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題名 電視審判 : 為何中共讓嫌疑犯在電視招供?
Trial by TV : Why is China broadcasting televised confessions of suspects?
作者 黛娜
Gardner, Dinah
貢獻者 王韻
Wang, Yun
黛娜
Dinah Gardner
關鍵詞 電視認罪
中國人權
逼供
鎮壓
合法性
合法化
Televised confessions
Chinese human rights
Forced confessions
Repression
Legitimacy
Legitimation
日期 2017
上傳時間 10-Aug-2017 10:16:34 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文將研究在2013年習近平主席上任不到幾個月以來，並在中國共產黨不斷承諾要改善國家法治的情況下，中國為何在國家電視台上開始播出犯罪嫌疑人的電視認罪。這些電視認罪的播出引起了來自海外的廣泛譴責，從某種程度上在國內也受到了批評，因為電視認罪的播出被視為國家非法壓迫人的手段，並被認為是在重演當年毛澤東時代不公正的批判鬥爭行為。本論文是第一項對這種新侵權行為的系統研究，並試圖填補該研究領域的空白。本作者通過採訪在電視上曾經認罪過的人發現許多電視認罪是有“表演”色彩，往往犯罪嫌疑人被迫“背台詞”、穿著特定的服裝、在攝像頭面前“演戲”等。這表明國家在利用電視認罪來達到某種特定的目的。作者對90個2013年至2016年之間播出的電視認罪進行了分析並發現認罪者當局故意讓嫌疑人感到恥辱來強調他們有罪，使用嫌疑人認罪時所使用的話來牽連他人或貶低他人，以支持中共的這種行為並對於來自國外批評的聲音做出回應。本論文借用François Bourricaud （1987年）對合法性的概念作為一種活躍的合法化進程以表明中國新的電視認罪行為不只是簡單的進行壓迫的工具，而更多是一種強制性推動共產黨合法性的戲劇表演。
This study asks why China started broadcasting confessions of suspects on national television in 2013, just months after the accession of President Xi Jinping, and despite the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP’s) repeated promises to improve the country’s rule of law. The broadcasts have triggered widespread condemnation overseas, and to a lesser extent at home, for being illegal, another example of state repression, and resembling the unjust public struggle sessions of the Mao era. This thesis attempts to fill a gap in scholarship and provide the first systematic study of this new and understudied human rights violation. Interviews conducted with those who had confessed on television revealed that many are “show” confessions, where the suspect is made to memorise “lines,” get in “costume,” and “act” in front of the camera, indicating that they are “produced” for a specific purpose. In addition, an analysis of 90 confessions aired between 2013 and 2016 revealed that deliberate efforts were made to shame the confessor, emphasize their guilt, and use the words of their confession to incriminate and denigrate others, promote support for the CCP and its actions and respond to outside criticism. Borrowing François Bourricaud’s (1987) concept of legitimacy as a dynamic process of legitimation, China’s new televised confessions can be seen as much more than simply another tool of repression, rather they are acts of forced theatre aimed at furthering CCP legitimacy.
參考文獻 Abrahamian, E. (1999). Tortured confessions: prisons and public recantations in modern Iran. Berkeley: University of California Press
Amnesty International. (2015). China: No end in sight – torture and forced confessions in China. Retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ASA17/2730/2015/en/
Appleby, S.C., Hasel L.E., & Kassin, S.M. (2013). Police-induced confessions: an empirical analysis of their content and impact. Psychology, Crime & Law, 19(2), 111–12
Bandurski, D. (2015, March 30). Fifty shades of Xi. China Media Project. Retrieved from http://cmp.hku.hk/2015/03/30/fifty-shades-of-xi/
Bandurski, D. (2016, July 15). The Mea Culpa Machine.
Retrieved from https://medium.com/china-media-project/the-mea-culpa-machine-a40a12f65f98
Belkin, I. (2013). China’s tortuous path toward ending torture in criminal investigations In McConville, M., Pils, E. (Eds). Comparative Perspectives on Criminal Justice in China (pp. 91-117). Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Biderman, A. D. (1957). Communist Attempts to Elicit False Confessions from Air Force Prisoners of War. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 33(9), 616–625.
