1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Social Science
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 臺灣農業持續發展: LCA
Sustainability of agricultural production in Taiwan: LCA
作者 裴麗莎
Petrilakova, Denisa
貢獻者 蔡中民
Tsai, Chung-Min
裴麗莎
Denisa Petrilakova
關鍵詞 LCA
台灣
農業
能源
消費
污染
Life cycle assessment
Taiwan
Agriculture
Energy
Consumption
Contamination
日期 2017
上傳時間 11-Jul-2017 12:26:25 (UTC+8)
摘要 社會可持續性已成為全球討論之議題，作為氣候變化之回應，特別是農業生產之可持續性，因為它仍然是社會基本需求之基本支柱。吾人透由測量運輸、包裝、加工、分銷與保存等過程反映真實可持續性。為此，本研究使用LCA(生命週期評估)作為系統評估整個生產週期之適當工具。本文考察2015年台灣農業生產置重點於糧食生產可持續性之三個方向：環境、經濟與社會方面，以及其影響，並確認渠等在週期內之相對關係。因此，利用LCA描繪台灣農業生產系統之整體情況，有助於瞭解整體農業情況。環境層面講述能源消耗、使用效率，及土壤、水汙染。經濟層面包含生產週期中之自給自足分析與價格分析。社會層面揭露食品安全問題，特別是暴露於農藥之健康風險。最後，將結果與實際意義綜合表現，並提出許多可後續繼續研究之議題。
Sustainability of society became a globally discussed issue as a response to climate
change, especially, the sustainability of agricultural production as it remains as a
fundamental pillar of the society for fulfilling basic needs. It is time to move forward
real sustainability through measuring the whole process between production and
consumption embracing transportation, packaging, processing, distribution, and
preservation among others. For this purpose, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used in
this research as an appropriate tool for the systematic evaluation of the whole cycle of
production. This paper examines agricultural production in Taiwan in 2015 focusing
on sustainability of food production in three dimensions: environmental, economic,
and social aspects, as well as its impacts and identifying the relative importance of
each part in the cycle. Therefore, with drawing the whole picture of Taiwanese
agricultural production system using LCA, it helps to understand circumstances
behind the whole agriculture sector. The part concerning environmental dimension
talks about energy consumption and efficiency of its usage; as well as, contamination
of soil and water. Economic dimension consists of self-sufficiency analysis and price
analysis of some components in the life cycle of production. Finally, the social
dimension reveals certain problems in food safety, particularly, health risks of
exposure to pesticides. And finally, a summary of results and practical implication of
this research are presented. This research highlights many issues which could be
further investigated.
參考文獻 1. Addiscott, T.M., Shitmore, A.P., Powlson, D.S., (1991). Farming, fertilizers and the nitrate problem. Wallingford, UK: CAB International (CABI), 170.
2. AFA, (2014). Agriculture and Food Agency, Executive Yuan, official website. Current Status of Agriculture and Food Industry. Secretariat Office. Available from: http://www.afa.gov.tw/content_en.aspx?pcatid=1&ycatid=1&lcatid=484&hcatid=128&scat=t Retrieved 13 January 2017.
3. Ahmed, S., (1994). Agriculture-Fertilizer Interface in the Asian and Pacific Region: Issues of Growth, Sustainability, and Vulnerability. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region. Available from: http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110721163620 Retrieved 3 May 2017.
4. Amate, I., Molina, G.D., (2013). ‘Sustainable de-growth’ in agriculture and food: an agro-ecological perspective on Spain’s agri-food system (year 2000). Journal of Clean Production. 38, 27-35.
5. American Defender Network, (1989). American Cancer Society, Erie County Branch. Lawn Chemical Dangers. Warning: The Use of Pesticides May Be Hazardous to Your Health.
6. ASY, (2008). Agriculture Statistic Yearbook 2008. Council of Agriculture. Statistics. Yearly Report of Taiwan’s Agriculture 2008. Available from: http://eng.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=20570 Retrieved 10 December 2016.
7. ASY, (2015). Agriculture Statistic Yearbook 2015. Council of Agriculture. Statistics. Yearly Report of Taiwan’s Agriculture 2015. Available from: http://eng.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=2505268 Retrieved 10 December 2016.
8. Björklund, A.E., (2002) Survey of Approaches to Improve Reliability in LCA. International Journal Life Cycle Assessment, 7, 64–72.
9. Bouchard, M.F., Bellinger, D.C., Wright, R.O., Weisskopf, M.G., (2010). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Urinary Metabolites of Organophosphate Pesticides. Pediatrics, June 2010, Vol. 125, Issue 6. Available from: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/125/6/e1270 Retrieved 29 March 2017.
10. Bureau of Foreign Trade, (2015). Ministry of Economic Affairs. 2015國際貿易
72
情勢分析。歷年國際貿易情勢分析。國際貿易情勢分析, 5-6. Available from: http://www.trade.gov.tw/Pages/List.aspx?nodeID=1590 Retrieved 8 May 2017.
11. Cesare, S.D., Silveri, F., Sala, S., Petti, L., (2016). Positive impacts in social life cycle assessment: state of the art and the way forward. Social LCA in progress. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. Springer - Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 1-16.
12. Chatzisymeon, E., Foteinis, S., Borthwick, A.G.L., (2016). Life cycle assessment of the environmental performance of conventional and organic methods of open field pepper cultivation system. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, September. LCA for agriculture, 1-13.
13. Chen, Jen-Hsuan, (2006). The Combined Use of Chemical and Organic Fertilizers and/or Biofertilizer for Crop Growth and Soil Fertility. International Workshop on Sustained Management of the Soil-Rhizosphere System for Efficient Crop and Fertilizer Use. Land Development Department, Bangkok, Thailand.
14. Chi, Chun-Chieh, (1994). Growth with pollution: Unsustainable development in Taiwan and its consequences. Studies in Cimplarative International Development, Vol. 29, Issue 2, 23-47.
15. COA a, (2014). Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, official website, Free Economic Pilot Zones—Value-Added Agricultural Processing, 2014-07-14. Available from: http://eng.coa.gov.tw/theme_data.php?theme=eng_policies&sub_theme=eng_programs_services&id=11. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
16. COA b, (2014). Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, official website, publication: Taiwan`s Organic Agricultural Development Policy and Its Measures, 2014-12-30. Available from http://eng.coa.gov.tw/theme_data.php?theme=eng_policies&sub_theme=eng_programs_services&id=19. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
17. COA c, (2014). The Council of Agriculture. Taiwan’s Organic Agricultural Development Policy and Its Measurements. Program and Services. 2014-12-30. Available from: http://eng.coa.gov.tw/theme_data.php?theme=eng_policies&sub_theme=eng_programs_services&id=19 Retrieved 10 May 2017.
