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題名 社會信任與發展援助成效之關聯
Social trust and the impact of development aid
作者 蔡婷茹
Tsai, Ting Ju
貢獻者 蘇昱璇
Su, Yu Hsuan
蔡婷茹
Tsai, Ting Ju
關鍵詞 現金補助
實物補助
社會信任
Cash transfers
In-Kind transfers
Social trust
日期 2017
上傳時間 10-Aug-2017 10:02:57 (UTC+8)
摘要 現金補助與實物補助是對於發展中國家最普遍的援助方法，基於「信任」在國家經濟發展扮演之重要角色，本文使用世界銀行2008年至2010年於迦納進行之「迦納微型企業的成長和捕蠅紙效果之隨機實驗」計畫所收集之數據，在Fafchamps et al.（2014）的基礎上，納入信任關係方面的問卷答覆作為關鍵變數，透過最小平方法OLS，並以宗教多數、家庭規模作為工具變數進行兩階段最小平方法2SLS處理內生性問題，探討信任關係對於迦納微型企業的利潤之影響，並進一步分析當納入「信任」之影響後，迦納微型企業接受現金補助與實物補助之利潤差異。從以上多種迴歸分析之研究結果發現，加入信任關係後，基本上，接受實物補助的微型企業主仍然相較現金補助組與控制組有顯著較多的利潤，而現金補助對於利潤之效果較小甚至無顯著性，唯一例外是在進行普通最小平方法時，控制所有類型的信任之影響，發現現金補助對於利潤具有正面且顯著的效果，且利潤之效果（每月能增加15.599 GhC）相較原Fafchamps et al.（2014）利潤（每月能增加14.503 GhC）之效果大，縮小與實物補助之利潤之差異，因此本文推估「信任」與接受補助之利潤效果是有關連的。
Cash transfers and in-kind transfers are the most common methods of aid in developing countries. Because “trust” plays an important role in economic development, this research utilizes data collected from World Bank’s randomized experiment in Ghana: 2008-2010 “Microenterprise Growth and the Flypaper Effect”. This paper builds on the foundation of Fafchamps et al. (2014) and considers trust-related variables. I use the OLS method to explore the impact of trust relationships on Microenterprise’s profits in Ghana and the differences between firms receiving cash transfers and in-kind transfers. The two-stage least squares (2SLS) method using religious majority and household size as instrument variables is also implemented to avoid endogeneity issues. The findings show that after we consider the trust relationships, microenterprise owners who received in-kind transfers received statistically significant higher profits than the cash transfers group and the control group, and the treatment effects of the cash transfers become smaller or even insignificant. The only exception is that in OLS regression when all types of trust variables are controlled, the cash treatment has a positive and statistically significant effect on profits (will increase 15.599 GhC per month). This result is larger than the result in Fafchamps et al. (2014) (increase by 14.503 GhC per month), and the difference between cash and in-kind shrinks. Therefore, this paper considered that “trust” is related to the profit effects of receiving transfers.
參考文獻 任勝鋼、高欣、趙天宇 (2016)，中國創業的人脈資源究竟重要嗎？ ——網絡跨度與信任的交互效應研究。科學學與科學技術管理， 37， 146-154。
李宛蓉（譯）(2014)，信任：社會德性與繁榮的創造（Trust: the social virtues and the creation of prosperity，原作者：Fukuyama, Francis）。臺北市：立緒。（原著出版年：1995）。
張維迎與柯榮住 (2002)，信任及其解釋：來自中國的跨省調查分析。經濟研究，10，59–70。
Adler, P. S. (2001). Market, Hierarchy, and Trust: The Knowledge Economy and the Future of Capitalism. Organization Science, 12(2), 215–234.
Agyeman-duah, B. (2008). Curbing Corruption and Improving Economic Governance : The Case of Ghana. Accra: Ghana Centre for Democratic Development, 1–8.
Akresh, R., de Walque, D., and Kazianga, H. (2016). Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation of the Household Welfare Impacts of Conditional and Unconditional Cash Transfers Given to Mothers or Fathers. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (7730).
Anderson, J. C., and Narus, J. A. (1990). A model of distributor firm and manufacturer firm working partnerships. Journal of Marketing, 54(1), 42–58.
Arrow, K. J. (1972). Gifts and exchanges. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 343-362.
Arrow, K. J. (1974). The Limits of Organization. New York: Norton.
Ashraf, N., Bohnet, I., and Piankov, N. (2006). Decomposing trust and trustworthiness. Experimental Economics, 9(3), 193–208.
Asian Development Bank (1997). Microenterprise Development: Not by Credit Alone. Asian Development Bank, Pakistan.
