formation and change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 202-216.
Feigenbaum, E., & Manning, R. (2012). A tale of two Asias. Foreign Policy. Retrieved April 21, 2017 from https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/10/31/ataleoftwoasias
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, Massachusetts, USA: Addison-Wesley.
Fitzsimons, G. J., & Morwitz, V. G. (1996). The effect of measuring intent on brand-level purchase behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 23(1), 1-11.
Follows, S. C., & Jobber, D. (1999). Environmentally responsible purchase behavior: a test of a consumer model. European Journal of Marketing, 34(5/6), 723-746.
Fraj, E., & Martinez, E. (2006). Ecological consumer behavior: An empirical analysis. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 31(1), 26-33.
Fryxell, G. E., & Lo, C. W. (2003). The influence of environmental knowledge and values on managerial behaviors on behalf of the environment: An empirical examination of managers in China. Journal of Business Ethics, 46(1), 45-69.
Gallarotti, G. M. (1995). It pays to be green: the managerial incentive structure and environmentally sound strategies. Columbia Journal of World Business, 30(4), 38-57.
Godin, G., & Kok, G. (1996). The theory of planned behavior: a review of its applications to health-related behaviors. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11, 87-98.
Goh, S. K., & Balaji, M. S. (2016). Linking green scepticism to green purchase behavior. Journal of Cleaner Production, 131, 629-638.
Goldsmith, R. E., & Newell, S. J. (1997). Innovativeness and price sensitivity: Managerial, theoretical, and methodological issues. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 6, 163-173.
Graci, S., & Dodds, R. (2008). Why go green? The business case for environmental commitment in the Canadian hotel industry: Anatolia. An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 19(2), 251-270.
Grunert, S. C., & Kristensen, K. (1992). The Danish consumer and organic food. The Aarhus School of Business, Institute for Information Science, Aarhus, Denmark.
Gurau, C., & Ranchhod, A. (2005). International green marketing: A comparative study of British and Romanian firms. International Marketing Review, 22(5), 547-561.
Hansen, J. K., & Sørensen, H. C. (1993). The importance of price for the sale of ecological products. (MAPP working paper no. 13). Retrieved April 21, 2017 from http://pure.au.dk/portal/files/32299697/wp13.pdf.
Har, L. C., Yaw, L. H., Ai, Y. J., & Hasan, M. A. (2011). Factors influencing Malaysia consumers to purchase green product: A conceptual framework. Proceedings of Asia Pacific Marketing and Management Conference, 1-9.
Hasan, Z., & Ali, N. A. (2015). The impact of green marketing strategy on the firm’s performance in Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 172, 463-470.
Henion, K. (1976). Ecological marketing. Columbus: Ohio Grid Inc.
Hinds, J., & Sparks, P. (2008). Engaging with the natural environment: The role of affective connection and identity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28, 109-120.
Hsu, C. L., Chang, C. Y., & Yansritakul, C. (2017). Exploring purchase intention of green skincare products using the theory of planned behavior: Testing the moderating effects of country of origin and price sensitivity. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 34, 145-152.
Hu, H. H., Parsa, H. G., & Self, J. (2010). The dynamics of green restaurant patronage. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 51, 344-362.
Joshi, Y., & Rahman, Z. (2015). Factors affecting green purchase behavior and future research directions. International Strategic Management Review, 3(1/2), 128-143.
Kaiser, F. G., Wolfing-Kast, S., & Fuhrer, U. (1999). Environmental attitude and ecological behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19, 1-19.
Kals, E., Schumacher, D., & Montada, L. (1999). Emotional affinity toward nature as a motivational basis to protect nature. Environment and Behavior, 31, 178-202.
Kanchanapibul, M., Lacka, E., Wang, X., & Chan, H. K. (2014). An empirical investigation of green purchase behavior among the young generation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 66, 528-536.
Karsaklian, E. (2008). Consumer behavior. 2nd. ed.; São Paulo: Atlas.
Kim, E. Y., & Kim, Y. K. (2004). Predicting online purchase intentions for clothing products. European Journal of Marketing, 38(7), 883-897.
Kim, Y. J., Njite, D., & Hancer, M. (2013). Anticipated emotion in consumers’ intentions to select eco-friendly restaurants: Augmenting the theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34, 255-262.
Kongsompong, K., Green, R. T., & Patterson, P. G. (2009). Collectivism and social influence
in the buying decision: A four-country study of inter- and intra-national differences. Australasian Marketing Journal, 17, 142-149.
Kong, W., Harun, A., Sulong, R. S., & Lily, J. (2014). The influence of consumers` perception of green products on green purchase intention. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 4(8), 924-939.
Laroche, M., Bergeron, J., & Barbaro-Forleo, G. (2001). Targeting consumers who are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 18(6), 503-520.
Laroche, M., Kim, C., & Zhou, L. (1996). Brand familiarity and confidence as determinants of purchase intention: an empirical test in a multiple brand context. Journal of Business Research, 37(2), 115-120.
Laskova, A. (2007). Perceived consumer effectiveness and environmental concerns. Proceedings of the 13th Asia Pacific Management Conference, 206-209. Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved April 21, 2017 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237400967_Perceived_Consumer_Effectiveness_and_Environmental_Concerns
Lee, K. (2008). Opportunities for green marketing: young consumers. Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 26(6), 573-586.
Li, Y., Lu, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, L., Wang, M., & Jiang, X. (2016). Propensity of green consumption behaviors in representative cities in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 133, 1328-1336.
Low, W. S., Lee, J. D., & Cheng, S. M. (2013). The link between customer satisfaction and price sensitivity: An investigation of retailing industry in Taiwan. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 20(1), 1-10.


Lung, S. (2010). Green consumerism - The way to effectively differentiate your products in Asia-Pacific market. Retrieved April 21, 2017 from http://ezinearticles.com/?Green-Consumerism- --The-Way-to-Effectively-Differentiate-Your-Products-in-Asia-Pacific Market&id=487312
Luzio, J. P. P., & Lemke, F. (2013). Exploring green consumers product demands and consumption processes. European Business Review, 25(3), 281-300.