73
18. COA, (2015). The Council of Agriculture. Main Agricultural Policy Aims for 2015. COA Annual Report 2015. Available from: http://eng.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=2505347 Retrieved 5 May 2017.2016-06-20. Available from: http://eng.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=2505333. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
19. COA a, (2016). Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, official website, publication: Moving towards Agricultural 4.0 in Taiwan with Smart Technology, 2016-07-20. Available from: http://eng.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=2505331. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
20. COA b, (2016). Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, official website, publication: Adaptation Strategy in Response to Climate Change Influence on Agriculture, 2016-03-21. Available from: http://eng.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=2505303. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
21. COA c, (2016). Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, official website, publication: Business Report of Council of Agriculture Minister Chi-Hung Tsao. Agriculture Policy and Review, 2016-06-20. Available from http://eng.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=2505333 Retrieved 20 December 2016
22. COA d, (2016). Council of Agriculture. 農業動力用電申請及節能設施輔導現 農業動力用電申請及節能設施輔導現 況。Available from: http://www.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=2505148 Retrieved 18 May 2017.
23. COA e, (2016). Council of Agriculture. Food Balance Sheet, 2015. Annual Food Balance Report. Statistics. Available from: http://agrstat.coa.gov.tw/sdweb/public/book/Book.aspx Retrieved 30 May 2017.
24. COA f, (2016). Council of Agriculture. 農業貿易。貿易統計表。 Available from: http://agrstat.coa.gov.tw/sdweb/public/trade/tradereport.aspx Retrieved 29 May 2017.
25. COA a, (2017). The Council of Agriculture. 2017 Promotion Highlights of Traceability in Agricultural Products. Safety Agriculture. 2017-04-05. Available from: http://www.afa.gov.tw/content_en.aspx?pcatid=1&ycatid=1&lcatid=327&hcatid=332&scat=t Retrieved 8 May 2017.
26. COA b, (2017). The Council of Agriculture. Greenhouse Gas Reduction Management and Food safety are Simultaneously Ensured as Taiwan’s Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emission is Gradually Reduced Every Year. News.
74
2017-02-03. Available from: http://eng.coa.gov.tw/theme_data.php?theme=eng_news&id=483 Retrieved 9 May 2017.
27. COA c, (2017). Council of Agriculture. Import and Export Value by Country. Available from: http://agrstat.coa.gov.tw/sdweb/public/trade/tradereport.aspx Retrieved 29 May 2017.
28. Cowell, S., Parkinson, S., (2003). Localisation of UK food production: an analysis using land area and energy as indicators. Agriculture. Ecosystems and Environment, 94, 221-236.
29. Dittmar, H., Drach, M., Vosskamp, R., Trenkel, M.E., Gutser, R., Steffens, G., (2009). Fertilizers, 2. Types. Ullmann`s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Whiley, VCH.
30. Doong, R.A., Sun, Y.C., Liao, P.L., Peng, C.K., Wu, S.C., (2002). Distribution and fate of organochlorine pesticide residues in sediments from the selected rivers in Taiwan. Chemosphere, 48, 237–246.
31. Dubois-Iorgulescu, A.M., Saravia, A.K.E.B., Valle, R., Rodrigues, L.M., (2016). How to define the system in social life cycle assessments? A critical review of the state of the art and identification of needed developments. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. Social LCA in progress, 1-12.
32. Duthilh, C.E., Kramer, K.J., (2000). Energy consumption in the food chain. Comparing alternative options in food production and consumption. Ambio, 29 (2), 98-101.
33. Edwards, F., Dixon, J., Friel, S., Hall, G., Larsen, K., Lockie, S., Wood, B., Lawrence, M., Hanigan, I., Hogan, A., Hattersley, L., (2011). Climate change adaptation at the intersection of food and health. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 23, 94-104.
34. EMEA a, (2016). Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs. Energy Statistical Annual Reports. Available from: http://web3.moeaboe.gov.tw/ECW/english/content/SubMenu.aspx?menu_id=1537 Retrieved 2 May 2017.
35. EMEA b, (2016). Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs. Energy Indicators of Taiwan. Energy Statistics. Annual Data. p. 1-6. Available from: http://web3.moeaboe.gov.tw/ECW/english/content/ContentLink.aspx?menu_id=
75
1540 Retrieved 8 May 2017.
36. ESH, (2015). Energy Statistics Handbook 2015. Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs. Energy Statistics Handbook, p. 26. Available from: http://www.moeaboe.gov.tw/Download/opengovinfo/plan/all/files/EnergyStatisticsDataBook.pdf Retrieved 5 May 2017.
37. EPA, (2016). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental Topics. Land, Wastem and Cleanup Topics. Production. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/signpost/cc.html Retrieved 15 December 2016.
38. Erb, K.H., Haberl, H., Krausmann, K., Lauk, C., Plutzar, C., Steinbengerg, J.K., Müller, C., Bondeau, A., Waha, K., Pollack, G., (2009). Eating the Planet: Feeding and Fueling the World Sustainability, Fairly and Humanly.
39. EurepGAP, (2016). Integrated farm assurance. All Farm Base-Crops Base-Fruit and Vegetables: Control Points and Compliance Criteria. 1-143. Available from: http://www.globalgap.org/export/sites/default/.content/.galleries/documents/160630_GG_IFA_CPCC_FV_V5_0-2_en.pdf Retrieved February 23 2017.
40. European Commission, (2013). Facts and figures on organic agriculture in the European Union. European Commission, Agriculture and Rural Development, 46.
41. European Commission a, (2014). Single market for green products. Available from: http://ec. europa.eu/environment/eussd/smgp/ Retrieved 8 March 2017.
42. European Commission b, (2014). The rapid growth of EU organic farming - key facts and figures. EU Agricultural Markets Briefs, No 3, July 2014, pp 7.
43. European Commission, (2016). The European Union. n.d. Agriculture and the environment: Introduction. Available from http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/ envir/index_en.htm Retrieved February 23 2017.
44. FAO, (2013). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Food Security and Sovereignty. 1-41. p7. Available from http://www.fao.org/3/a-ax736e.pdf Retrieved February 23 2017 Retrieved 10 May 2017.
45. FAO, (2016). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. International Code of Conduct on Pesticide Management. Guidelines on Highly Hazardous Pesticides. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1-37.
76
46. FDA a, (2017). 發布修正「農藥殘留容許量標準」第三條附表一 發布修正「農藥殘留容許量標準」第三條附表一 。Food and Drug Administration. 本署公告 本署公告 。Document released on 15 March 2017.
47. FDA b, (2017). 衛授食字第 衛授食字第 1061300445號。Food and Drug Administration. 衛生福利部 。Document released on 15 March 2017.
48. Ferraro, D.O., (2007). Energy Cost and Use in Pesticide Production. Encyclopedia of Pest Management, Volume II. CRC Press, 153-156.
49. FFTC, (2006). Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region. Agriculture in Taiwan. Available from: http://www.agnet.org/view.php?id=20110705103744_104108. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
50. Finkbeiner, M., (2014). The international standards as the constitution of life cycle assessment: the ISO 14040 series and its offspring. Background and future prospects in life cycle assessment. Springer, 85-106.
