1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Social Science
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 政黨代表性、政黨極化與民主滿意度： 跨國調查資料的分析
Party Representation, Party Polarization, and Satisfaction with Democracy: A Cross-National Analysis
作者 涂志揚
Tu, Chih-Yang
貢獻者 俞振華
Eric Chen-hua Yu
涂志揚
Tu, Chih-Yang
關鍵詞 民主滿意度
政黨代表性
政黨極化
階層廣義線性模型
Party representation
Party polarization
Satisfaction with democracy
Hierarchical generalized linear model
日期 2017
上傳時間 28-Aug-2017 11:50:53 (UTC+8)
摘要 民主品質不僅可從民主滿意度上探知，亦可自代表性上看到端倪，不具備良好代表性的民主政體稱不上一個好的民主政體。其中，代表性有多種形式，而本文的代表性是政黨代表性，即選民與最親近政黨的意識型態位置差距，距離越小，代表性越好。現代政黨在民主體制運作下，不僅是介於政府與公民社會之間的重要橋樑，也是民主政治的核心議題，因此政黨代表性至關重要，但民主國家的政黨體系非單一政黨的運作，不同政黨間的意識型態和政策競爭，會影響選民對民主體制的評價。本文關心的問題是：選民如何看待政黨意識型態（或政策）定位與個人定位的差異？如此的差異是否會對民主政治的運作造成負面評價？若個人與政黨恰好契合，則政黨擁有完美代表性，個人亦有一個完美的政治代表，選民應滿意民主政治的運作。但在經驗世界中，選民與政黨的互動關係有點複雜，政黨會有意識型態和政策立場變動方向與選民不一致的問題。過往的文獻揭露，低民主滿意度不僅出現在極化（離心競爭）的政黨體系中，亦出現在向心競爭的政黨體系下。為什麼民主滿意度偏低的現象會共同出現在極化競爭和向心競爭的政黨體系下？向心競爭是個問題嗎？首先，極化競爭時，中間選民沒有選擇；另外，向心競爭時，政黨立場過於模糊使得選民難以選擇。是以本文提出兩項研究假設：（1）個人的政黨代表性越高，民主滿意度越高；（2）個人的政黨極化感知程度與民主滿意度呈現開口向下拋物線關係，也就是說，選民個人覺得國內政黨意識型態過於趨同，會不滿意於民主體制的運作，或者個人覺得政黨意識型態過度極化，也會不滿意於民主體制的運作，而是在一個適當的極化程度下，民主滿意度達到最高。並使用The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems（CSES） Module 4的調查資料搭上階層廣義線性模型驗證假設。研究發現，代表性越好民主滿意度越高，但政黨極化程度卻是在向心競爭下有較好的民主滿意度。
Satisfaction with democracy (SWD) is a well-known index to reflect the quality of democracy. Yet, there exist some debates about the external validity of SWD. In modern democracies, political party can be regarded as a bridge between the government and the electorate. Thus, the extent to which parties represent the electorate has become a critical issue. In this study, I measure the distance between a voter’s self-evaluated ideological position and his/her perceived closest party position as the measure of “party representation”. Meanwhile, the dynamic of party competition may also affect how the electorate evaluates the way democracy works. Recent studies show that lower SWD may appear in both the center-seeking type and center-fleeting types of party competition. Why does lower SWD can be appeared in the two completely different patterns of party competition? What could be the problems caused by the center-seeking or center-fleeting competition? Such as, if parties choose a center-seeking competition strategy, voters may feel that the ideological positions of parties are too ambiguous to be identified; on the other hand, if parties choose a center-fleeting competition strategy, those voters in the center may be forced to choose polarized parties. These two situations may have negative impacts on satisfaction with democracy. Thus, I raise two hypotheses: (1) the higher the party representation, the higher SWD is; (2) the relationship between party polarization and SWD is non-linear but a concave curve—that is, the highest SWD is between at the minimum and maximum values of party polarization. I test these two hypotheses by using the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) Module 4 survey data and hierarchical generalized linear model in R. My empirical results show that party representation indeed has a positive impact on SWD whereas the relationship between polarization and SWD is barely concave.
參考文獻 參考文獻
中文：
謝復生，2013，《實證政治理論》，台北：五南。
英文：
Aarts, K., and Thomassen, J. 2008. “Satisfaction with Democracy: Do institutions matter?” Electoral Studies, 27(1): 5-18.