Maloney, M. P., & Ward, M. P. (1973). Ecology: let’s hear from the people. An objective scale for the measurement of ecological attitudes and knowledge. American Psychologist, 28, 583-586.
Maloney, M. P., Ward, M. P., & Braucht, G. N. (1975). Psychology in action: a revised scale for the measurement of ecological attitudes and knowledge. American Psychologist, 30, 787-790
Manaktola, K., & Jauhari, V. (2007). Exploring consumer attitude and behavior towards green practices in the lodging industry in India. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 19(5), 364-377.
Mandese, J. (1991). New study finds green confusion, Advertising Age, 62(45), 1‐56.
Marketing, I. (2008). Consumers’ purchasing behavior towards green products in New Zealand. Innovative Marketing, 4(1), 93-102.
Matthes, J., Wonneberger, A., & Schmuck, D. (2014). Consumers’ green involvement and the persuasive effects of emotional versus functional ads. Journal of Business Research, 67(9), 1885-1893.
Mayer, F. S. & Frantz, C. M. (2004). The connectedness to nature scale: a measure of individuals’ feeling in community with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 503-515.
McDoughall, G. H. G. (1993). The green movement in Canada: Implications for marketing strategy. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 5(3), 69-87.
de Medeiros, J. F., Ribeiro, J. L. D., & Cortimiglia, M. N. (2016). Influence of perceived value on purchasing decisions of green products in Brazil. Journal of Cleaner Production, 110, 158-169.
Mei, O. J., Ling, K. C., & Piew, T. H. (2012). The antecedents of green purchase intention among malaysian consumers. Asian Social Science, 8(13), 248-263.
Miller, J. & Szekely, F. (1995). What is Green? Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 15(5), 418.
Mohd Noor, M. N., Masuod, M. S., Abu Said, A. M., Kamaruzaman, I. F., & Mustafa, M. A. (2016). Understanding consumers and green product purchase decision in Malaysia: A structural equation modeling - partial least square (SEM-PLS) approach. Asian Social Science, 12(9), 51-64.
Moisander, J. (2007). Motivational complexity of green consumerism. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 31(4), 404-409.
Monroe, K. B. (1973). Buyers’ subjective perceptions of price. Journal of Marketing, 10, 70-80.
Morganosky, M. A. (1986). Cost- versus convenience oriented consumers: Demographics, lifestyle and value perspectives. Psychology and Marketing, 3, 35-47.
Mortensen, D. H. (2016). The role of legitimacy in consumer behavior: The case of meat consumption in a Farm Animal Welfare Perspective; a partial least squares structural equation modelling approach (Master’s thesis). Copenhagen Business School, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
Moser, A. K. (2016). Consumers’ purchasing decisions regarding environmentally friendly products: an empirical analysis of German consumers. Journal of Retail Consumer Services, 31, 389-397.
Mostafa, M. M. (2006). Antecedents of Egyptian consumers’ green purchase intentions: a hierarchical multivariate regression model. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 19(2), 97-126.
Mostafa, M. M. (2007). Gender differences in Egyptian consumers’ green purchase behavior: the effects of environmental knowledge, concern and attitude. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 31, 220-229.
Nabsiah, A. W., & Elham, R. (2011). Investigation of green marketing tools’ effect on consumers’ purchase behavior. Business Strategy Series, 2(12), 73-83.
Newton, J. D., Tsarenko, Y., Ferraro, C., & Sands, S. (2015). Environmental concern and environmental purchase intentions: The mediating role of learning strategy. Journal of Business Research, 68(9), 1974-1981.
Ng, S., & Paladino, A. (2009). Examining the influences of intention to purchase green mobile phones among young consumers: an empirical analysis. ANZMAC, 1-8.
Niessen, J. & Hamm, U. (2008). Identifying the gap between stated and actual buying behavior on organic products based on consumer panel data. Proceedings of Cultivating the Future Based on Science: 2nd Conference of the International Society of Organic Agriculture Research (ISOFAR), Modena, Italy.
Nik Abdul, R. N. A. (2009). Awareness of eco-label in Malaysia`s green marketing initiative. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(8), 132-141.
Nik Abdul, R. N. A., Jusoff, K., & Kassim, K. M. (2009). Eco-labelling perspectives amongst Malaysian consumers. Canadian Social Science, 5(2),1-10.
Noor, A. M. N., Muhammad, A., Kassim, C. Z., Jamil, N. M., Mat, N. M & Salleh, H. S. (2012). Creating green consumers: How environmental knowledge and environmental attitude lead to green purchase behavior? International Journal of Arts & Sciences, 5(1), 55-71.
Norberg, P. A., Horne, D. R., & Horne, D. A. (2007). The privacy paradox: Personal information disclosure intentions versus behaviors. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 41(1), 100-126.
Numbeo. (2017). Cost of living in Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved May 15, 2017 from https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/in/Kuala-Lumpur
Oliver, R. L., & DeSarbo, W. S. (1988). Response determinants in satisfaction judgments. Journal of Consumer Research, 14, 495-508.
Oskamp, S., Harrington, M. J., Edwards, T. C., Sherwood, D. L., Okuda, S. M., & Swanson, D. C. (1991). Factors influencing household recycling behavior. Environment and Behavior, 23, 494-519.
Ottman, J. A. (1992). Industry’s response to green consumerism. Journal of Business Strategy, 13(4), 3-7.
do Paço, A. M. F., & Raposo, M. (2009). “Green” segmentation: an application to the Portuguese consumer market. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 27(3), 364-379.
Pavan, M., & Payal, S. (2010). Green marketing in India: Emerging opportunities and challenges. Journal of Engineering, Science and Management Education, 3(10), 9-14.
Pellegrini, G., & Farinello, F. (2009). Organic consumers and new lifestyles. An Italian country survey on consumption patterns. British Food Journal, 111(9), 948-974.
Portolese Dias, L. (2004). Generational buying behaviors (Unpublished dissertation). Argosy University, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Principles of Marketing. (2010). Factors that influence consumes’ buying behavior. Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial Share Alike, 31. Retrieve April 21, 2017 from http://open.lib.umn.edu/principlesmarketing/front-matter/about-the-authors/
Pickett, B. J., & Ozaki, R. (2008). Pro-environmental products: marketing influence on consumer purchase decision. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 25(5), 281-293.