51. Finnveden, G., (1997). Valuation Methods Within LCA: Where are the Values?. LCA Methodology. Germany: Landsberg, 163–169.
52. Freidberg, S., (2015). From the behind the curtain: talking about values in LCA. Advancing social and economic knowledge in life cycle management. Advancing Social and Economic Knowledge in Life Cycle Management. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, April. Springer – Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 1-5.
53. Friel, S., (2010). Climate change, food insecurity and chronic diseases: sustainable and healthy policy opportunities for Australia. N S W Public Health Bull, 21: 129-133.
54. Frischknecht, R., Benetto, E., Dandres, T., Heijungs, R., Roux, C., Schrijvers, D., Wernet, G., Yang, Y., Messmer, A., Tschuemperlin, L., (2016). LCA and decision making: when and how to use consequential LCA. Conference Report: 62nd Discussion Forum on LCA. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. Springer - Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
55. Goedkoop, M., (2014). Lifetime achievement award – interview. Available from: http://www.pre-sustainability.com/setac-lifetime-achievement-awardinterview-mark-goedkoop Retrieved 30 February 2017.
77
56. Goldsmith, E., (1997). Can The Environment Survive The Global Economy?. The Ecologist, Vol. 27, No. 6, 12, 1-2.
57. Graham, P.W., Smart, A., (2011). Possible Futures: Scenario Modelling of Australian Alternative Transport Fuels to 2050. Newcastle: CSIRO Energy Transformed Flagship.
58. Hayashi, K., Gaillard, G., Nemecek, T., (2007). Life Cycle Assessment of Agricultural Production Systems: Current Issues and Future Prespectives. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific region. Document Database. Available from: http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110721140039 Retrieved 15 December 2016
59. Heller, M.C., Keoleian, G.A., (2002). Life Cycle-Based Sustainability Indicators for Assessment of the U.S. Food System. Center for Sustainable System, Report No. CSS00–04.
60. Heller, M.C., Keoleian, G.A., (2003). Assessing the sustainability of the US food system: a life cycle perspective. Agricultural Systems, 76, 1007–1041.
61. Helsel, Z.R., (1992). Energy and alternatives for fertilizer and pesticide use. Energy in Farm Production, Vol. 6, New York: Elsevier, pp. 177-201.
62. Horne, P.A., (2008). Integrated pest management for crops and pastures. CSIRO Publishing, 2.
63. Hsieh, Sung-Ching, (2005). Organic Farming for Sustainable Agriculture in Asia with Special Reference to Taiwan Experience. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, Research Institute of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation National Pingtung University of Science and Technology. Available from: http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110801133519. Retrieved on 28 January 2017.
64. IFA. International Fertilizer Association, official website. Basics. Available from: http://fertilizer.org Retrieved 30 March 2017.
65. ISO, (1997). International Organization for Standardization. ISO14040. Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework. Paris: ISO.
66. ISO a, (2006). ISO 14040: Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework. International Standards Organization. Geneva, p. 7.
78
67. ISO b, (2006). ISO14044: Environmental management – life cycle assessment –requirements and guidelines. International Standards Organization. Geneva, p. 22.
68. Jones, A., (2001). Eating Oil. Food Supply in Changing Climate. Sustain, London.
69. Jones, P., Kramer, R., (2009). England and Wales under organic agriculture: How much food could be produced?. CSA Report, 18.
70. Kramer, K.J., (1996). Energy consumption in food products life cycles. In: Ceuterick, D. (ed.). Proc. International Conference of Life Cycle Assessment in Agriculture, Food, Non-food Agro-industry and Forestry: Achievements and prospects. Flemish Institute for Technology and Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium, 289-293.
71. Kramer, K.J., Biesiot, W., Kok, R., Wilting, H.C., Schoot Uiterkamp, A.J.M., (1994). Energy Counts. Possible Energy Savings of Households Spending. IVEM-research Report No. 71., Centre for Energy and Environmental Studies, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
72. Leach, G., (1976). Energy and Food Production. IPC Science and Technology, London.
73. Lee, Hwan-Jaw, (2014). The Framework of Agricultural Policy and Recent Major Agricultural Policies in Taiwan. Overview of agricultural policy in Taiwan. FFTC Agricultural Policy Platform (FFTC-AP) Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region. Available from: http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_db.php?id=259 Retrieved March 18 2017.
74. Li, Gwo-Chen, Lin, Haw-Tarn, Lai, Chi-Sen, (1994). Uptake of Heavy Metals by Plants in Taiwan. Taiwan Agriculture Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Wufeng. Biogeochemistry of trace elements, 1-8.
75. Li, Gwo-Chen, (1979). Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Taiwan. Pesticide Residues Division, Plant Protection Center, Wufeng. Reprinted from FFTC Book Series, No. 14, Sensible Use of Pesticides, October 1979. 1-16.
76. Lian, S., (1991). Efficiency of Nitrogen Fertilization on Upland Crops Grown in Multiple Cropping Systems in Taiwan. Department of Agricultural Chemistry. Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wufeng, Taizhong.
77. Lin, Haw-Tarn, Wong, Sue-Sun, Li, Gwo-Chen, (2004). Heavy Metal Content of
79
Rice and Shellfish in Taiwan. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, Vol. 12, No. 2., 167-174.
78. Lobley, M., Butler, A., Reed, M., (2009). The contribution of organic farming to rural development: an exploration of the socio-economic linkages of organic and non-organic farms in England. Land Use Policy 26, 723-735.
79. Longino, H.E., (1990). Science as social knowledge: values and objectivity in scientific inquiry. Princeton University Press, 1-280, 4.
80. Lotter, D.W., (2003). Organic agriculture. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 21 (4).
81. Matson, P.A., Naylor, R., Ortiz-Monasterio, I., (1998). Integration of Environmental, Agronomic, and Economic Aspects of Fertilizer Management. Science, Vol. 280, Issue 5360, 112-115.
82. McBride, M.B., (1994). Toxic Metal Accumulation from Agricultural Use of Sludge: Are USEPA Regulations Protective?. Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 24, No. 1, 5-18.
83. McMichael, (2013). Globalization, climate change, and human health. The New England Journal of Medicine, 368: 1335-1343.
84. Milestad, R., Bartel-Kratochvil, R., Leitner, H., Axmann, P., (2010). Being close: the quality of social relationship in a local organic cereal and bread network in Lower Australia. Journal of Rural Studies, 01/004.
85. Miller, G.T., (2004). Sustaining the Earth: An Integrated Approach. Thomson, Brooks, Cole. 211–216.
86. MOEA a, (2016). Buraeu of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs. Energy Statistics Handbook 2015. Energy Statistics. Annual Data. Available from: http://web3.moeaboe.gov.tw/ECW/english/content/ContentDesc.aspx?menu_id=1539 Retrieved 5 May 2017.