Birks, M., & Mills, J. (2015). Grounded theory: a practical guide. Los Angeles: Sage.
Bourricaud, B. (1987). Legitimacy and legitimization, Current Sociology 35(2).
Chinese Human Rights Defenders (2017). They Target My Human Rights Work as a Crime”: Annual Report on the Situation of Human Rights Defenders in China (2016). Retrieved from https://www.nchrd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/annual-report.pdf
Cohen, J.A. (2016a, January 26). The Peter Dahlin Case: Shock, Awe and Mystery
Retrieved from http://www.jeromecohen.net/jerrys-blog/2016/1/26/the-peter-dahlin-case-shock-awe-and-mysetery?rq=confession
Cohen, J.A. (2016b, August 2). Non-release “release” of human rights activists and their confessions. Retrieved from http://www.jeromecohen.net/jerrys-blog/2016/8/2/non-release-release-of-human-rights-activists-and-their-confessions
Cohen, J.A. (2016c, 3 August). More on rights lawyer Wang Yu’s “confession and release” and China’s revival of “brainwashing” practice. Retrieved from www.jeromecohen.net/jerrys-blog/2016/8/3/more-on-rights-lawyer-wang-yus-confession-and-release-and-chinas-revival-of-brainwashing-practice
Cohen, J., Pils, E. (2010). China`s Criminal Justice and Chongqing`s Anti-triad Campaign: Law v. Practice. Retrieved from http://www.cfr.org/china/chinas-criminal-justice-chongqings-anti-triad-campaign-law-v-practice/p22923
Conner, A.W. (2000). True Confessions? Chinese confessions: then and now In Turner, K.G., Feinerman, J.V., & Guy, R.K. (Eds.). The limits of the rule of law in China (pp. 132-162). Seattle: University of Washington Press
Dickson, B. J. (2016). The dictator`s dilemma: The Chinese Communist Party`s strategy for survival. New York: Oxford University Press
Fiskesjö, M. (2016, November 14). TV Tears Made of Fear: Anatomy of the Spectacle of Power on Display in China’s Forced Confession. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://vimeo.com/194054432
He, J & He, R. (2013). Wrongful convictions and tortured confessions: empirical studies in mainland China in McConville, M, Pils, E. (Eds) Comparative Perspectives on Criminal Justice in China (p. 81)
Human Rights Watch (2017, 7 July). China: On “709” Anniversary, Legal Crackdown Continues. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/07/07/china-709-anniversary-legal-crackdown-continues
Kassin, S.M., Sukel, H. (1997). Coerced Confessions and the Jury: An Experimental Text of the “Harmless Error” Rule. Law and Human Behavior, 21(1)
Kennedy, J.J. (2009). Maintaining Popular Support for the Chinese Communist Party: The Influence of Education and the State-Controlled Media.
Political Studies, 57
Lam, W.W. (2016, September 13). Beijing contradicts ‘rule of law’ campaign in crackdown. Retrieved from https://jamestown.org/program/beijing-contradicts-rule-of-law-campaign-in-crackdown/
Lam, W.K. (2017, 3 May). Written statement of Lam Wing-kee. Retrieved from https://www.cecc.gov/sites/chinacommission.house.gov/files/CECC%20Hearing%20-%203May17%20-%20Hong%20Kong%20-%20Lam%20Wing%20Kee.pdf
Lifton, R.J. (1963). Thought reform and the psychology of totalism. New York: The Norton Library.
Liu. S., Liang, L. & Halliday, T.C. (2014). The Trial of Li Zhuang: Chinese Lawyers’ Collective Action against Populism. Asian Journal of Law and Society, 1(1)
Lu, Y.Y. (2016, August 12). Pushing Politics: Why China is Supercharging Dissident Trials. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2016/08/12/subversion-sells-why-china-is-playing-up-dissident-trials/
Pils, E. (2013). ‘Disappearing’ China’s human rights lawyers. In McConville, M., Pils, E. (Eds). Comparative Perspectives on Criminal Justice in China. (pp. 411-438). Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Pile, E. (2015). China’s Human Rights Lawyers: Advocacy and Resistance. New York: Routledge.