Attanasio, O., Battistin, E., Fitzsimons, E., Mesnard, A., and Vera-hernández, M. (2005). How effective are conditional cash transfers? Evidence from Colombia. The Institute for Fiscal Studies, 54, 1–9.
Bartlett, M. S. (1951). A further note on tests of significance in factor analysis. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 4(1), 1-2.
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Berggren, N., & Bjørnskov, C. (2009). Does religiosity promote or discourage social trust? Evidence from cross-country and cross-state comparisons.
Berg, J., Dickhaut, J., and McCabe, K. (1995). Trust, reciprocity, and social history. Games and Economic Behavior, 10(1), 122–142.
Bianco, W.T. (1994). Trust: Representatives and Constituents. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Blattman, C., Fiala, N., and Martinez, S. (2013). Credit constraints, occupational choice, and the process of development: long run evidence from cash transfers in Uganda. SSRN Scholarly Paper.
Blattman, C., Green, E. P., Jamison, J., Lehmann, M. C., & Annan, J. (2016). The Returns to Microenterprise Support among the Ultrapoor: A Field Experiment in Postwar Uganda. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 8(2), 35-64.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國家發展研究所
104261016
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104261016
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 蘇昱璇zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Su, Yu Hsuanen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 蔡婷茹zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Tsai, Ting Juen_US
dc.creator (作者) 蔡婷茹zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Tsai, Ting Juen_US
dc.date (日期) 2017en_US
dc.date.accessioned 10-Aug-2017 10:02:57 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 10-Aug-2017 10:02:57 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 10-Aug-2017 10:02:57 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0104261016en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/111803-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國家發展研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 104261016zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 現金補助與實物補助是對於發展中國家最普遍的援助方法，基於「信任」在國家經濟發展扮演之重要角色，本文使用世界銀行2008年至2010年於迦納進行之「迦納微型企業的成長和捕蠅紙效果之隨機實驗」計畫所收集之數據，在Fafchamps et al.（2014）的基礎上，納入信任關係方面的問卷答覆作為關鍵變數，透過最小平方法OLS，並以宗教多數、家庭規模作為工具變數進行兩階段最小平方法2SLS處理內生性問題，探討信任關係對於迦納微型企業的利潤之影響，並進一步分析當納入「信任」之影響後，迦納微型企業接受現金補助與實物補助之利潤差異。從以上多種迴歸分析之研究結果發現，加入信任關係後，基本上，接受實物補助的微型企業主仍然相較現金補助組與控制組有顯著較多的利潤，而現金補助對於利潤之效果較小甚至無顯著性，唯一例外是在進行普通最小平方法時，控制所有類型的信任之影響，發現現金補助對於利潤具有正面且顯著的效果，且利潤之效果（每月能增加15.599 GhC）相較原Fafchamps et al.（2014）利潤（每月能增加14.503 GhC）之效果大，縮小與實物補助之利潤之差異，因此本文推估「信任」與接受補助之利潤效果是有關連的。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Cash transfers and in-kind transfers are the most common methods of aid in developing countries. Because “trust” plays an important role in economic development, this research utilizes data collected from World Bank’s randomized experiment in Ghana: 2008-2010 “Microenterprise Growth and the Flypaper Effect”. This paper builds on the foundation of Fafchamps et al. (2014) and considers trust-related variables. I use the OLS method to explore the impact of trust relationships on Microenterprise’s profits in Ghana and the differences between firms receiving cash transfers and in-kind transfers. The two-stage least squares (2SLS) method using religious majority and household size as instrument variables is also implemented to avoid endogeneity issues. The findings show that after we consider the trust relationships, microenterprise owners who received in-kind transfers received statistically significant higher profits than the cash transfers group and the control group, and the treatment effects of the cash transfers become smaller or even insignificant. The only exception is that in OLS regression when all types of trust variables are controlled, the cash treatment has a positive and statistically significant effect on profits (will increase 15.599 GhC per month). This result is larger than the result in Fafchamps et al. (2014) (increase by 14.503 GhC per month), and the difference between cash and in-kind shrinks. Therefore, this paper considered that “trust” is related to the profit effects of receiving transfers.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第壹章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景 1
第二節 研究動機與問題 3
第三節 研究方法與概要 5
第貳章 文獻探討 6
第一節 發展援助 6
一、有條件與無條件之現金補助 6
二、現金補助與實物補助 9
三、補助與微型企業之關聯 11
第二節 社會信任 13
一、信任與社會資本之相關性 13
二、信任之定義 14
三、信任（trust）與值得信任（trustworthiness）20
四、社會信任之衡量 22
五、信任與經濟之相關性 25
第參章 研究方法與資料來源 28
第一節 資料來源 28
一、 研究數據 28
二、 實驗設計 29
第二節 實證研究方法 31
一、實證模型 31
二、兩階段最小平方法 33
三、因素分析法 37
第三節 變數說明 40
第肆章 實證結果分析 45