Aldrich, J. H. 1995. Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America. University of Chicago Press.
Almond, G., and Verba, S. 1963. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in five countries. Princeton: Princeton University.
Anderson, C. J., and Guillory, C. A. 1997. “Political Institutions and Satisfaction with Democracy: A Cross-national Analysis of Consensus and Majoritarian Systems.” American Political Science Review, 91(1): 66-81.
Armingeon, K., and Guthmann, K. 2014. “Democracy in Crisis? The Declining Support for National Democracy in European Countries, 2007–2011.” European Journal of Political Research, 53(3): 423-442.
Blais, A., Morin-Chassé, A., and Singh, S. P. 2017. “Election Outcomes, Legislative Representation, and Satisfaction with democracy.” Party Politics, 23(2): 85–95.
Bormann, Nils-Christian and Golder, M. 2013. “Democratic Electoral Systems around the World, 1946-2011.” Electoral Studies, 32: 360-369.
Brandenburg, H., and Johns, R. 2014. “The Declining Representativeness of the British Party System, and Why It Matters.” Political Studies, 62(4): 704-725.
Canache, D., Mondak, J. J., and Seligson, M. A. 2001. “Meaning and Measurement in Cross-national Research on Satisfaction with Democracy.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 65(4): 506-528.
Cheibub, Jose Antonio. 2007. Presidentialism, Parliamentarian, and Democracy. New York. Cambridge University Press.
Clarke, H. D., Dutt, N., and Kornberg, A. 1993. “The Political Economy of Attitudes Toward Polity and Society in Western European Democracies.” The Journal of Politics, 55(4): 998-1021.
Constantatos, C., and Perrakis, S. 1997. “Vertical Differentiation: Entry and Market Coverage with Multiproduct Firms.” International Journal of Industrial Organization, 16(1): 81-103.
Dahl, R. A. 1989. Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Dalton, R. J. 1985. “Political Parties and Political Representation Party Supporters and Party Elites in Nine Nations.” Comparative Political Studies, 18(3): 267-299.
Dalton, R. J. 2004. Democratic Choices, Democratic Challenges: The Erosion of Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies. New York: Oxford University Press
Dalton, R. J. 2008. “The Quantity and the Quality of Party Systems Party System Polarization, Its Measurement, and Its Consequences.” Comparative Political Studies, 41(7): 899-920.
Downs, A. 1957. “An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Democracy.” Journal of Political Economy, 65(2): 135-150.
Easton, D. 1965. A Framework for Political Analysis Vol. 25. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Easton, D. 1975. “A Re-assessment of The Concept of Political Support.” British Journal of Political Science, 5(4): 435-457.
Erikson, R. S., MacKuen, M. B., and Stimson, J. A. 2002. The Macro Polity. Cambridge University Press.
Ezrow, L., and Xezonakis, G. 2011. “Citizen Satisfaction with Democracy and Parties’ Policy Offerings.” Comparative Political Studies, 44(9): 1152-1178.
Fuchs, D. 1999. “The Democratic Culture of United Germany.” In Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government, ed. Pippa Norris. New York: Oxford University Press.
Fuchs, D., and Klingemann, H. D. 1995. “Citizens and the State: A Changing Relationship.” In Citizens and the State, eds. D Fuchs and HD Klingemann. New York: Oxford University Press.
Fuchs, D., Guidorossi, G., and Svensson, P. 1995. “Support for the Democratic System.” In Citizens and the State, eds. D Fuchs and HD Klingemann. New York: Oxford University Press.
Golder, M. 2005. “Democratic electoral Systems Around the World, 1946-2000.” Electoral Studies, 24: 103-121.
Golder, M., and Stramski, J. 2010. “Ideological Congruence and Electoral Institutions.” American Journal of Political Science, 54(1): 90-106.
Holmberg, S. 1999a. “Down and Down We Go: Political Trust in Sweden.” In Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government, ed. Pippa Norris. New York: Oxford University Press.
Holmberg, S. 1999b. “Collective Policy Congruence Compared.” In Policy Represen tation in Western Democracies, eds. Warren Miller, Roy Pierce, Jacques Thomassen, Richard Herrera, Sören Holmberg, Peter Esaisson, and Bernhard Wessels. Oxford University Press.
Hotelling, H. 1929. “Stability in Competition.” The Economic Journal, 39(153): 41-57.