87. Morris, C., Buller, H., (2003). The local food sector: a preliminary assessment of its form and impact in Gloucestershire. British Food Journal, 105, 559-566.
88. MTC, (2017). Ministry of Transportation and Communication. Statics Inquiry. Commonly Used Transportation Statistics. Available from: http://stat.motc.gov.tw/mocdb/stmain.jsp?sys=100&funid=emenu Retrieved on 5 May 2017.
80
89. National Statistics, (2010). Cultivated Land Area, by Applying Chemical Fertilizer of Pesticides (Comt.). National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan). Statistical Tables. Available from: https://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas04/bc1/GEN099E025.pdf Retrieved 29 January 2017.
90. Nicki, Geoffrey M., (2016). A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Mango Production in Southern Taiwan. National Donghua University, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Master Thesis, 1-126.
91. Paull, J., a (2011). Attending the First Organic Agriculture Course: Rudolf Steiner`s Agriculture Course at Koberwitz, 1924. European Journal of Social Sciences`, 21 (1), 64–70.
92. Paull, J., b (2011). The secrets of Koberwitz: the diffusion of Rudolf Steiner`s agriculture courses and the founding of biodynamic agriculture. Journal of Social Research & Policy, 2 (1): 19–29.
93. Petti, L., Serreli, P., Di Cesare, S., (2016). Systematic literature review in social life cycle assessment. Springer - Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Social LCA in Progress. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment.
94. Pimentel, P., Pimentel, M., (1979). Food, Energy and Society. London: Edward Arnold.
95. Pirog, R., van Pelt, T., Enshayan, K., Cook, E., (2001). Food, Fuel and Freeways. Leopold Centre of Sustainable Agriculture, Iowa State University: Ames.
96. Rains, G., (2007). Taiwan’s success and vulnerability, Lessons for the 21st century. Taiwan in the 21st Century. New York: Routledge, 37–53. 37-42.
97. Rebitzer, G., Ekvall, T., Frischknecht, R., (2004). Life cycle assessment part 1: framework, goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, and applications. Environment International, 30, 701–20.
98. Roberts, E.M., English, P.B., Grether, J.K., Windham, G.C., Somberg, L., Wolff, C., (2007). Maternal Residence Near Agricultural Pesticide Applications and Autism Spectrum Disorders Among Children in the California Central Valley. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(10), 1482-9, November. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5906250_Maternal_Residence_Near_Agricultural_Pesticide_Applications_and_Autism_Spectrum_Disorders_Among_Children_in_the_California_Central_Valley Retrieved 30 March 2017.
81
99. Roser, M., (2016). Fertilizer and Pesticides. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Available from: https://ourworldindata.org/fertilizer-and-pesticides/ Retrieved 23 May 2017.
100. Sangle, S., Babu, P.R., Khanna, P., (1999). Evaluation of Life Cycle Impacts: Identification of Societal Weights of Environmental Issues. Landsberg, Germany. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 4. 221-228.
101. Schultz, W., (1989). The Chemical Free Lawn. Emmaus. PA: Rodale Press.
102. Smith, A., Brown, K., Ogilvie, S., Rushton, K., Bates, J., (2001). Waste management options and climate change. European Communities. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
103. Stinner, D.H, (2007). The Science of Organic Farming. William Lockeretz (Eds.), Organic Farming: An International History. Oxfordshire, UK and Cambridge, Massachusetts: CAB International (CABI). Retrieved 5 January 2017.
104. Stolze, M., Piorr, A., Haring, A., Dabbert, S., (2000). The environmental impacts of organic farming in Europe. Organic Farming in Europe: Economics and Policy, Volume 6, 1–143.
105. TACTRI. Taiwan Agricultural Chemical and Toxic Substances Research Institute. Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan. Publications. Pesticides. Available from http://www.tactri.gov.tw/wSite/ct?xItem=6694&ctNode=864&mp=12&idPath=529_864 Retrieved 30 March 2017.
106. TFC, (2014). Taiwan Fertilizer Co., Ltd. Products, Fertilizers. Available in English from: http://www.taifer.com.tw/taifer/en/careers-2/fertilizers.html Available in Chinese from: http://www.taifer.com.tw/taifer/tw/careers/2014-09-04-07-12-58.html Retrieved 23 May 2017.
107. The S.T.A.T.E. Foundation, (1995). Sensitive To A Toxic Environment. 4 Hazel Court, West Seneca, NY 14224. 6.
108. Toxics Action Center, (2015). The Problem with Pesticides. Pesticides. Available from: http://www.toxicsaction.org/problems-and-solutions/pesticides Retrieved 30 March 2017.
109. TPC, (2015). Taiwan Power Company. 業務公告 業務公告 。台灣電力公司 _歷年行業別 用按月統計資料 。Available from: http://www.taipower.com.tw/content/announcement/ann01.aspx or http://data.gov.tw/node/31966 Retrieved 20 March 2016.
82
110. Traveso, M., Bell, L., Saling, P., Fontes, J., (2016). Towards social life cycle assessment: a quantitative product social impact assessment. Springer, Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. Social LCA in progress, 1-10.
111. Tsai, Wen-Tian, (2010). Current Status and Regulatory Aspects of Pesticides Considered to be Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Taiwan. International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health, 7(10), 3615-3627.
112. U.S. Department of Agriculture (2000). Agriculture Fact Book. Department of Agriculture, United States. Office of Communications, U.S, 1-291, 110.
113. Vu Duc, T., Kawano, M., Tatsukawa, R., (1993). Persistent organochlorine residues in soils from tropical and sub-tropical Asian countries. Environmental Pollution, 81, 61–71.