Punitha, S., & Mohd Rasdi, R. (2013). Corporate social responsibility: adoption of green marketing by hotel industry. Asian Social Science, 9(17), 79-93.
Qader, I., & Zainuddin, Y. (2011). The impact of media exposure on intention to purchase green electronic products amongst lecturers. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(3), 240-249.
Rajeshkumar, M. L. (2012). An overview of green marketing. Naamex International Journal of Management Research, 2, 128-136.
Ramayah, Lee, J. W., & Mohamad, O. (2010). Green product purchase intention: Some insights from a developing country. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54(12), 1419-1427.
Ramsey, C. E. & Rickson, R. E. (1976). Environmental knowledge and attitudes. Journal of Environmental Education, 8, 10-18.
Rehman, Z., & Bin Dost, M. K. (2013). Conceptualizing green purchase intention in Emerging markets: An empirical analysis on Pakistan. Proceedings of Research, 2013 WEI International Academic Conference Proceedings. Istanbul, Turkey.
Renfro, L. A. (2010). Green business operations and green marketing. Gatton Student Research Publication, 2(2), 1-8.
Rice, G., Wongtada, N., & Leelakulthanit, O. (1996). An investigation of self efficiency and environmentally concerned behavior of Thai consumers. Journal of international Consumer Marketing, 9(2), 1-19.
Richard, R., van der Pligt, J., & de Vries, N. K. (1996). Anticipated affect and behavioral choice. Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 18, 111-129.
Ritter, Á. M., Borchardt, M., Vaccaro, G. L. R., Pereira, G. M., & Almeida, F. (2015). Motivations for promoting the consumption of green products in an emerging country: Exploring attitudes of Brazilian consumers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 106, 507-520.
Rizwan, M., Qayyum, M., Qadeer, W., & Javed, M. (2014). The impact on branded product on consumer purchase intentions. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 4(3), 57-74.
Roos, A., & Nyrud, A. Q., (2008). Description of green versus environmentally indifferent consumers of wood products in Scandinavia: flooring and decking. Journal of Wood Science, 54, 402–407.
Salequzzman, M. D., & Stocker, L. (2001). The context and prospects for environmental education and environmental career in Bangladesh. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 2(2), 104-121.
Schaefer, A., & Crane, A. (2001). Rethinking green consumption. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Micromarketing Conference. The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, USA.
Scheffer, V. (1991). The shaping of environmentalism in America. Seattle, Washington, USA: University of Washington Press.
Schlegelmilch, B. B., Bohlen, G. M., & Diamantopoulos, A. (1996). The link between green purchasing decisions and measures of environmental consciousness. European Journal of Marketing, 30(5), 35-55.
Schmidt, M., & Hollensen, S. (2010). Product development and target market segmentation. Harlow: Pearson.
Schouten, J. W. (1991). Selves in transition: symbolic consumption in personal rites of passage and identity reconstruction. Journal of Consumer Research, 17, 412-425.
Shah, A. (2005). Effects of Consumerism. Retrieved April 21, 2017 from http://www.globalissues.org/article/238/effects-of-consumerism
Smith, S., & Paladino, A. (2010). Eating clean and green? Investigating consumer motivations towards the purchase of organic food. Australasian Marketing Journal, 18(2), 93-104.
Smith, S. N. J., & Fortner, R. W. (1994). The environmental action internal control index. Journal of Environmental Education, 25, 23-29.
Smythe, P. C., & Brook, R. C. (1980). Environmental concerns and actions: a social-psychological investigation. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 12, 175-186.
Soonthonsmai, V. (2007). Environmental or green marketing as global competitive edge: Concept, synthesis and implication. Proceedings of Conference: EABR (Business) and ETLC (Teaching). Venice, Italy.
Stone, G., Montgomery, C., & Nkonge, J. (2008). Do consumer`s environmental attitudes translate into actions: A five nation cross-cultural analysis. Society for Marketing Advances Proceedings, 197-202.
Strong, C. (1996). Features contributing to the growth of ethical consumerism ‐ a preliminary investigation. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 14(5), 5-13.
Stutzman, T. M. & Green, S. B. (1982). Factors affecting energy consumption: two field tests of the Fishbein & Ajzen model. Journal of Social Psychology, 117, 183-201.
Suki, N. M. (2013). Young consumer ecological behavior: the effects of environmental knowledge, healthy food, and healthy way of life with the moderation of gender and age. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 24(6), 726-737.
Tadajewski, M., & Tsukamoto, S. W. (2006). Anthropology and consumer research: Qualitative insights into green consumer behavior. Qualitative Market Research International Journal, 9, 8-25.
Tamashiro, H. S., & Silveira, J. (2013). The relationship between ecological knowledge, ecological concern, ecological affection, subjective norms and the green purchase behavior in Brazil. African Journal of Business Management, 7(34), 3297-3314.
Tanner, C., & Wölfing-Kast, S. (2003). Promoting sustainable consumption: determinants of green purchases by Swiss consumers. Psychology & Marketing, 20, 883–902.
Taylor, P., Chuang, S., & Yang, C. (2013). Key success factors when implementing a green- manufacturing system. Production Planning & Control, 1-15.
Torjusen, H., Lieblien, G., Wandel, M., & Francis, C. A. (2001). Food system orientation and quality perception among consumers and producers of organic food in Hedmark County,
Norway. Food Quality and Preference, 12(3), 207-216.
Umbach, P. D. (2004) Web surveys: best practice. New Directions for Institutional Research, 121, 23-38.
Vazifehdust, H., Taghipourian, M. J., & Gharib, Z. (2011). Social marketing , green marketing: the extension of marketing concept. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 41, 20-33.
Verdugo, C. V. (1996) A structural model of reuse and recycling in Mexico. Environment and Behavior, 28, 664-696.
Vicente-Molina, M. A., Fernandez-Sainz, A., & Izagirre-Olaizola, J. (2013). Environmental knowledge and other variables affecting pro-environmental behavior: comparison of university students from emerging and advanced countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 61, 130-138.
Wakefield, K. L., & Inman, J. J. (2003). Situational price sensitivity: The role of consumption occasion, social context and income. Journal of Retailing, 79(4), 199-212.