Pils, E. (2016, February 15). The Rise of Rule by Fear.
Retrieved from https://cpianalysis.org/2016/02/15/rule-of-law-vs-rule-by-fear/
Stockman, D., Gallagher, M.E. (2011). Remote Control: How the Media Sustain Authoritarian Rule in China. Comparative Political Studies. Vol. 44, No. 44.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
104926028
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104926028
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 王韻zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Wang, Yunen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 黛娜zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Dinah Gardneren_US
dc.creator (作者) 黛娜zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Gardner, Dinahen_US
dc.date (日期) 2017en_US
dc.date.accessioned 10-Aug-2017 10:16:34 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 10-Aug-2017 10:16:34 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 10-Aug-2017 10:16:34 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0104926028en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/111868-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 104926028zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文將研究在2013年習近平主席上任不到幾個月以來，並在中國共產黨不斷承諾要改善國家法治的情況下，中國為何在國家電視台上開始播出犯罪嫌疑人的電視認罪。這些電視認罪的播出引起了來自海外的廣泛譴責，從某種程度上在國內也受到了批評，因為電視認罪的播出被視為國家非法壓迫人的手段，並被認為是在重演當年毛澤東時代不公正的批判鬥爭行為。本論文是第一項對這種新侵權行為的系統研究，並試圖填補該研究領域的空白。本作者通過採訪在電視上曾經認罪過的人發現許多電視認罪是有“表演”色彩，往往犯罪嫌疑人被迫“背台詞”、穿著特定的服裝、在攝像頭面前“演戲”等。這表明國家在利用電視認罪來達到某種特定的目的。作者對90個2013年至2016年之間播出的電視認罪進行了分析並發現認罪者當局故意讓嫌疑人感到恥辱來強調他們有罪，使用嫌疑人認罪時所使用的話來牽連他人或貶低他人，以支持中共的這種行為並對於來自國外批評的聲音做出回應。本論文借用François Bourricaud （1987年）對合法性的概念作為一種活躍的合法化進程以表明中國新的電視認罪行為不只是簡單的進行壓迫的工具，而更多是一種強制性推動共產黨合法性的戲劇表演。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study asks why China started broadcasting confessions of suspects on national television in 2013, just months after the accession of President Xi Jinping, and despite the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP’s) repeated promises to improve the country’s rule of law. The broadcasts have triggered widespread condemnation overseas, and to a lesser extent at home, for being illegal, another example of state repression, and resembling the unjust public struggle sessions of the Mao era. This thesis attempts to fill a gap in scholarship and provide the first systematic study of this new and understudied human rights violation. Interviews conducted with those who had confessed on television revealed that many are “show” confessions, where the suspect is made to memorise “lines,” get in “costume,” and “act” in front of the camera, indicating that they are “produced” for a specific purpose. In addition, an analysis of 90 confessions aired between 2013 and 2016 revealed that deliberate efforts were made to shame the confessor, emphasize their guilt, and use the words of their confession to incriminate and denigrate others, promote support for the CCP and its actions and respond to outside criticism. Borrowing François Bourricaud’s (1987) concept of legitimacy as a dynamic process of legitimation, China’s new televised confessions can be seen as much more than simply another tool of repression, rather they are acts of forced theatre aimed at furthering CCP legitimacy.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Table of Contents
Chapter 1: China’s new televised confessions 1
‘Show’ confessions as a tool of legitimacy building 2
Major purposes of this research 4
Confessions in China 5
Legal framework 6
Literature review 7
Existing views on televised confessions 7
Televised and forced confessions outside China 11
Chapter outline 12
Chapter 2: Research method and design 14
Data from the broadcasts 14
Deciding on the unit of analysis 16
Main and supporting confessors 17
The political scale 18
Coding of confessions 19
Visual and guilt scores 23
Themes 24
Scope of data 25
Long-form, semi-structured interviews 26
Chapter 3: Exploring the broadcasts 28
Overall picture 28
Nationality distribution of main confessors 29
Gender distribution 30
