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題名 比較台灣與愛沙尼亞: 65歲以上年長者使用智慧型手機行為
A comparative study of smartphone usage among the elders aged 65 and above in Taiwan and Estonia
作者 沈慈芮
Sommer, Siiri
貢獻者 王淑美
Wang, Sumei
沈慈芮
Siiri Sommer
關鍵詞 智慧型手機
台灣
愛沙尼亞
年長者
日期 2017
上傳時間 31-Jul-2017 11:15:26 (UTC+8)
摘要 Smartphones are important tools in the modern world, and most people are taking full advantage of the new technologies. When it comes to the older generations, then stereotypical view remains that the elderly probably do not use the smartphones. Being born and brought up in Estonia, and living in Taiwan for the past three years I wanted to find out if this is true or not. I decided to compare the elderly smartphone usage in Taiwan and Estonia; find out for what the elders in these countries are using their smartphone for and if there is any similarities and differences between the usages.

However, not only the smartphone markets but also researchers have not really concentrated on researching smartphone usage among elderly. There is even less previous studies conducted about Taiwanese and Estonian older adults. I wanted to change that by conducting interviews with 15 Taiwanese and 15 Estonian elderly people. I believe that my obtained in-depth information could benefit the smartphone designers who would like to work on giving more suitable smartphone to the elderly. This dissertation could be also a small addition to the other few research conducted about the elderly and their smartphone usage.
參考文獻 [1.] AngelList. Estonia Startups. Retrieved on 29.11.2016 from https://angel.co/estonia
[2.] Arpaci I., Cetin Y., Turetken O. 2015. Journal of Global Information Technology Management Vol. 18, pp. 214-238.
[3.] BBC. Taiwan Profile, January 20, 2016. Retrieved from the web https://goo.gl/c922ZN
[4.] Bitrebels. 2011. Retrieved on 11.13.2016 from www.bitrebels.com
[5.] Böhm Stephan. 2015. Conference paper: proceedings of “The first International Conference on Multidisciplinary Management”, October 30th, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 335-348.
[6.] Chen K., Chan Alan H. S., and Tsang Steve N. H. 2013 Usage of Mobile Phones amongst Elderly People in Hong Kong; Proceedings of the International Multiconference of Engineers and Computer Scientists. Vol II, IMECS 2013, March 13 - 15, Hong Kong.
[7.] Cliffnotes. Physical Development: Age 65+. Retrieved on 23.11.2016 from https://goo.gl/BWDZkP
[8.] Colorgy. 2016. Retrieved on 15.12.2016 from https://colorgy.io/#
[9.] Deloitte. 2015. Global Mobile Consumer Survey 2015: The Italian Cut Smartphones: An Ageless Italian Passion.
[10.] Deloitte. 2016. There’s no place like phone. Consumer usage patterns in the era of peak smartphone Global Mobile Consumer Survey 2016: UK Cut.
[11.] Deloitte. 2016. The market-creating power of mobile. Global Mobile Consumer Survey 2016. US Edition.
[12.] Deloitte. 2017, January. Global Mobile Consumer Survey 2016. Southeast Asia Edition.
[13.] Doro. 2016. Retrieved on 10.11.2016 from https://www.doro.co.uk
[14.] E2C. 2016 Retrieved on 10.11.2016 from http://e2c.co.il/
[15.] GetWeps Official Webpage. 2016 Retrieved on 15.11.2016 from http://getweps.com/
[16.] Govindaraju D, Atzmon G, Barzilai N. 2015. Genetics, lifestyle, and longevity: Lessons from centenarians. Applied & Translational Genomics. Mar; 4: 23–32.
[17.] Harte, Richard.P; Glynn, Liam G. 2014. Human Centred Design Considerations for Connected Health Devices for the Older Adult. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 4, 245-281.
[18.] HealthIT. Definition of ‘health care cloud’, 2016. Retrieved on 12.13.2016 from https://goo.gl/a8Ve92
[19.] Hofstede, G. 2011. Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014
[20.] Hofstede Geert, Hofstede Gert Jan, Minkov Michael. 2010. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. Revised and Expanded 3rd Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill USA, 2010
[21.] Hofstede Official Website, 2016
[22.] EE Kronoloogia. 2016 Retrieved from https://goo.gl/syRFpO
[23.] Eesti 2.0. Official webpage. 2016 Retrieved on 28.11.2016 from http://www.eesti2.ee/
[24.] E-Estonia Official Webpage. The Digital Society. Retrieved on 29.11.2016 from https://e-estonia.com/
[25.] eMarketer. (July 2013) Multi-device Ownership at Record High in Norway, 2013. Retrieved from eMarketer database.