第一節 資料處理與敘述統計分析45
第二節 因素分析 50
第三節 迴歸分析 62
一、普通最小平方法（Ordinary Least Squares, OLS） 62
二、兩階段最小平方法（Two stage least squares, 2SLS）69
三、 交互效果之分析 74
四、 家庭信任與社會信任之分析 76
第伍章 結論與建議 78
第一節 結論 78
第二節 未來研究方向與建議 80
參考文獻 81		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1417422 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104261016en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 現金補助zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 實物補助zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會信任zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Cash transfersen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) In-Kind transfersen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Social trusten_US
dc.title (題名) 社會信任與發展援助成效之關聯zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Social trust and the impact of development aiden_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 任勝鋼、高欣、趙天宇 (2016)，中國創業的人脈資源究竟重要嗎？ ——網絡跨度與信任的交互效應研究。科學學與科學技術管理， 37， 146-154。
李宛蓉（譯）(2014)，信任：社會德性與繁榮的創造（Trust: the social virtues and the creation of prosperity，原作者：Fukuyama, Francis）。臺北市：立緒。（原著出版年：1995）。
張維迎與柯榮住 (2002)，信任及其解釋：來自中國的跨省調查分析。經濟研究，10，59–70。
Adler, P. S. (2001). Market, Hierarchy, and Trust: The Knowledge Economy and the Future of Capitalism. Organization Science, 12(2), 215–234.
Agyeman-duah, B. (2008). Curbing Corruption and Improving Economic Governance : The Case of Ghana. Accra: Ghana Centre for Democratic Development, 1–8.
Akresh, R., de Walque, D., and Kazianga, H. (2016). Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation of the Household Welfare Impacts of Conditional and Unconditional Cash Transfers Given to Mothers or Fathers. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (7730).
Anderson, J. C., and Narus, J. A. (1990). A model of distributor firm and manufacturer firm working partnerships. Journal of Marketing, 54(1), 42–58.
Arrow, K. J. (1972). Gifts and exchanges. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 343-362.
Arrow, K. J. (1974). The Limits of Organization. New York: Norton.
Ashraf, N., Bohnet, I., and Piankov, N. (2006). Decomposing trust and trustworthiness. Experimental Economics, 9(3), 193–208.
Asian Development Bank (1997). Microenterprise Development: Not by Credit Alone. Asian Development Bank, Pakistan.
Attanasio, O., Battistin, E., Fitzsimons, E., Mesnard, A., and Vera-hernández, M. (2005). How effective are conditional cash transfers? Evidence from Colombia. The Institute for Fiscal Studies, 54, 1–9.
Bartlett, M. S. (1951). A further note on tests of significance in factor analysis. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 4(1), 1-2.
Ben-Ner, A., and Halldorsson, F. (2010). Trusting and trustworthiness: What are they, how to measure them, and what affects them. Journal of Economic Psychology, 31(1), 64–79.
Berggren, N., & Bjørnskov, C. (2009). Does religiosity promote or discourage social trust? Evidence from cross-country and cross-state comparisons.
Berg, J., Dickhaut, J., and McCabe, K. (1995). Trust, reciprocity, and social history. Games and Economic Behavior, 10(1), 122–142.
Bianco, W.T. (1994). Trust: Representatives and Constituents. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Blattman, C., Fiala, N., and Martinez, S. (2013). Credit constraints, occupational choice, and the process of development: long run evidence from cash transfers in Uganda. SSRN Scholarly Paper.
Blattman, C., Green, E. P., Jamison, J., Lehmann, M. C., & Annan, J. (2016). The Returns to Microenterprise Support among the Ultrapoor: A Field Experiment in Postwar Uganda. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 8(2), 35-64.
Bound, J., Jaeger, D. A., & Baker, R. M. (1995). Problems with instrumental variables estimation when the correlation between the instruments and the endogenous explanatory variable is weak. Journal of the American statistical association, 90(430), 443-450.
Bourguignon, F., Ferreira, F. H. G., and Leite, P. G. (2002). Ex-ante Evaluation of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: The Case of Bolsa Escola. William Davidson Institute Working Paper., (516).
Brehm, J., and Rahn, W. (1997). Individual-Level Evidence for the Causes and Consequences of Social Capital. American Journal of Political Science, 41(3), 999–1023.
Cattell, R. B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate behavioral research, 1(2), 245-276.
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. The American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95–120.
Coleman, J. S. (1990). Foundations of Social Theory, Harvard University press.
Cox, J. C. (2004). How to identify trust and reciprocity. Games and Economic Behavior, 46(2), 260–281.
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