Karp, J. A., and Bowler, S. 2001. “Coalition Government and Satisfaction with Democracy: An Analysis of New Zealand`s Reaction to Proportional Representation.” European Journal of Political Research, 40(1)”: 57-79.
Kaase, M. 1988. “Political Alienation and Protest.” In Comparing Pluralist Democracies, ed. M Dogan. Boulder: Westview Press.
Klingemann, H. D. 1999. “Mapping Political Support in the 1990s: A Global Analysis.” In Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government, ed. Pippa Norris. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kumlin, S., and Esaiasson, P. 2012. “Scandal Fatigue? Scandal Elections and Satisfaction with Democracy in Western Europe, 1977–2007.” British Journal of Political Science, 42(2): 263-282.
Lancaster, K. 1975. “Socially Optimal Product Differentiation.” The American Economic Review, 65(4): 567-585.
Leiter, D., and Clark, M. 2015. “Valence and Satisfaction with Democracy: A Cross‐national Analysis of Nine Western European Democracies.” European Journal of Political Research, 54(3): 543-562.
Lijphart, A. 1984. Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-one Countries. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Lijphart, A. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-six Countries. Yale University Press.
Lijphart, A., Bruneau, T. C., Diamandouros, P. N., and Gunther, R. 1988. “A Mediterranean Model of Democracy? The Southern European Democracies in Comparative Perspective.” West European Politics, 11(1): 7-25.
Linde, J., and Ekman, J. 2003. “Satisfaction with Democracy: A Note on A Frequently Used Indicator in Comparative Politics.” European Journal of Political Research, 42(3): 391-408.
Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Rokkan, Stein 1967. Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-national Perspectives. Free Press.
Listhaug, Ola. 1995. “The Dynamics of Trust in Politicians”. In Citizens and the State, eds. D Fuchs and HD Klingemann. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lockerbie, B. (1993). “Economic Dissatisfaction and Political Alienation in Western Europe.” European Journal of Political Research, 23(3): 281-293.
Mansbridge, J. 2003. “Rethinking Representation.” American Political Science Review, 97(4): 515-528.
McDonald, M. D., and Budge, I. 2005. Elections, Parties, Democracy: Conferring the Median Mandate. Oxford University Press on Demand.
Merkl, P. H. 1988. “Comparing Legitimacy and Values Among Advanced Democratic Countries.” Comparin Pluralist Democracies, ed. M. Dogan. Boulder: Westview.
Miller, A. H., and Listhaug, O. 1990. “Political Parties and Confidence in Government: A Comparison of Norway, Sweden and the United States.” British Journal of Political Science, 20(3): 357-386.
Miller, A. H., and Listhaug, O. 1998. “Policy Preferences and Political Distrust: a Comparison of Norway, Sweden and the United States.” Scandinavian Political Studies, 21(2): 161-187.
Norris, P. 1999. Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government. New York: Oxford University Press.
Pitkin, H. F. 1967. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Powell Jr, G. B. 1987. “The Competitive Consequences of Polarized Pluralism.” In The Logic of Multiparty Systems, ed. MJ Holler. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Powell Jr, G. B. 2004. “Political Representation in Comparative Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science, 7: 273-296.
Rae, D. 1971. The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
Raudenbush, S. W., and Bryk, A. S. 2002. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Reher, S. 2015. “Explaining Cross‐national Variation in the Relationship Between Priority Congruence and Satisfaction with Democracy.” European Journal of Political Research, 54(1): 160-181.
Rohrschneider, R., and Whitefield, S. 2012. The Strain of Representation: How Parties Represent Diverse Voters in Western and Eastern Europe. New York: Oxford University Press.
Rose, R., Mishler, W., and Haerpfer, C. 1998. Democracy and Its Alternatives: Understanding Post-Communist Societies. Cambridge: JHU Press.
Ruiz-Rufino, R. 2013. “Satisfaction with Democracy in Multi-Ethnic Countries: The Effect of Representative Political Institutions on Ethnic Minorities.” Political Studies, 61(1): 101-118.
Sanders, D., Clarke, H., Stewart, M., and Whiteley, P. 2014. “Output-Oriented Legitimacy: Individual-and System-Level Influences on Democracy Satisfaction.” In Elections and Democracy: Representation and Accountability, ed. Jacques Thomassen. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sartori, Giovanni. 1976. Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Schmitt, H. 1983. “Party Government in Public Opinion: A European Cross‐National Comparison.” European Journal of Political Research, 11(4): 353-376.