[26.] eMarketer. (December 2014) One-Quarter of Mexico`s Population to Use Smartphones in 2014. Retrieved from eMarketer database.
[27.] eMarketer. (August 2016) Smartphone Usage Among Millennials Varies Globally. Retrieved from eMarketer database.
[28.] eMarketer. (January 2015) Over Half of Canada`s Population to Use Smartphones in 2015. Retrieved from eMarketer database.
[29.] eMarketer. (November 2015) Mobile Phones Are Top Internet Access Point in Taiwan. Retrieved from eMarketer database.
[30.] eMarketer. (June 2016) Slowing Growth Ahead for Worldwide Internet Audience. Retrieved from eMarketer database.
[31.] eMarketer. (June 2014) Smartphones Are All the Rage in Germany. Retrieved from eMarketer database.
[32.] eMarketer. (September 2015). Asia-Pacific Boasts More Than 1 Billion Smartphone Users. Retrieved from eMarketer database.
[33.] Eric Pfanner (2013, September 3). Japanese Smartphone Manufacturer Sees an Export Market in Older Users. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com on 23.11.2016
[34.] Estonia State Portal Official Website. Retrieved on 10.05.2017 from https://goo.gl/IRPTQU
[35.] Fang Irving. 1995-1996. Communication Timeline, School of Journalism and Mass Communication University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
[36.] Kappelhof, Joost. W. S. 2014. The Impact of Method Bias on the Cross-Cultural Comparability in Face-to-Face Surveys Among Ethnic Minorities. Vol. 8(1), pp. 79-118
[37.] Kleiner Perkins Caufeld & Byers, (May 29, 2013) Internet Trends Report. Retrieved on 25.01.2017 from https://goo.gl/8i3NCP
[38.] Lakson, Piret. (6 May 2015) Hardi Meybaum gives 3D printer to 50 Estonian schools. Postimees. Retrieved from web https://goo.gl/SYvl2Y
[39.] Lilleorg, Aali. (23 February 2016) Need for smartphone among elderly is growing. IT News Estonia. Retrieved on 15.11.2016 from https://goo.gl/mzwuRw
[40.] Nael, Merili. (23 February 2016) Programming teaching in school: helps to understand information technology. Estonian Public Broadcasting. Retrieved on 15.12.2016 from https://goo.gl/9kE0XI
[41.] OECD (2017), Population with tertiary education (indicator). doi: 10.1787/0b8f90e9-en Retrieved on 10.05 2017
[42.] Ofcom. Communication regulator in UK. 6 August 2015. The UK is now smartphone society. Retrieved from the web on 23.01.2017 https://goo.gl/a4VoMz
[43.] Pew Research Center, (April 29, 2015) Washington, D.C. For vast majority of seniors who own one, a smartphone equals ‘freedom.` Retrieved from web on 11.10.2016
[44.] Pew Research Center, (April 25, 2016) Washington, D.C. Millennials overtake Baby Boomers as America’s largest generation. Retrieved from the web on 24.01.2017
[45.] Prensky Marc. 2001. Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants Part 1, On the Horizon, Vol. 9 Iss: 5, pp.1 - 6.
[46.] PRNewswire. (February 27, 2016) Taiwan’s Technology Industry Plays Key Role in World`s Global Supply Chain. Retrieved from the web on 29.11.2016
[47.] Progetiiger. 2016 retrieved from the web on 15.12.2016 http://progetiiger.ee/
[48.] Singh Sisodia Devendra. 2015. Loneliness, depression, and sociability in the old age. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, Volume 2, Issue 2, No. 2.
[49.] Statistics Estonia Webpage. 2016. Statistical Yearbook of Estonia. Retrieved from web on 18.10.2016
[50.] Statistics Finland Webpage. 2013. Use of information and communications technology by individuals in 2013. Retrieved from web on 22.10.2016
[51.] Stitch. Official Website. 2016 Retrieved on 23.11.2016 from www.stitch.net/
[52.] Straub D., Keil M., Brenner W. 1997. Information and Management Vol. 33, 1-11.