114. Winter, M., (2003). Embeddedness, the new food economy and defensive localism. Journal of Rural Studies, 19, 23-32.
115. 潘瀅如， 2008。台灣地區稻米生產之命週期評估 (Life Cycle Assessment of Rice Production in Taiwan)。國立臺北大學自然資源與環境管理研究所 國立臺北大學自然資源與環境管理研究所 學 位論文， 1-117。
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
應用經濟與社會發展英語碩士學位學程(IMES)
104266013
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104266013
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 蔡中民zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Tsai, Chung-Minen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 裴麗莎zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Denisa Petrilakovaen_US
dc.creator (作者) 裴麗莎zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Petrilakova, Denisaen_US
dc.date (日期) 2017en_US
dc.date.accessioned 11-Jul-2017 12:26:25 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 11-Jul-2017 12:26:25 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 11-Jul-2017 12:26:25 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0104266013en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/110891-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 應用經濟與社會發展英語碩士學位學程(IMES)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 104266013zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 社會可持續性已成為全球討論之議題，作為氣候變化之回應，特別是農業生產之可持續性，因為它仍然是社會基本需求之基本支柱。吾人透由測量運輸、包裝、加工、分銷與保存等過程反映真實可持續性。為此，本研究使用LCA(生命週期評估)作為系統評估整個生產週期之適當工具。本文考察2015年台灣農業生產置重點於糧食生產可持續性之三個方向：環境、經濟與社會方面，以及其影響，並確認渠等在週期內之相對關係。因此，利用LCA描繪台灣農業生產系統之整體情況，有助於瞭解整體農業情況。環境層面講述能源消耗、使用效率，及土壤、水汙染。經濟層面包含生產週期中之自給自足分析與價格分析。社會層面揭露食品安全問題，特別是暴露於農藥之健康風險。最後，將結果與實際意義綜合表現，並提出許多可後續繼續研究之議題。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Sustainability of society became a globally discussed issue as a response to climate
change, especially, the sustainability of agricultural production as it remains as a
fundamental pillar of the society for fulfilling basic needs. It is time to move forward
real sustainability through measuring the whole process between production and
consumption embracing transportation, packaging, processing, distribution, and
preservation among others. For this purpose, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used in
this research as an appropriate tool for the systematic evaluation of the whole cycle of
production. This paper examines agricultural production in Taiwan in 2015 focusing
on sustainability of food production in three dimensions: environmental, economic,
and social aspects, as well as its impacts and identifying the relative importance of
each part in the cycle. Therefore, with drawing the whole picture of Taiwanese
agricultural production system using LCA, it helps to understand circumstances
behind the whole agriculture sector. The part concerning environmental dimension
talks about energy consumption and efficiency of its usage; as well as, contamination
of soil and water. Economic dimension consists of self-sufficiency analysis and price
analysis of some components in the life cycle of production. Finally, the social
dimension reveals certain problems in food safety, particularly, health risks of
exposure to pesticides. And finally, a summary of results and practical implication of
this research are presented. This research highlights many issues which could be
further investigated.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Abstract vii
LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES, AND PICTURES x
1. Introduction 1
1.1 LCA 3
1.1.1 Early development 4
1.1.2 Limitations 5
1.1.3 Relation with Agriculture 6
1.2 Methodology 8
1.2.1 Calculating the Energy Consumption 11
2. Taiwanese agriculture 14
2.1 Development 17
2.2 Efforts towards sustainability 20
3. Fertilizers 21
3.1 Definition and introduction 21
3.2 Efficiency and Sustainability Analysis 23
4. Pesticides 34
4.1 Definition and introduction 34
4.2 Efficiency and Impact on Human Health Analysis 35
5. Organic agriculture 44
5.1 Definition and Introduction 44
5.2 Efficiency and Sustainability 45
6. Energy 48
6.1 Energy consumption analysis 48
6.1.1 Production 50
6.1.2 Transportation 52
6.1.3 Processing and packing 55
ix
6.1.4 Retail and Households 56
7. Results 60
7.1 Environmental Dimension 60
7.1.1 Energy 60
7.1.2 Contamination of Soil and Water 63
7.2 Economic Dimension 64
7.2.1 Prices 64
7.2.2 Self-sufficiency 65
7.3 Social Dimension 66
7.3.1 Food Security 66
8. Conclusion 68
9. References 71		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2198608 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104266013en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) LCAzh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 台灣zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 農業zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 能源zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 消費zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 污染zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Life cycle assessmenten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwanen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Agricultureen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Energyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Consumptionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Contaminationen_US
dc.title (題名) 臺灣農業持續發展: LCAzh_TW
dc.title (題名) Sustainability of agricultural production in Taiwan: LCAen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 1. Addiscott, T.M., Shitmore, A.P., Powlson, D.S., (1991). Farming, fertilizers and the nitrate problem. Wallingford, UK: CAB International (CABI), 170.
2. AFA, (2014). Agriculture and Food Agency, Executive Yuan, official website. Current Status of Agriculture and Food Industry. Secretariat Office. Available from: http://www.afa.gov.tw/content_en.aspx?pcatid=1&ycatid=1&lcatid=484&hcatid=128&scat=t Retrieved 13 January 2017.
3. Ahmed, S., (1994). Agriculture-Fertilizer Interface in the Asian and Pacific Region: Issues of Growth, Sustainability, and Vulnerability. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region. Available from: http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110721163620 Retrieved 3 May 2017.
4. Amate, I., Molina, G.D., (2013). ‘Sustainable de-growth’ in agriculture and food: an agro-ecological perspective on Spain’s agri-food system (year 2000). Journal of Clean Production. 38, 27-35.
5. American Defender Network, (1989). American Cancer Society, Erie County Branch. Lawn Chemical Dangers. Warning: The Use of Pesticides May Be Hazardous to Your Health.
6. ASY, (2008). Agriculture Statistic Yearbook 2008. Council of Agriculture. Statistics. Yearly Report of Taiwan’s Agriculture 2008. Available from: http://eng.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=20570 Retrieved 10 December 2016.
7. ASY, (2015). Agriculture Statistic Yearbook 2015. Council of Agriculture. Statistics. Yearly Report of Taiwan’s Agriculture 2015. Available from: http://eng.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=2505268 Retrieved 10 December 2016.
8. Björklund, A.E., (2002) Survey of Approaches to Improve Reliability in LCA. International Journal Life Cycle Assessment, 7, 64–72.
9. Bouchard, M.F., Bellinger, D.C., Wright, R.O., Weisskopf, M.G., (2010). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Urinary Metabolites of Organophosphate Pesticides. Pediatrics, June 2010, Vol. 125, Issue 6. Available from: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/125/6/e1270 Retrieved 29 March 2017.
10. Bureau of Foreign Trade, (2015). Ministry of Economic Affairs. 2015國際貿易
72
情勢分析。歷年國際貿易情勢分析。國際貿易情勢分析, 5-6. Available from: http://www.trade.gov.tw/Pages/List.aspx?nodeID=1590 Retrieved 8 May 2017.
11. Cesare, S.D., Silveri, F., Sala, S., Petti, L., (2016). Positive impacts in social life cycle assessment: state of the art and the way forward. Social LCA in progress. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. Springer - Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 1-16.
12. Chatzisymeon, E., Foteinis, S., Borthwick, A.G.L., (2016). Life cycle assessment of the environmental performance of conventional and organic methods of open field pepper cultivation system. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, September. LCA for agriculture, 1-13.
13. Chen, Jen-Hsuan, (2006). The Combined Use of Chemical and Organic Fertilizers and/or Biofertilizer for Crop Growth and Soil Fertility. International Workshop on Sustained Management of the Soil-Rhizosphere System for Efficient Crop and Fertilizer Use. Land Development Department, Bangkok, Thailand.
14. Chi, Chun-Chieh, (1994). Growth with pollution: Unsustainable development in Taiwan and its consequences. Studies in Cimplarative International Development, Vol. 29, Issue 2, 23-47.