Shaked, A., and Sutton, J. 1987. “Product Differentiation and Industrial Structure.” The Journal of Industrial Economics, 36(2): 131-146.
Singh, S. P. 2014. “Not All Election Winners are Equal: Satisfaction with Democracy and the Nature of the Vote.” European Journal of Political Research, 53(2): 308-327.
Stecker, C., and Tausendpfund, M. 2016. “Multidimensional Government‐Citizen Congruence and Satisfaction with Democracy.” European Journal of Political Research, 55(3): 492-511.
Stimson, J. A., MacKuen, M. B., and Erikson, R. S. 1995. “Dynamic Representation.” American Political Science Review, 89(03): 543-565.
Thomassen, J., and Schmitt, H. 1999. “Issue Congruence.” In Political Representation and Legitimacy in the European Union, eds. Hermann Schmitt and Jacques Thomassen. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wagner, A. F., Schneider, F., and Halla, M. 2009. “The Quality of Institutions and Satisfaction with Democracy in Western Europe—A Panel Analysis.” European Journal of Political Economy, 25(1): 30-41.
Wauthy, X. 1996. “Quality Choice in Models of Vertical Differentiation.” The Journal of Industrial Economics, 44(3): 345-353.
Weil, F. D. 1989. “The Sources and Structure of Legitimation in Western Democracies: A consolidated Model Tested with Time-Series Data in Six Countries Since World War II.” American Sociological Review, 54(5): 682-706.
Wessels, B. 1999. “System Characteristics Matter: Empirical Evidence from Ten Representation Studies.” In Policy Representation in Western Democracies, eds. Warren Miller, Roy Pierce, Jacques Thomassen, Richard Herrera, Sören Holmberg, Peter Esaisson, and Bernhard Wessels. New York: Oxford University Press.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
政治學系
103252022
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1032520221
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 俞振華zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Eric Chen-hua Yuen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 涂志揚zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Tu, Chih-Yangen_US
dc.creator (作者) 涂志揚zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Tu, Chih-Yangen_US
dc.date (日期) 2017en_US
dc.date.accessioned 28-Aug-2017 11:50:53 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 28-Aug-2017 11:50:53 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 28-Aug-2017 11:50:53 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1032520221en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/112227-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 政治學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 103252022zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 民主品質不僅可從民主滿意度上探知，亦可自代表性上看到端倪，不具備良好代表性的民主政體稱不上一個好的民主政體。其中，代表性有多種形式，而本文的代表性是政黨代表性，即選民與最親近政黨的意識型態位置差距，距離越小，代表性越好。現代政黨在民主體制運作下，不僅是介於政府與公民社會之間的重要橋樑，也是民主政治的核心議題，因此政黨代表性至關重要，但民主國家的政黨體系非單一政黨的運作，不同政黨間的意識型態和政策競爭，會影響選民對民主體制的評價。本文關心的問題是：選民如何看待政黨意識型態（或政策）定位與個人定位的差異？如此的差異是否會對民主政治的運作造成負面評價？若個人與政黨恰好契合，則政黨擁有完美代表性，個人亦有一個完美的政治代表，選民應滿意民主政治的運作。但在經驗世界中，選民與政黨的互動關係有點複雜，政黨會有意識型態和政策立場變動方向與選民不一致的問題。過往的文獻揭露，低民主滿意度不僅出現在極化（離心競爭）的政黨體系中，亦出現在向心競爭的政黨體系下。為什麼民主滿意度偏低的現象會共同出現在極化競爭和向心競爭的政黨體系下？向心競爭是個問題嗎？首先，極化競爭時，中間選民沒有選擇；另外，向心競爭時，政黨立場過於模糊使得選民難以選擇。是以本文提出兩項研究假設：（1）個人的政黨代表性越高，民主滿意度越高；（2）個人的政黨極化感知程度與民主滿意度呈現開口向下拋物線關係，也就是說，選民個人覺得國內政黨意識型態過於趨同，會不滿意於民主體制的運作，或者個人覺得政黨意識型態過度極化，也會不滿意於民主體制的運作，而是在一個適當的極化程度下，民主滿意度達到最高。並使用The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems（CSES） Module 4的調查資料搭上階層廣義線性模型驗證假設。研究發現，代表性越好民主滿意度越高，但政黨極化程度卻是在向心競爭下有較好的民主滿意度。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Satisfaction with democracy (SWD) is a well-known index to reflect the quality of democracy. Yet, there exist some debates about the external validity of SWD. In modern democracies, political party can be regarded as a bridge between the government and the electorate. Thus, the extent to which parties represent the electorate has become a critical issue. In this study, I measure the distance between a voter’s self-evaluated ideological position and his/her perceived closest party position as the measure of “party representation”. Meanwhile, the dynamic of party competition may also affect how the electorate evaluates the way democracy works. Recent studies show that lower SWD may appear in both the center-seeking type and center-fleeting