[53.] Taiwan Ratings. (September 2015.) Taiwan’s Top 50 Corporates Booklet. Retrieved from web on 13.12.2016
[54.] The China Post. (20 October 2016) Smartphone Use Poses Danger to Eye Health. Retrieved from web on 13.12.2016
[55.] The International Telecommunication Union. 2016. ICT Facts and Figures. Retrieved from web https://goo.gl/WXkMTv
[56.] The World Bank. 2016. Population ages 65 and above (% of total). Retrieved on 18.10.2016 from https://goo.gl/NrmwLy
[57.] The World Factbook. 2016. Central Intelligence Agency, “Estonia.” Web 18.10.2016
[58.] The World Factbook. 2015. Central Intelligence Agency, “Mexico.” Web. 23.11 .2016
[59.] The World Factbook. 2015. Central Intelligence Agency, “Norway.” Web. 23.11.2016
[60.] The World Factbook. 2016. Central Intelligence Agency, “Taiwan.” Web. 16.10.2016
[61.] TNS Emor Estonia. 2014. Surveys.
[62.] Vabariigi Valitsus (Estonian Government), 2014. Retrieved on 15.12.2016 from https://goo.gl/NIKOCR
[63.] Vuong Viet Linh. 2013. Enhancing Smartphone’s Usability for Elderly in Finland; Bachelor Thesis, Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences, Finland.
[64.] Willis R., Ameen N. (October, 2015) The effect of cultural values on technology adoption in the Arab countries. NNGT International Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 2.
[65.] Weinglass, Simona. (8 June 2015.) Geektime. Retrieved on 16.10.2016 from https://goo.gl/CLahdT
[66.] Zogby Analytics. (September 25, 2014.) Polling and market research. Millennial study. Retrieved from the web on 24.01.2017
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)
104461011
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104461011
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 王淑美zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Wang, Sumeien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 沈慈芮zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Siiri Sommeren_US
dc.creator (作者) 沈慈芮zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Sommer, Siirien_US
dc.date (日期) 2017en_US
dc.date.accessioned 31-Jul-2017 11:15:26 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 31-Jul-2017 11:15:26 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 31-Jul-2017 11:15:26 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0104461011en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/111516-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 104461011zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Smartphones are important tools in the modern world, and most people are taking full advantage of the new technologies. When it comes to the older generations, then stereotypical view remains that the elderly probably do not use the smartphones. Being born and brought up in Estonia, and living in Taiwan for the past three years I wanted to find out if this is true or not. I decided to compare the elderly smartphone usage in Taiwan and Estonia; find out for what the elders in these countries are using their smartphone for and if there is any similarities and differences between the usages.

However, not only the smartphone markets but also researchers have not really concentrated on researching smartphone usage among elderly. There is even less previous studies conducted about Taiwanese and Estonian older adults. I wanted to change that by conducting interviews with 15 Taiwanese and 15 Estonian elderly people. I believe that my obtained in-depth information could benefit the smartphone designers who would like to work on giving more suitable smartphone to the elderly. This dissertation could be also a small addition to the other few research conducted about the elderly and their smartphone usage.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 1.Introduction 3
2.Literature review 7
2.1 Communication technologies and smartphone rise in society worldwide 8
2.1.1 Communication technology usage in Taiwan 10
2.1.2 Communication technology usage in Estonia 12
2.2 How consumers use the smartphones? 15
2.3 Older adults and technology usage 20
2.4 Services offered for elderly smartphone users 24
2.5 Cross-cultural research 26
3. Research Questions 36
4. Pilot study 36
5. Research Method 36
5.1 Estonian participants 38
5.2 Taiwanese participants 45
5.3 Similarities between Taiwanese and Estonian participants 51
5.4 Differences between Taiwanese and Estonian participants 54
5. 5 Why do older adults aged 65 and over have chosen to use the smartphone? 58
5. 6 What content are they consuming on their devices? 60
5. 7 How and with whom are older adults communicating on their smartphones? 61
5. 8 What positive and adverse effects has using smartphones brought to elderly people`s’ lives? 61
APPENDIX 1. Interview questions. 64
APPENDIX 2. Results of interviews with Estonian Participants 67
APPENDIX 3. Results of interviews with Taiwanese Participants 91
References 116		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1475273 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104461011en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 智慧型手機zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 台灣zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 愛沙尼亞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 年長者zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 比較台灣與愛沙尼亞: 65歲以上年長者使用智慧型手機行為zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A comparative study of smartphone usage among the elders aged 65 and above in Taiwan and Estoniaen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [1.] AngelList. Estonia Startups. Retrieved on 29.11.2016 from https://angel.co/estonia
[2.] Arpaci I., Cetin Y., Turetken O. 2015. Journal of Global Information Technology Management Vol. 18, pp. 214-238.