15. COA a, (2014). Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, official website, Free Economic Pilot Zones—Value-Added Agricultural Processing, 2014-07-14. Available from: http://eng.coa.gov.tw/theme_data.php?theme=eng_policies&sub_theme=eng_programs_services&id=11. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
16. COA b, (2014). Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, official website, publication: Taiwan`s Organic Agricultural Development Policy and Its Measures, 2014-12-30. Available from http://eng.coa.gov.tw/theme_data.php?theme=eng_policies&sub_theme=eng_programs_services&id=19. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
17. COA c, (2014). The Council of Agriculture. Taiwan’s Organic Agricultural Development Policy and Its Measurements. Program and Services. 2014-12-30. Available from: http://eng.coa.gov.tw/theme_data.php?theme=eng_policies&sub_theme=eng_programs_services&id=19 Retrieved 10 May 2017.
73
18. COA, (2015). The Council of Agriculture. Main Agricultural Policy Aims for 2015. COA Annual Report 2015. Available from: http://eng.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=2505347 Retrieved 5 May 2017.2016-06-20. Available from: http://eng.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=2505333. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
19. COA a, (2016). Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, official website, publication: Moving towards Agricultural 4.0 in Taiwan with Smart Technology, 2016-07-20. Available from: http://eng.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=2505331. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
20. COA b, (2016). Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, official website, publication: Adaptation Strategy in Response to Climate Change Influence on Agriculture, 2016-03-21. Available from: http://eng.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=2505303. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
21. COA c, (2016). Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, official website, publication: Business Report of Council of Agriculture Minister Chi-Hung Tsao. Agriculture Policy and Review, 2016-06-20. Available from http://eng.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=2505333 Retrieved 20 December 2016
22. COA d, (2016). Council of Agriculture. 農業動力用電申請及節能設施輔導現 農業動力用電申請及節能設施輔導現 況。Available from: http://www.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=2505148 Retrieved 18 May 2017.
23. COA e, (2016). Council of Agriculture. Food Balance Sheet, 2015. Annual Food Balance Report. Statistics. Available from: http://agrstat.coa.gov.tw/sdweb/public/book/Book.aspx Retrieved 30 May 2017.
24. COA f, (2016). Council of Agriculture. 農業貿易。貿易統計表。 Available from: http://agrstat.coa.gov.tw/sdweb/public/trade/tradereport.aspx Retrieved 29 May 2017.
25. COA a, (2017). The Council of Agriculture. 2017 Promotion Highlights of Traceability in Agricultural Products. Safety Agriculture. 2017-04-05. Available from: http://www.afa.gov.tw/content_en.aspx?pcatid=1&ycatid=1&lcatid=327&hcatid=332&scat=t Retrieved 8 May 2017.
26. COA b, (2017). The Council of Agriculture. Greenhouse Gas Reduction Management and Food safety are Simultaneously Ensured as Taiwan’s Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emission is Gradually Reduced Every Year. News.
74
2017-02-03. Available from: http://eng.coa.gov.tw/theme_data.php?theme=eng_news&id=483 Retrieved 9 May 2017.
27. COA c, (2017). Council of Agriculture. Import and Export Value by Country. Available from: http://agrstat.coa.gov.tw/sdweb/public/trade/tradereport.aspx Retrieved 29 May 2017.
28. Cowell, S., Parkinson, S., (2003). Localisation of UK food production: an analysis using land area and energy as indicators. Agriculture. Ecosystems and Environment, 94, 221-236.
29. Dittmar, H., Drach, M., Vosskamp, R., Trenkel, M.E., Gutser, R., Steffens, G., (2009). Fertilizers, 2. Types. Ullmann`s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Whiley, VCH.
30. Doong, R.A., Sun, Y.C., Liao, P.L., Peng, C.K., Wu, S.C., (2002). Distribution and fate of organochlorine pesticide residues in sediments from the selected rivers in Taiwan. Chemosphere, 48, 237–246.
31. Dubois-Iorgulescu, A.M., Saravia, A.K.E.B., Valle, R., Rodrigues, L.M., (2016). How to define the system in social life cycle assessments? A critical review of the state of the art and identification of needed developments. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. Social LCA in progress, 1-12.
32. Duthilh, C.E., Kramer, K.J., (2000). Energy consumption in the food chain. Comparing alternative options in food production and consumption. Ambio, 29 (2), 98-101.
33. Edwards, F., Dixon, J., Friel, S., Hall, G., Larsen, K., Lockie, S., Wood, B., Lawrence, M., Hanigan, I., Hogan, A., Hattersley, L., (2011). Climate change adaptation at the intersection of food and health. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 23, 94-104.
34. EMEA a, (2016). Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs. Energy Statistical Annual Reports. Available from: http://web3.moeaboe.gov.tw/ECW/english/content/SubMenu.aspx?menu_id=1537 Retrieved 2 May 2017.
35. EMEA b, (2016). Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs. Energy Indicators of Taiwan. Energy Statistics. Annual Data. p. 1-6. Available from: http://web3.moeaboe.gov.tw/ECW/english/content/ContentLink.aspx?menu_id=
75
1540 Retrieved 8 May 2017.
36. ESH, (2015). Energy Statistics Handbook 2015. Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs. Energy Statistics Handbook, p. 26. Available from: http://www.moeaboe.gov.tw/Download/opengovinfo/plan/all/files/EnergyStatisticsDataBook.pdf Retrieved 5 May 2017.
37. EPA, (2016). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental Topics. Land, Wastem and Cleanup Topics. Production. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/signpost/cc.html Retrieved 15 December 2016.
38. Erb, K.H., Haberl, H., Krausmann, K., Lauk, C., Plutzar, C., Steinbengerg, J.K., Müller, C., Bondeau, A., Waha, K., Pollack, G., (2009). Eating the Planet: Feeding and Fueling the World Sustainability, Fairly and Humanly.
39. EurepGAP, (2016). Integrated farm assurance. All Farm Base-Crops Base-Fruit and Vegetables: Control Points and Compliance Criteria. 1-143. Available from: http://www.globalgap.org/export/sites/default/.content/.galleries/documents/160630_GG_IFA_CPCC_FV_V5_0-2_en.pdf Retrieved February 23 2017.
40. European Commission, (2013). Facts and figures on organic agriculture in the European Union. European Commission, Agriculture and Rural Development, 46.
41. European Commission a, (2014). Single market for green products. Available from: http://ec. europa.eu/environment/eussd/smgp/ Retrieved 8 March 2017.
42. European Commission b, (2014). The rapid growth of EU organic farming - key facts and figures. EU Agricultural Markets Briefs, No 3, July 2014, pp 7.
43. European Commission, (2016). The European Union. n.d. Agriculture and the environment: Introduction. Available from http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/ envir/index_en.htm Retrieved February 23 2017.
44. FAO, (2013). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Food Security and Sovereignty. 1-41. p7. Available from http://www.fao.org/3/a-ax736e.pdf Retrieved February 23 2017 Retrieved 10 May 2017.