types of party competition. Why does lower SWD can be appeared in the two completely different patterns of party competition? What could be the problems caused by the center-seeking or center-fleeting competition? Such as, if parties choose a center-seeking competition strategy, voters may feel that the ideological positions of parties are too ambiguous to be identified; on the other hand, if parties choose a center-fleeting competition strategy, those voters in the center may be forced to choose polarized parties. These two situations may have negative impacts on satisfaction with democracy. Thus, I raise two hypotheses: (1) the higher the party representation, the higher SWD is; (2) the relationship between party polarization and SWD is non-linear but a concave curve—that is, the highest SWD is between at the minimum and maximum values of party polarization. I test these two hypotheses by using the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) Module 4 survey data and hierarchical generalized linear model in R. My empirical results show that party representation indeed has a positive impact on SWD whereas the relationship between polarization and SWD is barely concave.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第壹章、緒論 1
第貳章、文獻回顧與理論 3
第一節、民主滿意度 3
第二節、民主滿意度與代表性 5
第參章、資料來源與研究方法 19
第一節、資料來源 19
第二節、研究方法 19
第肆章、資料分析 27
第一節、敘述統計 27
第二節、模型分析 39
第伍章、結論與討論 57
參考文獻 39
附錄 67		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2875469 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1032520221en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 民主滿意度zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 政黨代表性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 政黨極化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 階層廣義線性模型zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Party representationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Party polarizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Satisfaction with democracyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Hierarchical generalized linear modelen_US
dc.title (題名) 政黨代表性、政黨極化與民主滿意度： 跨國調查資料的分析zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Party Representation, Party Polarization, and Satisfaction with Democracy: A Cross-National Analysisen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參考文獻
中文：
謝復生，2013，《實證政治理論》，台北：五南。
英文：
Aarts, K., and Thomassen, J. 2008. “Satisfaction with Democracy: Do institutions matter?” Electoral Studies, 27(1): 5-18.
Aldrich, J. H. 1995. Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America. University of Chicago Press.
Almond, G., and Verba, S. 1963. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in five countries. Princeton: Princeton University.
Anderson, C. J., and Guillory, C. A. 1997. “Political Institutions and Satisfaction with Democracy: A Cross-national Analysis of Consensus and Majoritarian Systems.” American Political Science Review, 91(1): 66-81.
Armingeon, K., and Guthmann, K. 2014. “Democracy in Crisis? The Declining Support for National Democracy in European Countries, 2007–2011.” European Journal of Political Research, 53(3): 423-442.
Blais, A., Morin-Chassé, A., and Singh, S. P. 2017. “Election Outcomes, Legislative Representation, and Satisfaction with democracy.” Party Politics, 23(2): 85–95.
Bormann, Nils-Christian and Golder, M. 2013. “Democratic Electoral Systems around the World, 1946-2011.” Electoral Studies, 32: 360-369.
Brandenburg, H., and Johns, R. 2014. “The Declining Representativeness of the British Party System, and Why It Matters.” Political Studies, 62(4): 704-725.
Canache, D., Mondak, J. J., and Seligson, M. A. 2001. “Meaning and Measurement in Cross-national Research on Satisfaction with Democracy.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 65(4): 506-528.
Cheibub, Jose Antonio. 2007. Presidentialism, Parliamentarian, and Democracy. New York. Cambridge University Press.
Clarke, H. D., Dutt, N., and Kornberg, A. 1993. “The Political Economy of Attitudes Toward Polity and Society in Western European Democracies.” The Journal of Politics, 55(4): 998-1021.
Constantatos, C., and Perrakis, S. 1997. “Vertical Differentiation: Entry and Market Coverage with Multiproduct Firms.” International Journal of Industrial Organization, 16(1): 81-103.