Wang, C. C. L., Chan, A. K. K., & Chen, Z. X. (2001). Segment intenders and non-intenders in China’s property market: A hybrid approach. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 18(4/5), 319-331.
Ward, C. B. & Thuhang, T. (2007). Consumer gifting behaviors: One for you, one for me? Services Marketing Quarterly, 29(2), 1-17.
Wasik, J. (1992). Green marketing: Marketing is confusing, but patience will pay off. Marketing News, 26(21), 16-17.
World Population Review. (2017). Kuala Lumpur Population. Retrieved April 21, 2017 from http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/kuala-lumpur-population/
Woś, J., Rachocka J., Kasperek-Hoppe, M. (2011). Zachowania konsumentów– teoria i praktyka, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego, Poznań.
Yan, R. N., Hyllegard, K. H., & Blaesi, L. (2010). Marketing eco-fashion: The influence of brand name and message explicitness. Journal of Marketing Communications, 18(2), 151-168.
Yusof, J. M., Musa, R., & Rahman, S. A. (2012). The Effects of Green Image of Retailers on Shopping Value and Store Loyalty. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 50, 710-721.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)
104461014
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104461014
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 施琮仁zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Shih, Tsung-Jenen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 伊德琳zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Edaline Audrey Spykermanen_US
dc.creator (作者) 伊德琳zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Spykerman, Edaline Audreyen_US
dc.date (日期) 2017en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-Jul-2017 14:42:04 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-Jul-2017 14:42:04 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Jul-2017 14:42:04 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0104461014en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/110698-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 104461014zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This research was driven by Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) to examine the impact of ecological knowledge, ecological concern, and man-nature orientation on green purchasing (including both intention and actual behavior), with the moderating effect of price sensitivity and allowance and/or income. This research surveyed 602 Malaysian university students within the age bracket of 18 to 25, because this specific demographic is a sizeable market and such research is lacking in an emerging economy like Malaysia. The results demonstrated that ecological concern and man-nature orientation influenced purchase intention and actual purchase. The findings also indicated that price sensitivity and allowance and/or income moderated the relationship between behavioral intention and actual behavior. This study has two implications: (1) it extends TRA by exploring the potential moderating variables between behavioral intention and actual behavior, and its findings adds to the body of knowledge in the area of green consumer behavior; (2) marketing managers can formulate their green marketing strategies effectively by consistently driving heart-warming campaigns to create or stir consumers’ emotions. Marketers should keep in mind that Malaysians are highly influenced by man-nature relationship belief, and additionally, marketers need to be careful in justifying pricing difference between non-green and green products for consumers that are sensitive to price.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter One – Introduction 1
Chapter Two – Literature Review 6
2.1 Green Consumerism in Malaysia 6
2.2 Underpinning Theory/ Theoretical Background 9
2.3 Research Framework 12
2.4 Green Purchase Intention 13
2.5 Ecological Knowledge 14
2.6 Ecological Concern 18
2.7 Man-Nature Orientation 19
2.8 Price Sensitivity 20
2.9 Allowance and/or Income 21
2.10 Proposed Framework 23
Chapter Three – Research Methodology 24
3.1 Sampling Design 24
3.2 Questionnaire Design 25
3.3 Pilot Study 27
3.4 Instrument and Measures 28
Chapter Four – Research Findings 33
4.1 Demographic Features of Respondents 33
4.2 Bivariate Correlation Analysis 33
4.3 Hypotheses Testing 34
Chapter Five – Discussion 40
5. 1 Discussion 40
5.2 Limitations 44
5.3 Suggestions for Future Research Direction/ Recommendations 45
Chapter Six - Conclusion 47
6. 1 Theoretical Implication 48
6.2 Practical Implication 49
References 53
Appendixes 70
Appendix 1: Digital Poster 70
Appendix 2: Sample Profile 71		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1542150 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104461014en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 理性行為理論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 價格敏感度zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 生態知識zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 生態關懷zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人與自然的方向zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 綠色的購買意向zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Theory of Reasoned Actionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Price sensitivityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Ecological knowledgeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Ecological concernen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Man-nature orientationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Green purchase intentionen_US
dc.title (題名) 買或不買: 馬來西亞大學生綠色購買意向調查zh_TW
dc.title (題名) To buy or not to buy: Malaysian University students’ green purchase intentionen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abdul Wahid, N., Rahbar, E. & Shyan, T. S. (2011). Factors influencing the green purchase behavior of Penang environmental volunteers. International Business Management, 5(1), 38-49.
Aini, M. S., Fakhru`l‐Razi, A., Laily, H. P., & Jariah, M. (2003). Environmental concerns, knowledge and practices gap among Malaysian teachers. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 4(4), 305-313.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211.
Alba, J. W., & Hutchinson, J. W. (1987). Dimensions of consumer expertise. Journal of Consumer Research, 13, 411-454.
Aman, A. H. L., Harun, A., & Hussein, Z. (2012). The influence of environmental knowledge and concern on green purchase intention the role of attitude as a mediating variable. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 7, 145-167.
Anderson, E. W. (1996). Customer satisfaction and price tolerance. Marketing Letters, 7(3), 265-274.
Ang, S. H., Leong, S. M., & Kotler, P. (2000). The Asian apocalypse: Crisis marketing for consumers and businesses. Long Range Planning, 33, 97-119.
Arnold, M. J., & Reynolds, K. E. (2009). Affect and retail shopping behavior: understanding the role of mood regulation and regulatory focus. Journal of Retail, 85(3), 308-320.
Axelrod, L. J. & Lehman, D. R. (1993). Responding to environmental concern: what factors guide individual action? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13, 149-159.
Azzone, G., & Beretele, U. (1994). Exploiting green strategies for competitive advantage. Long Range Planning, 27(6), 69-81.
Balderjahn, I. (1988). Personality variables and environmental attitudes as predictors of ecologically responsible consumption patterns. Journal of Business Research, 17, 51-56.
Bamberg, S., & Moser, G. (2007). Twenty years after Hines, Hungerford, and Tomera: A new meta-analysis of psycho-social determinants of pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27, 14-25.