[3.] BBC. Taiwan Profile, January 20, 2016. Retrieved from the web https://goo.gl/c922ZN
[4.] Bitrebels. 2011. Retrieved on 11.13.2016 from www.bitrebels.com
[5.] Böhm Stephan. 2015. Conference paper: proceedings of “The first International Conference on Multidisciplinary Management”, October 30th, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 335-348.
[6.] Chen K., Chan Alan H. S., and Tsang Steve N. H. 2013 Usage of Mobile Phones amongst Elderly People in Hong Kong; Proceedings of the International Multiconference of Engineers and Computer Scientists. Vol II, IMECS 2013, March 13 - 15, Hong Kong.
[7.] Cliffnotes. Physical Development: Age 65+. Retrieved on 23.11.2016 from https://goo.gl/BWDZkP
[8.] Colorgy. 2016. Retrieved on 15.12.2016 from https://colorgy.io/#
[9.] Deloitte. 2015. Global Mobile Consumer Survey 2015: The Italian Cut Smartphones: An Ageless Italian Passion.
[10.] Deloitte. 2016. There’s no place like phone. Consumer usage patterns in the era of peak smartphone Global Mobile Consumer Survey 2016: UK Cut.
[11.] Deloitte. 2016. The market-creating power of mobile. Global Mobile Consumer Survey 2016. US Edition.
[12.] Deloitte. 2017, January. Global Mobile Consumer Survey 2016. Southeast Asia Edition.
[13.] Doro. 2016. Retrieved on 10.11.2016 from https://www.doro.co.uk
[14.] E2C. 2016 Retrieved on 10.11.2016 from http://e2c.co.il/
[15.] GetWeps Official Webpage. 2016 Retrieved on 15.11.2016 from http://getweps.com/
[16.] Govindaraju D, Atzmon G, Barzilai N. 2015. Genetics, lifestyle, and longevity: Lessons from centenarians. Applied & Translational Genomics. Mar; 4: 23–32.
[17.] Harte, Richard.P; Glynn, Liam G. 2014. Human Centred Design Considerations for Connected Health Devices for the Older Adult. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 4, 245-281.
[18.] HealthIT. Definition of ‘health care cloud’, 2016. Retrieved on 12.13.2016 from https://goo.gl/a8Ve92
[19.] Hofstede, G. 2011. Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014
[20.] Hofstede Geert, Hofstede Gert Jan, Minkov Michael. 2010. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. Revised and Expanded 3rd Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill USA, 2010
[21.] Hofstede Official Website, 2016
[22.] EE Kronoloogia. 2016 Retrieved from https://goo.gl/syRFpO
[23.] Eesti 2.0. Official webpage. 2016 Retrieved on 28.11.2016 from http://www.eesti2.ee/
[24.] E-Estonia Official Webpage. The Digital Society. Retrieved on 29.11.2016 from https://e-estonia.com/
[25.] eMarketer. (July 2013) Multi-device Ownership at Record High in Norway, 2013. Retrieved from eMarketer database.
[26.] eMarketer. (December 2014) One-Quarter of Mexico`s Population to Use Smartphones in 2014. Retrieved from eMarketer database.
[27.] eMarketer. (August 2016) Smartphone Usage Among Millennials Varies Globally. Retrieved from eMarketer database.
[28.] eMarketer. (January 2015) Over Half of Canada`s Population to Use Smartphones in 2015. Retrieved from eMarketer database.
[29.] eMarketer. (November 2015) Mobile Phones Are Top Internet Access Point in Taiwan. Retrieved from eMarketer database.
[30.] eMarketer. (June 2016) Slowing Growth Ahead for Worldwide Internet Audience. Retrieved from eMarketer database.
[31.] eMarketer. (June 2014) Smartphones Are All the Rage in Germany. Retrieved from eMarketer database.
[32.] eMarketer. (September 2015). Asia-Pacific Boasts More Than 1 Billion Smartphone Users. Retrieved from eMarketer database.
