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題名 有你真好─聯合調控初探:「與他人聯結」和「作業結果重要性」對聯合調控的影響
It`s nice to have you around: The influence of the connection with others and task outcome importance on joint-regulation.
作者 彭妮妮
Peng, Ni-Ni
貢獻者 孫蒨如
Sun, Chienru
彭妮妮
Peng, Ni-Ni
關鍵詞 自我調控
關係聯結
結果聯結
作業重要性
Self-regulation
Interpersonal relationships
Importance of task
日期 2017
上傳時間 31-Aug-2017 12:13:51 (UTC+8)
摘要 良好的自我調控能夠幫助人們適時的監控自己的行為且朝著目標邁進。過往相關研究主要將自我調控視作個人內在歷程，檢驗個體如何為了達成目標而調動自我控制資源，本研究提出「聯合調控」的概念，我們認為當作業結果重要性高且個體與他人之間具備聯結時，個體便會執行聯合調控，即個體會同時考量雙方可利用的資源，且為了達到作業最佳的結果而對本身的自控資源進行策略性調動。本研究利用兩個實驗檢驗聯合調控的概念，並討論兩種不同的個人與他人的聯結方式：關係聯結、結果聯結。實驗一的參與者與朋友成對參與實驗，為2（關係：朋友vs.陌生人）x 2（作業結果重要性:高vs.低）參與者間設計。實驗一結果發現，認為同組夥伴為朋友、且朋友有機會因為作業結果而獲得不錯的金額酬賞的參與者（高作業重要性），在即便其自控資源已因先前作業受到一定的程度的耗損的情況下，也明顯地較其他各組願意在複雜費力但得分較多的作業上計劃分配較多的時間，提高朋友獲得酬賞的機會。實驗二的參與者雖是個別進行施測，但被告知有另一位參與者的存在，為2（作業類型：個人目標vs.共同目標）x 2（作業結果重要性:高 vs. 低）參與者間設計。參與者被要求針對後續兩個作業進行時間分配，根據實驗提供的線索顯示，其中一個作業參與者較對方擅長而另一個作業則是對方較為擅長。實驗二的結果發現，當作業結果重要性高時，認為自己與他人有著共同目標的參與者，顯著地較其他組的參與者規劃較多的時間在自己相對擅長的作業上。總結而言，兩個實驗的結果皆支持聯合調控的運作，當作業的結果是重要的且個體與他人間存在著聯結時，個體不僅會與他人分享自己擁有的資源，且會為了達到最佳目標結果而調整本身對自控資源的運用策略。
Successful self-regulation could help us control our behaviors and achieve our goals. Previous research primarily considered self-regulation as an intrapersonal process, and examined how individuals regulate their self-regulatory resources to perform or achieve their goal. In the present study we proposed that when the task outcome is important and connection with the other person is established, individuals will perform joint-regulation. That is, individuals would take self-regulatory resources from the both sides into consideration and regulate their own self-regulatory resources wisely to achieve the best outcome. To demonstrate our points, two types of connections were employed in this study, relationship and shared goal. In Experiment 1, participants came in pairs and were assigned to a 2 (relationship: friend vs. stranger) x 2 (task outcome importance: high vs. low) design. The participants who believed their friend had a chance of getting a decent amount of money (i.e., high task importance) would plan to spend more time on a more complex and tiring task to help his friend to win, even though themselves were exhausted from the previous self-regulatory task. In Experiment 2, participants were told that they were in the experiment with the other person and then assigned to 2 (task type: individual goal vs. shared goal) x 2 (task outcome importance: high vs. low) design. Participants were asked to distribute their remaining time on two sequent tasks, one they outperformed the other person and the other was outperformed by the other person. Results indicated that when the task outcome was important, participants in the shared task outcome condition would plan to spend significant more time on the task that they outperformed their partner than other conditions. In sum, the results gave support to the hypotheses, joint-regulation did occur. We found that when the task outcome is appealing and individuals have connection with the other person, they not only share their own self-regulatory resources but also modify their strategy accordingly to regulate these resources to achieve the best outcome.
參考文獻 孫蒨如（2013）。當維持正向自我評價需求面對自我資源耗竭時: 自我控制作業的優先性。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究成果報告(編號 NSC102-2410-H004-048)，未出版。
Arneklev, B. J., Cochran, J. K., & Gainey, R. R. (1998). Testing Gottfredson and Hirschi’s “low self-control” stability hypothesis: An exploratory study. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 23(1), 107-127.
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego depletion: is the active self a limited resource?. Journal of personality and social psychology, 74(5), 1252.
Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Ciarocco, N. J., & Twenge, J. M. (2005). Social exclusion impairs self-regulation. Journal of personality and social psychology, 88(4), 589.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological bulletin, 117(3), 497.
Baumeister, R. F., & Heatherton, T. F. (1996). Self-regulation failure: An overview. Psychological inquiry, 7(1), 1-15.
Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1994). Losing control: How and why people fail at self-regulation. Academic Press.
Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current directions in psychological science, 16(6), 351-355.
Burkley, E., Anderson, D., & Curtis, J. (2011). You Wore Me Down: Self‐Control Strength and Social Influence. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(7), 487-499.
Chow, T. S(2014). Investigating the psychological processes underlying ego-depletion. HKU Theses Online (HKUTO).