Barak, B., & Gould, S. (1985). Alternative age measures: A research agenda. Association for Consumer Research: Advances in Consumer Research, 12, 53-58.
Beckford, C., Jacobs, C., Williams, N., & Nahdee, R. (2010). Aboriginal environmental wisdom, stewardship, and sustainability: Lessons from the Walpole island first nations, Ontario, Canada. Journal of Environmental Education, 41(4), 239-248.
Berger, I. E. & Corbin, R. M. (1992). Perceived consumer effectiveness and faith in others as moderators of environmentally responsible behaviors. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 11, 79-89.
Bina, O., & Vaz, S. G. (2011). Humans, environment and economies: From vicious relationships to virtuous responsibility. Original Research Article Ecological Economics, 72(12), 170-178.
Bohner, G., & Dickel, N. (2011). Attitudes and attitude change. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 391-417.
Bolton, R. N., & Lemon, K. N. (1999). A dynamic model of customers` usage of services: usage as an antecedent and consequence of satisfaction. Journal of Marketing Research, 36(2), 171-186.
Business Dictionary.com (2010). Definition of purchase intention. Retrieved April 21, 2017 from http://www.businessdictionary.com/
Carrigan, M., Szmigin, I., & Wright, J. (2004). Shopping for a better world? An interpretive study of the potential for ethical consumption within the older market. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 21(6), 401-417.
Cartmel, B., Loescher, L. J., & Villar-Werstler, P. (1992). Professional and consumer concerns about the environment, lifestyle, and cancer. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 8(1), 20-29.
Central Intelligence Agency. (2017). Malaysia. In the world factbook. Retrieved April 21, 2017 from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/my.html
Chan, E. S. W. (2013). Gap analysis of green hotel marketing. International Journal of Contemporary Hospital Management, 25(7), 1017-1048.
Chan, R. Y. K. (2001). Determinants of Chinese consumers’ green purchasing behavior. Psychology and Marketing, 18(4), 389-413.
Chan, R. Y. K., & Lau, L. B. Y. (2000). Antecedents of green purchases: a survey in China. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 17(4), 338-357.
Cheah, C. M. (2009). A study on consumers green purchasing intention (Master’s thesis). College of Business, University Utara Malaysia, Malaysia.
Chen, T. B., & Chai, L. T. (2010). Attitude towards the environment and green products: Consumers’ perspective. Management Science and Engineering, 4(2), 27-39.
Cheng, T. M., & Wu, H. C. (2015). How do environmental knowledge, environmental sensitivity, and place attachment affect environmentally responsible behavior? An integrated approach for sustainable island tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23 (4), 557-576.
Chukwuma, C. S. (1998). Environmental issues and our chemical world – the need for a multidimensional approach in environmental safety, health and management. Environmental Management and Health, 9(3), 136-143.
Cole, J., Sarraf, S., & Wang, X. (2015). Does use of survey incentives degrade data quality? Proceedings of Paper: Presented at the Association for Institutional Research Annual Forum. Retrieved April 21, 2017 from Indiana University Bloomington: http://nsse.indiana.edu/pdf/presentations/2015/AIR_Forum_2015_Cole_Sarraf_Wang_paper.pdf
Connell, K. Y. H. (2010). Internal and external barriers to eco-conscious apparel acquisition. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 34(3), 279-286.
Conner, M., & Armitage, C. J. (1998). Extending the theory of planned behavior: a review and avenues for further research. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 1429-1464.
Conraud-Koellner, E., & Rivas-Tovar, L. (2009). Study of green behavior with a focus on Mexican individuals. iBusiness, 1, 124-131.
Dahm, M. J., Samonte, A. V., & Shows, A. R. (2009). Organic foods: do eco-friendly attitudes predict eco-friendly behaviors? Journal of American College Health, (58)3, 195-202.
Dangelico, R. M., & Pujari, D. (2010). Mainstreaming green product innovation: Why and how companies integrate environmental sustainability. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(3), 471-486.
Desan, J. N. (2009). The green market – opportunities, competencies, complexities. CSR Asia. Retrieved April 21, 2017 from http://www.standardusers.org
Deustskens, E., de Ruyter, K., Wetzels, M., & Oosterveld, P. (2004). Response rate and response quality of internet-based surveys: An experimental study. Marketing Letters, 15(1), 21-36.
Dispoto, R. G. (1977). Interrelationships among measures of environmental activity, Emotionality, and Knowledge. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 37(2), 451-459.
D’Souza, C., Taghian, M., & Khosla, R. (2007). Examination of environmental beliefs and its impact on the influence of price, quality and demographic characteristics with respect to green purchase intention. Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 15(2), 69-78.
D’Souza, C., Taghian, M., & Lamb, P. (2006). An empirical study on the influence of environmental labels on consumers. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 11(2), 162-173.
Dorota, R. H. (2013). Determinants of purchasing behavior. Management, 17(1), 334-346.
Edwards, K. (1990). The interplay of affect and cognition in attitude formation and change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 202-216.
Feigenbaum, E., & Manning, R. (2012). A tale of two Asias. Foreign Policy. Retrieved April 21, 2017 from https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/10/31/ataleoftwoasias
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, Massachusetts, USA: Addison-Wesley.
Fitzsimons, G. J., & Morwitz, V. G. (1996). The effect of measuring intent on brand-level purchase behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 23(1), 1-11.
Follows, S. C., & Jobber, D. (1999). Environmentally responsible purchase behavior: a test of a consumer model. European Journal of Marketing, 34(5/6), 723-746.
Fraj, E., & Martinez, E. (2006). Ecological consumer behavior: An empirical analysis. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 31(1), 26-33.
Fryxell, G. E., & Lo, C. W. (2003). The influence of environmental knowledge and values on managerial behaviors on behalf of the environment: An empirical examination of managers in China. Journal of Business Ethics, 46(1), 45-69.
Gallarotti, G. M. (1995). It pays to be green: the managerial incentive structure and environmentally sound strategies. Columbia Journal of World Business, 30(4), 38-57.
Godin, G., & Kok, G. (1996). The theory of planned behavior: a review of its applications to health-related behaviors. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11, 87-98.