Distribution of groups 31
Geographical jurisdiction 32
Distribution of outcomes for main confessors 34
Xinwenlianbo broadcasts 34
Main and supporting confessors 36
The ‘types’ of confessions 39
Political scores 39
Jailhouse versus neutral location 42
Precise versus vague crimes 44
Normal versus Denial 45
Interview versus edited interrogation footage 48
Typology of confession events 48
Discrepancies and other problems 55
Changing stories 55
Suspicious editing 56
Retracted confessions 57
Off-screen targets 57
Chapter 4: Scripted and staged 59
The interviewees 59
Themes 60
The mechanics of the confessions 60
The legality of the confessions 65
The purposes of the confessions 65
Who is responsible for the confessions? 66
The effects of the confessions 67
Response and survival mechanisms 69
Chapter 5: Propaganda and punishment 71
Who is behind these televised confessions? 71
How are the suspects chosen? 74
Lights, camera, infractions of justice 75
The ‘show’ confession 76
From punishment to propaganda 78
Latest developments 84
Chapter 6: Conclusions 86
Limitations 88
Suggestions for further study 89
Parting words 89
References 91
Appendices 94
Appendix I: Brief introduction to the 38 main confessors 94
Appendix II: Framework questions for semi-structured long-form interviews 108
Appendix III: The 40 Confession Events 110
Appendix IV: The 38 main confessors by confession event 112
Appendix V: Visual data by confession event (CCTV13 or equivalent) 115
Appendix VI: Confession data by confession event (CCTV13 or equivalent) 118
Appendix VII: Sample confession script 121		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1637277 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104926028en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 電視認罪zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中國人權zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 逼供zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 鎮壓zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 合法性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 合法化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Televised confessionsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Chinese human rightsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Forced confessionsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Repressionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Legitimacyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Legitimationen_US
dc.title (題名) 電視審判 : 為何中共讓嫌疑犯在電視招供?zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Trial by TV : Why is China broadcasting televised confessions of suspects?en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abrahamian, E. (1999). Tortured confessions: prisons and public recantations in modern Iran. Berkeley: University of California Press
Amnesty International. (2015). China: No end in sight – torture and forced confessions in China. Retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ASA17/2730/2015/en/
Appleby, S.C., Hasel L.E., & Kassin, S.M. (2013). Police-induced confessions: an empirical analysis of their content and impact. Psychology, Crime & Law, 19(2), 111–12
Bandurski, D. (2015, March 30). Fifty shades of Xi. China Media Project. Retrieved from http://cmp.hku.hk/2015/03/30/fifty-shades-of-xi/
Bandurski, D. (2016, July 15). The Mea Culpa Machine.
Retrieved from https://medium.com/china-media-project/the-mea-culpa-machine-a40a12f65f98
Belkin, I. (2013). China’s tortuous path toward ending torture in criminal investigations In McConville, M., Pils, E. (Eds). Comparative Perspectives on Criminal Justice in China (pp. 91-117). Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Biderman, A. D. (1957). Communist Attempts to Elicit False Confessions from Air Force Prisoners of War. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 33(9), 616–625.
Birks, M., & Mills, J. (2015). Grounded theory: a practical guide. Los Angeles: Sage.
Bourricaud, B. (1987). Legitimacy and legitimization, Current Sociology 35(2).