45. FAO, (2016). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. International Code of Conduct on Pesticide Management. Guidelines on Highly Hazardous Pesticides. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1-37.
76
46. FDA a, (2017). 發布修正「農藥殘留容許量標準」第三條附表一 發布修正「農藥殘留容許量標準」第三條附表一 。Food and Drug Administration. 本署公告 本署公告 。Document released on 15 March 2017.
47. FDA b, (2017). 衛授食字第 衛授食字第 1061300445號。Food and Drug Administration. 衛生福利部 。Document released on 15 March 2017.
48. Ferraro, D.O., (2007). Energy Cost and Use in Pesticide Production. Encyclopedia of Pest Management, Volume II. CRC Press, 153-156.
49. FFTC, (2006). Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region. Agriculture in Taiwan. Available from: http://www.agnet.org/view.php?id=20110705103744_104108. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
50. Finkbeiner, M., (2014). The international standards as the constitution of life cycle assessment: the ISO 14040 series and its offspring. Background and future prospects in life cycle assessment. Springer, 85-106.
51. Finnveden, G., (1997). Valuation Methods Within LCA: Where are the Values?. LCA Methodology. Germany: Landsberg, 163–169.
52. Freidberg, S., (2015). From the behind the curtain: talking about values in LCA. Advancing social and economic knowledge in life cycle management. Advancing Social and Economic Knowledge in Life Cycle Management. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, April. Springer – Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 1-5.
53. Friel, S., (2010). Climate change, food insecurity and chronic diseases: sustainable and healthy policy opportunities for Australia. N S W Public Health Bull, 21: 129-133.
54. Frischknecht, R., Benetto, E., Dandres, T., Heijungs, R., Roux, C., Schrijvers, D., Wernet, G., Yang, Y., Messmer, A., Tschuemperlin, L., (2016). LCA and decision making: when and how to use consequential LCA. Conference Report: 62nd Discussion Forum on LCA. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. Springer - Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
55. Goedkoop, M., (2014). Lifetime achievement award – interview. Available from: http://www.pre-sustainability.com/setac-lifetime-achievement-awardinterview-mark-goedkoop Retrieved 30 February 2017.
77
56. Goldsmith, E., (1997). Can The Environment Survive The Global Economy?. The Ecologist, Vol. 27, No. 6, 12, 1-2.
57. Graham, P.W., Smart, A., (2011). Possible Futures: Scenario Modelling of Australian Alternative Transport Fuels to 2050. Newcastle: CSIRO Energy Transformed Flagship.
58. Hayashi, K., Gaillard, G., Nemecek, T., (2007). Life Cycle Assessment of Agricultural Production Systems: Current Issues and Future Prespectives. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific region. Document Database. Available from: http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110721140039 Retrieved 15 December 2016
59. Heller, M.C., Keoleian, G.A., (2002). Life Cycle-Based Sustainability Indicators for Assessment of the U.S. Food System. Center for Sustainable System, Report No. CSS00–04.
60. Heller, M.C., Keoleian, G.A., (2003). Assessing the sustainability of the US food system: a life cycle perspective. Agricultural Systems, 76, 1007–1041.
61. Helsel, Z.R., (1992). Energy and alternatives for fertilizer and pesticide use. Energy in Farm Production, Vol. 6, New York: Elsevier, pp. 177-201.
62. Horne, P.A., (2008). Integrated pest management for crops and pastures. CSIRO Publishing, 2.
63. Hsieh, Sung-Ching, (2005). Organic Farming for Sustainable Agriculture in Asia with Special Reference to Taiwan Experience. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, Research Institute of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation National Pingtung University of Science and Technology. Available from: http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110801133519. Retrieved on 28 January 2017.
64. IFA. International Fertilizer Association, official website. Basics. Available from: http://fertilizer.org Retrieved 30 March 2017.
65. ISO, (1997). International Organization for Standardization. ISO14040. Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework. Paris: ISO.
66. ISO a, (2006). ISO 14040: Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework. International Standards Organization. Geneva, p. 7.
78
67. ISO b, (2006). ISO14044: Environmental management – life cycle assessment –requirements and guidelines. International Standards Organization. Geneva, p. 22.
68. Jones, A., (2001). Eating Oil. Food Supply in Changing Climate. Sustain, London.
69. Jones, P., Kramer, R., (2009). England and Wales under organic agriculture: How much food could be produced?. CSA Report, 18.
70. Kramer, K.J., (1996). Energy consumption in food products life cycles. In: Ceuterick, D. (ed.). Proc. International Conference of Life Cycle Assessment in Agriculture, Food, Non-food Agro-industry and Forestry: Achievements and prospects. Flemish Institute for Technology and Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium, 289-293.
71. Kramer, K.J., Biesiot, W., Kok, R., Wilting, H.C., Schoot Uiterkamp, A.J.M., (1994). Energy Counts. Possible Energy Savings of Households Spending. IVEM-research Report No. 71., Centre for Energy and Environmental Studies, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
72. Leach, G., (1976). Energy and Food Production. IPC Science and Technology, London.
73. Lee, Hwan-Jaw, (2014). The Framework of Agricultural Policy and Recent Major Agricultural Policies in Taiwan. Overview of agricultural policy in Taiwan. FFTC Agricultural Policy Platform (FFTC-AP) Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region. Available from: http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_db.php?id=259 Retrieved March 18 2017.
74. Li, Gwo-Chen, Lin, Haw-Tarn, Lai, Chi-Sen, (1994). Uptake of Heavy Metals by Plants in Taiwan. Taiwan Agriculture Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Wufeng. Biogeochemistry of trace elements, 1-8.
75. Li, Gwo-Chen, (1979). Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Taiwan. Pesticide Residues Division, Plant Protection Center, Wufeng. Reprinted from FFTC Book Series, No. 14, Sensible Use of Pesticides, October 1979. 1-16.
76. Lian, S., (1991). Efficiency of Nitrogen Fertilization on Upland Crops Grown in Multiple Cropping Systems in Taiwan. Department of Agricultural Chemistry. Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wufeng, Taizhong.
77. Lin, Haw-Tarn, Wong, Sue-Sun, Li, Gwo-Chen, (2004). Heavy Metal Content of
79
Rice and Shellfish in Taiwan. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, Vol. 12, No. 2., 167-174.
78. Lobley, M., Butler, A., Reed, M., (2009). The contribution of organic farming to rural development: an exploration of the socio-economic linkages of organic and non-organic farms in England. Land Use Policy 26, 723-735.
79. Longino, H.E., (1990). Science as social knowledge: values and objectivity in scientific inquiry. Princeton University Press, 1-280, 4.
80. Lotter, D.W., (2003). Organic agriculture. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 21 (4).
81. Matson, P.A., Naylor, R., Ortiz-Monasterio, I., (1998). Integration of Environmental, Agronomic, and Economic Aspects of Fertilizer Management. Science, Vol. 280, Issue 5360, 112-115.