Goh, S. K., & Balaji, M. S. (2016). Linking green scepticism to green purchase behavior. Journal of Cleaner Production, 131, 629-638.
Goldsmith, R. E., & Newell, S. J. (1997). Innovativeness and price sensitivity: Managerial, theoretical, and methodological issues. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 6, 163-173.
Graci, S., & Dodds, R. (2008). Why go green? The business case for environmental commitment in the Canadian hotel industry: Anatolia. An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 19(2), 251-270.
Grunert, S. C., & Kristensen, K. (1992). The Danish consumer and organic food. The Aarhus School of Business, Institute for Information Science, Aarhus, Denmark.
Gurau, C., & Ranchhod, A. (2005). International green marketing: A comparative study of British and Romanian firms. International Marketing Review, 22(5), 547-561.
Hansen, J. K., & Sørensen, H. C. (1993). The importance of price for the sale of ecological products. (MAPP working paper no. 13). Retrieved April 21, 2017 from http://pure.au.dk/portal/files/32299697/wp13.pdf.
Har, L. C., Yaw, L. H., Ai, Y. J., & Hasan, M. A. (2011). Factors influencing Malaysia consumers to purchase green product: A conceptual framework. Proceedings of Asia Pacific Marketing and Management Conference, 1-9.
Hasan, Z., & Ali, N. A. (2015). The impact of green marketing strategy on the firm’s performance in Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 172, 463-470.
Henion, K. (1976). Ecological marketing. Columbus: Ohio Grid Inc.
Hinds, J., & Sparks, P. (2008). Engaging with the natural environment: The role of affective connection and identity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28, 109-120.
Hsu, C. L., Chang, C. Y., & Yansritakul, C. (2017). Exploring purchase intention of green skincare products using the theory of planned behavior: Testing the moderating effects of country of origin and price sensitivity. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 34, 145-152.
Hu, H. H., Parsa, H. G., & Self, J. (2010). The dynamics of green restaurant patronage. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 51, 344-362.
Joshi, Y., & Rahman, Z. (2015). Factors affecting green purchase behavior and future research directions. International Strategic Management Review, 3(1/2), 128-143.
Kaiser, F. G., Wolfing-Kast, S., & Fuhrer, U. (1999). Environmental attitude and ecological behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19, 1-19.
Kals, E., Schumacher, D., & Montada, L. (1999). Emotional affinity toward nature as a motivational basis to protect nature. Environment and Behavior, 31, 178-202.
Kanchanapibul, M., Lacka, E., Wang, X., & Chan, H. K. (2014). An empirical investigation of green purchase behavior among the young generation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 66, 528-536.
Karsaklian, E. (2008). Consumer behavior. 2nd. ed.; São Paulo: Atlas.
Kim, E. Y., & Kim, Y. K. (2004). Predicting online purchase intentions for clothing products. European Journal of Marketing, 38(7), 883-897.
Kim, Y. J., Njite, D., & Hancer, M. (2013). Anticipated emotion in consumers’ intentions to select eco-friendly restaurants: Augmenting the theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34, 255-262.
Kongsompong, K., Green, R. T., & Patterson, P. G. (2009). Collectivism and social influence
in the buying decision: A four-country study of inter- and intra-national differences. Australasian Marketing Journal, 17, 142-149.
Kong, W., Harun, A., Sulong, R. S., & Lily, J. (2014). The influence of consumers` perception of green products on green purchase intention. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 4(8), 924-939.
Laroche, M., Bergeron, J., & Barbaro-Forleo, G. (2001). Targeting consumers who are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 18(6), 503-520.
Laroche, M., Kim, C., & Zhou, L. (1996). Brand familiarity and confidence as determinants of purchase intention: an empirical test in a multiple brand context. Journal of Business Research, 37(2), 115-120.
Laskova, A. (2007). Perceived consumer effectiveness and environmental concerns. Proceedings of the 13th Asia Pacific Management Conference, 206-209. Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved April 21, 2017 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237400967_Perceived_Consumer_Effectiveness_and_Environmental_Concerns
Lee, K. (2008). Opportunities for green marketing: young consumers. Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 26(6), 573-586.
Li, Y., Lu, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, L., Wang, M., & Jiang, X. (2016). Propensity of green consumption behaviors in representative cities in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 133, 1328-1336.
Low, W. S., Lee, J. D., & Cheng, S. M. (2013). The link between customer satisfaction and price sensitivity: An investigation of retailing industry in Taiwan. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 20(1), 1-10.


Lung, S. (2010). Green consumerism - The way to effectively differentiate your products in Asia-Pacific market. Retrieved April 21, 2017 from http://ezinearticles.com/?Green-Consumerism- --The-Way-to-Effectively-Differentiate-Your-Products-in-Asia-Pacific Market&id=487312
Luzio, J. P. P., & Lemke, F. (2013). Exploring green consumers product demands and consumption processes. European Business Review, 25(3), 281-300.
Maloney, M. P., & Ward, M. P. (1973). Ecology: let’s hear from the people. An objective scale for the measurement of ecological attitudes and knowledge. American Psychologist, 28, 583-586.
Maloney, M. P., Ward, M. P., & Braucht, G. N. (1975). Psychology in action: a revised scale for the measurement of ecological attitudes and knowledge. American Psychologist, 30, 787-790
Manaktola, K., & Jauhari, V. (2007). Exploring consumer attitude and behavior towards green practices in the lodging industry in India. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 19(5), 364-377.
Mandese, J. (1991). New study finds green confusion, Advertising Age, 62(45), 1‐56.
Marketing, I. (2008). Consumers’ purchasing behavior towards green products in New Zealand. Innovative Marketing, 4(1), 93-102.
Matthes, J., Wonneberger, A., & Schmuck, D. (2014). Consumers’ green involvement and the persuasive effects of emotional versus functional ads. Journal of Business Research, 67(9), 1885-1893.
Mayer, F. S. & Frantz, C. M. (2004). The connectedness to nature scale: a measure of individuals’ feeling in community with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 503-515.
McDoughall, G. H. G. (1993). The green movement in Canada: Implications for marketing strategy. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 5(3), 69-87.
de Medeiros, J. F., Ribeiro, J. L. D., & Cortimiglia, M. N. (2016). Influence of perceived value on purchasing decisions of green products in Brazil. Journal of Cleaner Production, 110, 158-169.