Chinese Human Rights Defenders (2017). They Target My Human Rights Work as a Crime”: Annual Report on the Situation of Human Rights Defenders in China (2016). Retrieved from https://www.nchrd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/annual-report.pdf
Cohen, J.A. (2016a, January 26). The Peter Dahlin Case: Shock, Awe and Mystery
Retrieved from http://www.jeromecohen.net/jerrys-blog/2016/1/26/the-peter-dahlin-case-shock-awe-and-mysetery?rq=confession
Cohen, J.A. (2016b, August 2). Non-release “release” of human rights activists and their confessions. Retrieved from http://www.jeromecohen.net/jerrys-blog/2016/8/2/non-release-release-of-human-rights-activists-and-their-confessions
Cohen, J.A. (2016c, 3 August). More on rights lawyer Wang Yu’s “confession and release” and China’s revival of “brainwashing” practice. Retrieved from www.jeromecohen.net/jerrys-blog/2016/8/3/more-on-rights-lawyer-wang-yus-confession-and-release-and-chinas-revival-of-brainwashing-practice
Cohen, J., Pils, E. (2010). China`s Criminal Justice and Chongqing`s Anti-triad Campaign: Law v. Practice. Retrieved from http://www.cfr.org/china/chinas-criminal-justice-chongqings-anti-triad-campaign-law-v-practice/p22923
Conner, A.W. (2000). True Confessions? Chinese confessions: then and now In Turner, K.G., Feinerman, J.V., & Guy, R.K. (Eds.). The limits of the rule of law in China (pp. 132-162). Seattle: University of Washington Press
Dickson, B. J. (2016). The dictator`s dilemma: The Chinese Communist Party`s strategy for survival. New York: Oxford University Press
Fiskesjö, M. (2016, November 14). TV Tears Made of Fear: Anatomy of the Spectacle of Power on Display in China’s Forced Confession. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://vimeo.com/194054432
He, J & He, R. (2013). Wrongful convictions and tortured confessions: empirical studies in mainland China in McConville, M, Pils, E. (Eds) Comparative Perspectives on Criminal Justice in China (p. 81)
Human Rights Watch (2017, 7 July). China: On “709” Anniversary, Legal Crackdown Continues. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/07/07/china-709-anniversary-legal-crackdown-continues
Kassin, S.M., Sukel, H. (1997). Coerced Confessions and the Jury: An Experimental Text of the “Harmless Error” Rule. Law and Human Behavior, 21(1)
Kennedy, J.J. (2009). Maintaining Popular Support for the Chinese Communist Party: The Influence of Education and the State-Controlled Media.
Political Studies, 57
Lam, W.W. (2016, September 13). Beijing contradicts ‘rule of law’ campaign in crackdown. Retrieved from https://jamestown.org/program/beijing-contradicts-rule-of-law-campaign-in-crackdown/
Lam, W.K. (2017, 3 May). Written statement of Lam Wing-kee. Retrieved from https://www.cecc.gov/sites/chinacommission.house.gov/files/CECC%20Hearing%20-%203May17%20-%20Hong%20Kong%20-%20Lam%20Wing%20Kee.pdf
Lifton, R.J. (1963). Thought reform and the psychology of totalism. New York: The Norton Library.
Liu. S., Liang, L. & Halliday, T.C. (2014). The Trial of Li Zhuang: Chinese Lawyers’ Collective Action against Populism. Asian Journal of Law and Society, 1(1)
Lu, Y.Y. (2016, August 12). Pushing Politics: Why China is Supercharging Dissident Trials. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2016/08/12/subversion-sells-why-china-is-playing-up-dissident-trials/
Pils, E. (2013). ‘Disappearing’ China’s human rights lawyers. In McConville, M., Pils, E. (Eds). Comparative Perspectives on Criminal Justice in China. (pp. 411-438). Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Pile, E. (2015). China’s Human Rights Lawyers: Advocacy and Resistance. New York: Routledge.
Pils, E. (2016, February 15). The Rise of Rule by Fear.
Retrieved from https://cpianalysis.org/2016/02/15/rule-of-law-vs-rule-by-fear/
Stockman, D., Gallagher, M.E. (2011). Remote Control: How the Media Sustain Authoritarian Rule in China. Comparative Political Studies. Vol. 44, No. 44.		zh_TW