82. McBride, M.B., (1994). Toxic Metal Accumulation from Agricultural Use of Sludge: Are USEPA Regulations Protective?. Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 24, No. 1, 5-18.
83. McMichael, (2013). Globalization, climate change, and human health. The New England Journal of Medicine, 368: 1335-1343.
84. Milestad, R., Bartel-Kratochvil, R., Leitner, H., Axmann, P., (2010). Being close: the quality of social relationship in a local organic cereal and bread network in Lower Australia. Journal of Rural Studies, 01/004.
85. Miller, G.T., (2004). Sustaining the Earth: An Integrated Approach. Thomson, Brooks, Cole. 211–216.
86. MOEA a, (2016). Buraeu of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs. Energy Statistics Handbook 2015. Energy Statistics. Annual Data. Available from: http://web3.moeaboe.gov.tw/ECW/english/content/ContentDesc.aspx?menu_id=1539 Retrieved 5 May 2017.
87. Morris, C., Buller, H., (2003). The local food sector: a preliminary assessment of its form and impact in Gloucestershire. British Food Journal, 105, 559-566.
88. MTC, (2017). Ministry of Transportation and Communication. Statics Inquiry. Commonly Used Transportation Statistics. Available from: http://stat.motc.gov.tw/mocdb/stmain.jsp?sys=100&funid=emenu Retrieved on 5 May 2017.
80
89. National Statistics, (2010). Cultivated Land Area, by Applying Chemical Fertilizer of Pesticides (Comt.). National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan). Statistical Tables. Available from: https://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas04/bc1/GEN099E025.pdf Retrieved 29 January 2017.
90. Nicki, Geoffrey M., (2016). A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Mango Production in Southern Taiwan. National Donghua University, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Master Thesis, 1-126.
91. Paull, J., a (2011). Attending the First Organic Agriculture Course: Rudolf Steiner`s Agriculture Course at Koberwitz, 1924. European Journal of Social Sciences`, 21 (1), 64–70.
92. Paull, J., b (2011). The secrets of Koberwitz: the diffusion of Rudolf Steiner`s agriculture courses and the founding of biodynamic agriculture. Journal of Social Research & Policy, 2 (1): 19–29.
93. Petti, L., Serreli, P., Di Cesare, S., (2016). Systematic literature review in social life cycle assessment. Springer - Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Social LCA in Progress. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment.
94. Pimentel, P., Pimentel, M., (1979). Food, Energy and Society. London: Edward Arnold.
95. Pirog, R., van Pelt, T., Enshayan, K., Cook, E., (2001). Food, Fuel and Freeways. Leopold Centre of Sustainable Agriculture, Iowa State University: Ames.
96. Rains, G., (2007). Taiwan’s success and vulnerability, Lessons for the 21st century. Taiwan in the 21st Century. New York: Routledge, 37–53. 37-42.
97. Rebitzer, G., Ekvall, T., Frischknecht, R., (2004). Life cycle assessment part 1: framework, goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, and applications. Environment International, 30, 701–20.
98. Roberts, E.M., English, P.B., Grether, J.K., Windham, G.C., Somberg, L., Wolff, C., (2007). Maternal Residence Near Agricultural Pesticide Applications and Autism Spectrum Disorders Among Children in the California Central Valley. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(10), 1482-9, November. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5906250_Maternal_Residence_Near_Agricultural_Pesticide_Applications_and_Autism_Spectrum_Disorders_Among_Children_in_the_California_Central_Valley Retrieved 30 March 2017.
81
99. Roser, M., (2016). Fertilizer and Pesticides. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Available from: https://ourworldindata.org/fertilizer-and-pesticides/ Retrieved 23 May 2017.
100. Sangle, S., Babu, P.R., Khanna, P., (1999). Evaluation of Life Cycle Impacts: Identification of Societal Weights of Environmental Issues. Landsberg, Germany. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 4. 221-228.
101. Schultz, W., (1989). The Chemical Free Lawn. Emmaus. PA: Rodale Press.
102. Smith, A., Brown, K., Ogilvie, S., Rushton, K., Bates, J., (2001). Waste management options and climate change. European Communities. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
103. Stinner, D.H, (2007). The Science of Organic Farming. William Lockeretz (Eds.), Organic Farming: An International History. Oxfordshire, UK and Cambridge, Massachusetts: CAB International (CABI). Retrieved 5 January 2017.
104. Stolze, M., Piorr, A., Haring, A., Dabbert, S., (2000). The environmental impacts of organic farming in Europe. Organic Farming in Europe: Economics and Policy, Volume 6, 1–143.
105. TACTRI. Taiwan Agricultural Chemical and Toxic Substances Research Institute. Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan. Publications. Pesticides. Available from http://www.tactri.gov.tw/wSite/ct?xItem=6694&ctNode=864&mp=12&idPath=529_864 Retrieved 30 March 2017.
106. TFC, (2014). Taiwan Fertilizer Co., Ltd. Products, Fertilizers. Available in English from: http://www.taifer.com.tw/taifer/en/careers-2/fertilizers.html Available in Chinese from: http://www.taifer.com.tw/taifer/tw/careers/2014-09-04-07-12-58.html Retrieved 23 May 2017.
107. The S.T.A.T.E. Foundation, (1995). Sensitive To A Toxic Environment. 4 Hazel Court, West Seneca, NY 14224. 6.
108. Toxics Action Center, (2015). The Problem with Pesticides. Pesticides. Available from: http://www.toxicsaction.org/problems-and-solutions/pesticides Retrieved 30 March 2017.
109. TPC, (2015). Taiwan Power Company. 業務公告 業務公告 。台灣電力公司 _歷年行業別 用按月統計資料 。Available from: http://www.taipower.com.tw/content/announcement/ann01.aspx or http://data.gov.tw/node/31966 Retrieved 20 March 2016.
82
110. Traveso, M., Bell, L., Saling, P., Fontes, J., (2016). Towards social life cycle assessment: a quantitative product social impact assessment. Springer, Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. Social LCA in progress, 1-10.
111. Tsai, Wen-Tian, (2010). Current Status and Regulatory Aspects of Pesticides Considered to be Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Taiwan. International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health, 7(10), 3615-3627.
112. U.S. Department of Agriculture (2000). Agriculture Fact Book. Department of Agriculture, United States. Office of Communications, U.S, 1-291, 110.
113. Vu Duc, T., Kawano, M., Tatsukawa, R., (1993). Persistent organochlorine residues in soils from tropical and sub-tropical Asian countries. Environmental Pollution, 81, 61–71.
114. Winter, M., (2003). Embeddedness, the new food economy and defensive localism. Journal of Rural Studies, 19, 23-32.
115. 潘瀅如， 2008。台灣地區稻米生產之命週期評估 (Life Cycle Assessment of Rice Production in Taiwan)。國立臺北大學自然資源與環境管理研究所 國立臺北大學自然資源與環境管理研究所 學 位論文， 1-117。		zh_TW