Mei, O. J., Ling, K. C., & Piew, T. H. (2012). The antecedents of green purchase intention among malaysian consumers. Asian Social Science, 8(13), 248-263.
Miller, J. & Szekely, F. (1995). What is Green? Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 15(5), 418.
Mohd Noor, M. N., Masuod, M. S., Abu Said, A. M., Kamaruzaman, I. F., & Mustafa, M. A. (2016). Understanding consumers and green product purchase decision in Malaysia: A structural equation modeling - partial least square (SEM-PLS) approach. Asian Social Science, 12(9), 51-64.
Moisander, J. (2007). Motivational complexity of green consumerism. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 31(4), 404-409.
Monroe, K. B. (1973). Buyers’ subjective perceptions of price. Journal of Marketing, 10, 70-80.
Morganosky, M. A. (1986). Cost- versus convenience oriented consumers: Demographics, lifestyle and value perspectives. Psychology and Marketing, 3, 35-47.
Mortensen, D. H. (2016). The role of legitimacy in consumer behavior: The case of meat consumption in a Farm Animal Welfare Perspective; a partial least squares structural equation modelling approach (Master’s thesis). Copenhagen Business School, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
Moser, A. K. (2016). Consumers’ purchasing decisions regarding environmentally friendly products: an empirical analysis of German consumers. Journal of Retail Consumer Services, 31, 389-397.
Mostafa, M. M. (2006). Antecedents of Egyptian consumers’ green purchase intentions: a hierarchical multivariate regression model. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 19(2), 97-126.
Mostafa, M. M. (2007). Gender differences in Egyptian consumers’ green purchase behavior: the effects of environmental knowledge, concern and attitude. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 31, 220-229.
Nabsiah, A. W., & Elham, R. (2011). Investigation of green marketing tools’ effect on consumers’ purchase behavior. Business Strategy Series, 2(12), 73-83.
Newton, J. D., Tsarenko, Y., Ferraro, C., & Sands, S. (2015). Environmental concern and environmental purchase intentions: The mediating role of learning strategy. Journal of Business Research, 68(9), 1974-1981.
Ng, S., & Paladino, A. (2009). Examining the influences of intention to purchase green mobile phones among young consumers: an empirical analysis. ANZMAC, 1-8.
Niessen, J. & Hamm, U. (2008). Identifying the gap between stated and actual buying behavior on organic products based on consumer panel data. Proceedings of Cultivating the Future Based on Science: 2nd Conference of the International Society of Organic Agriculture Research (ISOFAR), Modena, Italy.
Nik Abdul, R. N. A. (2009). Awareness of eco-label in Malaysia`s green marketing initiative. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(8), 132-141.
Nik Abdul, R. N. A., Jusoff, K., & Kassim, K. M. (2009). Eco-labelling perspectives amongst Malaysian consumers. Canadian Social Science, 5(2),1-10.
Noor, A. M. N., Muhammad, A., Kassim, C. Z., Jamil, N. M., Mat, N. M & Salleh, H. S. (2012). Creating green consumers: How environmental knowledge and environmental attitude lead to green purchase behavior? International Journal of Arts & Sciences, 5(1), 55-71.
Norberg, P. A., Horne, D. R., & Horne, D. A. (2007). The privacy paradox: Personal information disclosure intentions versus behaviors. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 41(1), 100-126.
Numbeo. (2017). Cost of living in Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved May 15, 2017 from https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/in/Kuala-Lumpur
Oliver, R. L., & DeSarbo, W. S. (1988). Response determinants in satisfaction judgments. Journal of Consumer Research, 14, 495-508.
Oskamp, S., Harrington, M. J., Edwards, T. C., Sherwood, D. L., Okuda, S. M., & Swanson, D. C. (1991). Factors influencing household recycling behavior. Environment and Behavior, 23, 494-519.
Ottman, J. A. (1992). Industry’s response to green consumerism. Journal of Business Strategy, 13(4), 3-7.
do Paço, A. M. F., & Raposo, M. (2009). “Green” segmentation: an application to the Portuguese consumer market. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 27(3), 364-379.
Pavan, M., & Payal, S. (2010). Green marketing in India: Emerging opportunities and challenges. Journal of Engineering, Science and Management Education, 3(10), 9-14.
Pellegrini, G., & Farinello, F. (2009). Organic consumers and new lifestyles. An Italian country survey on consumption patterns. British Food Journal, 111(9), 948-974.
Portolese Dias, L. (2004). Generational buying behaviors (Unpublished dissertation). Argosy University, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Principles of Marketing. (2010). Factors that influence consumes’ buying behavior. Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial Share Alike, 31. Retrieve April 21, 2017 from http://open.lib.umn.edu/principlesmarketing/front-matter/about-the-authors/
Pickett, B. J., & Ozaki, R. (2008). Pro-environmental products: marketing influence on consumer purchase decision. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 25(5), 281-293.
Punitha, S., & Mohd Rasdi, R. (2013). Corporate social responsibility: adoption of green marketing by hotel industry. Asian Social Science, 9(17), 79-93.
Qader, I., & Zainuddin, Y. (2011). The impact of media exposure on intention to purchase green electronic products amongst lecturers. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(3), 240-249.
Rajeshkumar, M. L. (2012). An overview of green marketing. Naamex International Journal of Management Research, 2, 128-136.
Ramayah, Lee, J. W., & Mohamad, O. (2010). Green product purchase intention: Some insights from a developing country. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54(12), 1419-1427.
Ramsey, C. E. & Rickson, R. E. (1976). Environmental knowledge and attitudes. Journal of Environmental Education, 8, 10-18.
Rehman, Z., & Bin Dost, M. K. (2013). Conceptualizing green purchase intention in Emerging markets: An empirical analysis on Pakistan. Proceedings of Research, 2013 WEI International Academic Conference Proceedings. Istanbul, Turkey.
Renfro, L. A. (2010). Green business operations and green marketing. Gatton Student Research Publication, 2(2), 1-8.