Dahl, R. A. 1989. Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Dalton, R. J. 1985. “Political Parties and Political Representation Party Supporters and Party Elites in Nine Nations.” Comparative Political Studies, 18(3): 267-299.
Dalton, R. J. 2004. Democratic Choices, Democratic Challenges: The Erosion of Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies. New York: Oxford University Press
Dalton, R. J. 2008. “The Quantity and the Quality of Party Systems Party System Polarization, Its Measurement, and Its Consequences.” Comparative Political Studies, 41(7): 899-920.
Downs, A. 1957. “An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Democracy.” Journal of Political Economy, 65(2): 135-150.
Easton, D. 1965. A Framework for Political Analysis Vol. 25. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Easton, D. 1975. “A Re-assessment of The Concept of Political Support.” British Journal of Political Science, 5(4): 435-457.
Erikson, R. S., MacKuen, M. B., and Stimson, J. A. 2002. The Macro Polity. Cambridge University Press.
Ezrow, L., and Xezonakis, G. 2011. “Citizen Satisfaction with Democracy and Parties’ Policy Offerings.” Comparative Political Studies, 44(9): 1152-1178.
Fuchs, D. 1999. “The Democratic Culture of United Germany.” In Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government, ed. Pippa Norris. New York: Oxford University Press.
Fuchs, D., and Klingemann, H. D. 1995. “Citizens and the State: A Changing Relationship.” In Citizens and the State, eds. D Fuchs and HD Klingemann. New York: Oxford University Press.
Fuchs, D., Guidorossi, G., and Svensson, P. 1995. “Support for the Democratic System.” In Citizens and the State, eds. D Fuchs and HD Klingemann. New York: Oxford University Press.
Golder, M. 2005. “Democratic electoral Systems Around the World, 1946-2000.” Electoral Studies, 24: 103-121.
Golder, M., and Stramski, J. 2010. “Ideological Congruence and Electoral Institutions.” American Journal of Political Science, 54(1): 90-106.
Holmberg, S. 1999a. “Down and Down We Go: Political Trust in Sweden.” In Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government, ed. Pippa Norris. New York: Oxford University Press.
Holmberg, S. 1999b. “Collective Policy Congruence Compared.” In Policy Represen tation in Western Democracies, eds. Warren Miller, Roy Pierce, Jacques Thomassen, Richard Herrera, Sören Holmberg, Peter Esaisson, and Bernhard Wessels. Oxford University Press.
Hotelling, H. 1929. “Stability in Competition.” The Economic Journal, 39(153): 41-57.
Karp, J. A., and Bowler, S. 2001. “Coalition Government and Satisfaction with Democracy: An Analysis of New Zealand`s Reaction to Proportional Representation.” European Journal of Political Research, 40(1)”: 57-79.
Kaase, M. 1988. “Political Alienation and Protest.” In Comparing Pluralist Democracies, ed. M Dogan. Boulder: Westview Press.
Klingemann, H. D. 1999. “Mapping Political Support in the 1990s: A Global Analysis.” In Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government, ed. Pippa Norris. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kumlin, S., and Esaiasson, P. 2012. “Scandal Fatigue? Scandal Elections and Satisfaction with Democracy in Western Europe, 1977–2007.” British Journal of Political Science, 42(2): 263-282.
Lancaster, K. 1975. “Socially Optimal Product Differentiation.” The American Economic Review, 65(4): 567-585.
Leiter, D., and Clark, M. 2015. “Valence and Satisfaction with Democracy: A Cross‐national Analysis of Nine Western European Democracies.” European Journal of Political Research, 54(3): 543-562.
Lijphart, A. 1984. Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-one Countries. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Lijphart, A. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-six Countries. Yale University Press.
Lijphart, A., Bruneau, T. C., Diamandouros, P. N., and Gunther, R. 1988. “A Mediterranean Model of Democracy? The Southern European Democracies in Comparative Perspective.” West European Politics, 11(1): 7-25.
Linde, J., and Ekman, J. 2003. “Satisfaction with Democracy: A Note on A Frequently Used Indicator in Comparative Politics.” European Journal of Political Research, 42(3): 391-408.
Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Rokkan, Stein 1967. Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-national Perspectives. Free Press.
Listhaug, Ola. 1995. “The Dynamics of Trust in Politicians”. In Citizens and the State, eds. D Fuchs and HD Klingemann. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lockerbie, B. (1993). “Economic Dissatisfaction and Political Alienation in Western Europe.” European Journal of Political Research, 23(3): 281-293.