[33.] Eric Pfanner (2013, September 3). Japanese Smartphone Manufacturer Sees an Export Market in Older Users. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com on 23.11.2016
[34.] Estonia State Portal Official Website. Retrieved on 10.05.2017 from https://goo.gl/IRPTQU
[35.] Fang Irving. 1995-1996. Communication Timeline, School of Journalism and Mass Communication University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
[36.] Kappelhof, Joost. W. S. 2014. The Impact of Method Bias on the Cross-Cultural Comparability in Face-to-Face Surveys Among Ethnic Minorities. Vol. 8(1), pp. 79-118
[37.] Kleiner Perkins Caufeld & Byers, (May 29, 2013) Internet Trends Report. Retrieved on 25.01.2017 from https://goo.gl/8i3NCP
[38.] Lakson, Piret. (6 May 2015) Hardi Meybaum gives 3D printer to 50 Estonian schools. Postimees. Retrieved from web https://goo.gl/SYvl2Y
[39.] Lilleorg, Aali. (23 February 2016) Need for smartphone among elderly is growing. IT News Estonia. Retrieved on 15.11.2016 from https://goo.gl/mzwuRw
[40.] Nael, Merili. (23 February 2016) Programming teaching in school: helps to understand information technology. Estonian Public Broadcasting. Retrieved on 15.12.2016 from https://goo.gl/9kE0XI
[41.] OECD (2017), Population with tertiary education (indicator). doi: 10.1787/0b8f90e9-en Retrieved on 10.05 2017
[42.] Ofcom. Communication regulator in UK. 6 August 2015. The UK is now smartphone society. Retrieved from the web on 23.01.2017 https://goo.gl/a4VoMz
[43.] Pew Research Center, (April 29, 2015) Washington, D.C. For vast majority of seniors who own one, a smartphone equals ‘freedom.` Retrieved from web on 11.10.2016
[44.] Pew Research Center, (April 25, 2016) Washington, D.C. Millennials overtake Baby Boomers as America’s largest generation. Retrieved from the web on 24.01.2017
[45.] Prensky Marc. 2001. Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants Part 1, On the Horizon, Vol. 9 Iss: 5, pp.1 - 6.
[46.] PRNewswire. (February 27, 2016) Taiwan’s Technology Industry Plays Key Role in World`s Global Supply Chain. Retrieved from the web on 29.11.2016
[47.] Progetiiger. 2016 retrieved from the web on 15.12.2016 http://progetiiger.ee/
[48.] Singh Sisodia Devendra. 2015. Loneliness, depression, and sociability in the old age. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, Volume 2, Issue 2, No. 2.
[49.] Statistics Estonia Webpage. 2016. Statistical Yearbook of Estonia. Retrieved from web on 18.10.2016
[50.] Statistics Finland Webpage. 2013. Use of information and communications technology by individuals in 2013. Retrieved from web on 22.10.2016
[51.] Stitch. Official Website. 2016 Retrieved on 23.11.2016 from www.stitch.net/
[52.] Straub D., Keil M., Brenner W. 1997. Information and Management Vol. 33, 1-11.
[53.] Taiwan Ratings. (September 2015.) Taiwan’s Top 50 Corporates Booklet. Retrieved from web on 13.12.2016
[54.] The China Post. (20 October 2016) Smartphone Use Poses Danger to Eye Health. Retrieved from web on 13.12.2016
[55.] The International Telecommunication Union. 2016. ICT Facts and Figures. Retrieved from web https://goo.gl/WXkMTv
[56.] The World Bank. 2016. Population ages 65 and above (% of total). Retrieved on 18.10.2016 from https://goo.gl/NrmwLy
[57.] The World Factbook. 2016. Central Intelligence Agency, “Estonia.” Web 18.10.2016
[58.] The World Factbook. 2015. Central Intelligence Agency, “Mexico.” Web. 23.11 .2016
[59.] The World Factbook. 2015. Central Intelligence Agency, “Norway.” Web. 23.11.2016
[60.] The World Factbook. 2016. Central Intelligence Agency, “Taiwan.” Web. 16.10.2016
[61.] TNS Emor Estonia. 2014. Surveys.
[62.] Vabariigi Valitsus (Estonian Government), 2014. Retrieved on 15.12.2016 from https://goo.gl/NIKOCR
[63.] Vuong Viet Linh. 2013. Enhancing Smartphone’s Usability for Elderly in Finland; Bachelor Thesis, Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences, Finland.
[64.] Willis R., Ameen N. (October, 2015) The effect of cultural values on technology adoption in the Arab countries. NNGT International Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 2.
[65.] Weinglass, Simona. (8 June 2015.) Geektime. Retrieved on 16.10.2016 from https://goo.gl/CLahdT
[66.] Zogby Analytics. (September 25, 2014.) Polling and market research. Millennial study. Retrieved from the web on 24.01.2017		zh_TW