Rice, G., Wongtada, N., & Leelakulthanit, O. (1996). An investigation of self efficiency and environmentally concerned behavior of Thai consumers. Journal of international Consumer Marketing, 9(2), 1-19.
Richard, R., van der Pligt, J., & de Vries, N. K. (1996). Anticipated affect and behavioral choice. Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 18, 111-129.
Ritter, Á. M., Borchardt, M., Vaccaro, G. L. R., Pereira, G. M., & Almeida, F. (2015). Motivations for promoting the consumption of green products in an emerging country: Exploring attitudes of Brazilian consumers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 106, 507-520.
Rizwan, M., Qayyum, M., Qadeer, W., & Javed, M. (2014). The impact on branded product on consumer purchase intentions. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 4(3), 57-74.
Roos, A., & Nyrud, A. Q., (2008). Description of green versus environmentally indifferent consumers of wood products in Scandinavia: flooring and decking. Journal of Wood Science, 54, 402–407.
Salequzzman, M. D., & Stocker, L. (2001). The context and prospects for environmental education and environmental career in Bangladesh. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 2(2), 104-121.
Schaefer, A., & Crane, A. (2001). Rethinking green consumption. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Micromarketing Conference. The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, USA.
Scheffer, V. (1991). The shaping of environmentalism in America. Seattle, Washington, USA: University of Washington Press.
Schlegelmilch, B. B., Bohlen, G. M., & Diamantopoulos, A. (1996). The link between green purchasing decisions and measures of environmental consciousness. European Journal of Marketing, 30(5), 35-55.
Schmidt, M., & Hollensen, S. (2010). Product development and target market segmentation. Harlow: Pearson.
Schouten, J. W. (1991). Selves in transition: symbolic consumption in personal rites of passage and identity reconstruction. Journal of Consumer Research, 17, 412-425.
Shah, A. (2005). Effects of Consumerism. Retrieved April 21, 2017 from http://www.globalissues.org/article/238/effects-of-consumerism
Smith, S., & Paladino, A. (2010). Eating clean and green? Investigating consumer motivations towards the purchase of organic food. Australasian Marketing Journal, 18(2), 93-104.
Smith, S. N. J., & Fortner, R. W. (1994). The environmental action internal control index. Journal of Environmental Education, 25, 23-29.
Smythe, P. C., & Brook, R. C. (1980). Environmental concerns and actions: a social-psychological investigation. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 12, 175-186.
Soonthonsmai, V. (2007). Environmental or green marketing as global competitive edge: Concept, synthesis and implication. Proceedings of Conference: EABR (Business) and ETLC (Teaching). Venice, Italy.
Stone, G., Montgomery, C., & Nkonge, J. (2008). Do consumer`s environmental attitudes translate into actions: A five nation cross-cultural analysis. Society for Marketing Advances Proceedings, 197-202.
Strong, C. (1996). Features contributing to the growth of ethical consumerism ‐ a preliminary investigation. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 14(5), 5-13.
Stutzman, T. M. & Green, S. B. (1982). Factors affecting energy consumption: two field tests of the Fishbein & Ajzen model. Journal of Social Psychology, 117, 183-201.
Suki, N. M. (2013). Young consumer ecological behavior: the effects of environmental knowledge, healthy food, and healthy way of life with the moderation of gender and age. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 24(6), 726-737.
Tadajewski, M., & Tsukamoto, S. W. (2006). Anthropology and consumer research: Qualitative insights into green consumer behavior. Qualitative Market Research International Journal, 9, 8-25.
Tamashiro, H. S., & Silveira, J. (2013). The relationship between ecological knowledge, ecological concern, ecological affection, subjective norms and the green purchase behavior in Brazil. African Journal of Business Management, 7(34), 3297-3314.
Tanner, C., & Wölfing-Kast, S. (2003). Promoting sustainable consumption: determinants of green purchases by Swiss consumers. Psychology & Marketing, 20, 883–902.
Taylor, P., Chuang, S., & Yang, C. (2013). Key success factors when implementing a green- manufacturing system. Production Planning & Control, 1-15.
Torjusen, H., Lieblien, G., Wandel, M., & Francis, C. A. (2001). Food system orientation and quality perception among consumers and producers of organic food in Hedmark County,
Norway. Food Quality and Preference, 12(3), 207-216.
Umbach, P. D. (2004) Web surveys: best practice. New Directions for Institutional Research, 121, 23-38.
Vazifehdust, H., Taghipourian, M. J., & Gharib, Z. (2011). Social marketing , green marketing: the extension of marketing concept. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 41, 20-33.
Verdugo, C. V. (1996) A structural model of reuse and recycling in Mexico. Environment and Behavior, 28, 664-696.
Vicente-Molina, M. A., Fernandez-Sainz, A., & Izagirre-Olaizola, J. (2013). Environmental knowledge and other variables affecting pro-environmental behavior: comparison of university students from emerging and advanced countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 61, 130-138.
Wakefield, K. L., & Inman, J. J. (2003). Situational price sensitivity: The role of consumption occasion, social context and income. Journal of Retailing, 79(4), 199-212.
Wang, C. C. L., Chan, A. K. K., & Chen, Z. X. (2001). Segment intenders and non-intenders in China’s property market: A hybrid approach. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 18(4/5), 319-331.
Ward, C. B. & Thuhang, T. (2007). Consumer gifting behaviors: One for you, one for me? Services Marketing Quarterly, 29(2), 1-17.
Wasik, J. (1992). Green marketing: Marketing is confusing, but patience will pay off. Marketing News, 26(21), 16-17.
World Population Review. (2017). Kuala Lumpur Population. Retrieved April 21, 2017 from http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/kuala-lumpur-population/
Woś, J., Rachocka J., Kasperek-Hoppe, M. (2011). Zachowania konsumentów– teoria i praktyka, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego, Poznań.
Yan, R. N., Hyllegard, K. H., & Blaesi, L. (2010). Marketing eco-fashion: The influence of brand name and message explicitness. Journal of Marketing Communications, 18(2), 151-168.
Yusof, J. M., Musa, R., & Rahman, S. A. (2012). The Effects of Green Image of Retailers on Shopping Value and Store Loyalty. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 50, 710-721.		zh_TW