Mansbridge, J. 2003. “Rethinking Representation.” American Political Science Review, 97(4): 515-528.
McDonald, M. D., and Budge, I. 2005. Elections, Parties, Democracy: Conferring the Median Mandate. Oxford University Press on Demand.
Merkl, P. H. 1988. “Comparing Legitimacy and Values Among Advanced Democratic Countries.” Comparin Pluralist Democracies, ed. M. Dogan. Boulder: Westview.
Miller, A. H., and Listhaug, O. 1990. “Political Parties and Confidence in Government: A Comparison of Norway, Sweden and the United States.” British Journal of Political Science, 20(3): 357-386.
Miller, A. H., and Listhaug, O. 1998. “Policy Preferences and Political Distrust: a Comparison of Norway, Sweden and the United States.” Scandinavian Political Studies, 21(2): 161-187.
Norris, P. 1999. Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government. New York: Oxford University Press.
Pitkin, H. F. 1967. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Powell Jr, G. B. 1987. “The Competitive Consequences of Polarized Pluralism.” In The Logic of Multiparty Systems, ed. MJ Holler. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Powell Jr, G. B. 2004. “Political Representation in Comparative Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science, 7: 273-296.
Rae, D. 1971. The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
Raudenbush, S. W., and Bryk, A. S. 2002. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Reher, S. 2015. “Explaining Cross‐national Variation in the Relationship Between Priority Congruence and Satisfaction with Democracy.” European Journal of Political Research, 54(1): 160-181.
Rohrschneider, R., and Whitefield, S. 2012. The Strain of Representation: How Parties Represent Diverse Voters in Western and Eastern Europe. New York: Oxford University Press.
Rose, R., Mishler, W., and Haerpfer, C. 1998. Democracy and Its Alternatives: Understanding Post-Communist Societies. Cambridge: JHU Press.
Ruiz-Rufino, R. 2013. “Satisfaction with Democracy in Multi-Ethnic Countries: The Effect of Representative Political Institutions on Ethnic Minorities.” Political Studies, 61(1): 101-118.
Sanders, D., Clarke, H., Stewart, M., and Whiteley, P. 2014. “Output-Oriented Legitimacy: Individual-and System-Level Influences on Democracy Satisfaction.” In Elections and Democracy: Representation and Accountability, ed. Jacques Thomassen. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sartori, Giovanni. 1976. Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Schmitt, H. 1983. “Party Government in Public Opinion: A European Cross‐National Comparison.” European Journal of Political Research, 11(4): 353-376.
Shaked, A., and Sutton, J. 1987. “Product Differentiation and Industrial Structure.” The Journal of Industrial Economics, 36(2): 131-146.
Singh, S. P. 2014. “Not All Election Winners are Equal: Satisfaction with Democracy and the Nature of the Vote.” European Journal of Political Research, 53(2): 308-327.
Stecker, C., and Tausendpfund, M. 2016. “Multidimensional Government‐Citizen Congruence and Satisfaction with Democracy.” European Journal of Political Research, 55(3): 492-511.
Stimson, J. A., MacKuen, M. B., and Erikson, R. S. 1995. “Dynamic Representation.” American Political Science Review, 89(03): 543-565.
Thomassen, J., and Schmitt, H. 1999. “Issue Congruence.” In Political Representation and Legitimacy in the European Union, eds. Hermann Schmitt and Jacques Thomassen. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wagner, A. F., Schneider, F., and Halla, M. 2009. “The Quality of Institutions and Satisfaction with Democracy in Western Europe—A Panel Analysis.” European Journal of Political Economy, 25(1): 30-41.
Wauthy, X. 1996. “Quality Choice in Models of Vertical Differentiation.” The Journal of Industrial Economics, 44(3): 345-353.
Weil, F. D. 1989. “The Sources and Structure of Legitimation in Western Democracies: A consolidated Model Tested with Time-Series Data in Six Countries Since World War II.” American Sociological Review, 54(5): 682-706.
Wessels, B. 1999. “System Characteristics Matter: Empirical Evidence from Ten Representation Studies.” In Policy Representation in Western Democracies, eds. Warren Miller, Roy Pierce, Jacques Thomassen, Richard Herrera, Sören Holmberg, Peter Esaisson, and Bernhard Wessels. New York: Oxford University Press.		zh_TW