Christiansen, P., Cole, J. C., & Field, M. (2012). Ego depletion increases ad-lib alcohol consumption: investigating cognitive mediators and moderators.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 20(2), 118.
Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R., & Dye, D. A. (1991). Facet scales for agreeableness and conscientiousness: a revision of tshe NEO personality inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 12(9), 887-898.
Dalton, A. N., Chartrand, T. L., & Finkel, E. J. (2010). The schema-driven chameleon: how mimicry affects executive and self-regulatory resources. Journal of personality and social psychology, 98(4), 605.
de Ridder, D. T., Lensvelt-Mulders, G., Finkenauer, C., Stok, F. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2012). Taking stock of self-control A meta-analysis of how trait self-control relates to a wide range of behaviors. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16, 76-99
Finkel, E. J., Campbell, W. K., Brunell, A. B., Dalton, A. N., Scarbeck, S. J., & Chartrand, T. L. (2006). High-maintenance interaction: inefficient social coordination impairs self-regulation. Journal of personality and social psychology, 91(3), 456.
Fitzsimons, G. M., & Bargh, J. A. (2003). Thinking of you: nonconscious pursuit of interpersonal goals associated with relationship partners. Journal of personality and social psychology, 84(1), 148.
Fitzsimons, G. M., & Finkel, E. J. (2011). Outsourcing self-regulation. Psychological Science, 22(3), 369-375.
Funder, D. C., Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1983). Delay of gratification: Some longitudinal personality correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(6), 1198.
Grasmick, H. G., Tittle, C. R., Bursik, R. J., & Arneklev, B. J. (1993). Testing the core empirical implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi`s general theory of crime. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 30(1), 5-29.
Hagger, M. S., Wood, C., Stiff, C., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. (2010). Ego depletion and the strength model of self-control: a meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 136(4), 495.
Hofmann, W., Baumeister, R. F., Förster, G., & Vohs, K. D. (2012). Everyday temptations: an experience sampling study of desire, conflict, and self-control.Journal of personality and social psychology, 102(6), 1318.
Hoyle, R. H., & Miller, R. (2012). The regulatory easy street: Self-regulation below the self-control threshold does not consume regulatory resources. Personality and individual differences, 52(8), 898-902.
John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 2(1999), 102-138.
Karremans, J. C., Verwijmeren, T., Pronk, T. M., & Reitsma, M. (2009). Interacting with women can impair men’s cognitive functioning. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 1041-1044.
Kaslow, N. J., Rehm, L. P., Pollack, S. L., & Siegel, A. W. (1988). Attributional style and self-control behavior in depressed and nondepressed children and their parents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16(2), 163-175.
Kelly, E. L., & Conley, J. J. (1987). Personality and compatibility: a prospective analysis of marital stability and marital satisfaction. Journal of personality and social psychology, 52(1), 27.LeBlanc, M., Ouimet, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (1988). An integrative control theory of delinquent behavior: A validation 1976–1985. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes.
Koval, C. Z., Vandellen, M. R., Fitzsimons, G. M., & Ranby, K. W. (2015). The burden of responsibility: Interpersonal costs of high self-control. Journal of personality and social psychology, 108(5), 750.
Martijn, C., Alberts, H. J. E. M., & de Vries, N. K. (2006). Maintaining self-control: The role of expectancies. Self-regulation in health behavior, 169-191.
Matsumoto, D., & Yoo, S. H. (2006). Toward a new generation of cross-cultural research. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(3), 234-250.
Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., & Barratt, E. S. (1995). Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. Journal of clinical psychology, (51), 768-74.
Richeson, J. A., & Trawalter, S. (2005). Why do interracial interactions impair executive function? A resource depletion account. Journal of personality and social psychology, 88(6), 934.
Shah, J. (2003). Automatic for the people: how representations of significant others implicitly affect goal pursuit. Journal of personality and social psychology, 84(4), 661.
Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self‐control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of personality, 72(2), 271-324.
Muraven, M., Shmueli, D., & Burkley, E. (2006). Conserving self-control strength. Journal of personality and social psychology, 91(3), 524.
Muraven, M., Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Self-control as a limited resource: Regulatory depletion patterns. Journal of personality and social psychology, 74(3), 774.
Vohs, K. D., Baumeister, R. F., & Ciarocco, N. J. (2005). Self-regulation and self-presentation: regulatory resource depletion impairs impression management and effortful self-presentation depletes regulatory resources. Journal of personality and social psychology, 88(4), 632.
Vohs, K. D., Baumeister, R. F., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2012). Motivation, personal beliefs, and limited resources all contribute to self-control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 943-947.
Vohs, K. D., & Heatherton, T. F. (2000). Self-regulatory failure: A resource-depletion approach. Psychological science, 11(3), 249-254.
Wan, E. W., & Sternthal, B. (2008). Regulating the effects of depletion through monitoring. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(1), 32-46.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學系
100752014
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1007520141
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 孫蒨如zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Sun, Chienruen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 彭妮妮zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Peng, Ni-Nien_US
dc.creator (作者) 彭妮妮zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Peng, Ni-Nien_US
dc.date (日期) 2017en_US
dc.date.accessioned 31-Aug-2017 12:13:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 31-Aug-2017 12:13:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 31-Aug-2017 12:13:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1007520141en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/112384-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100752014zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 良好的自我調控能夠幫助人們適時的監控自己的行為且朝著目標邁進。過往相關研究主要將自我調控視作個人內在歷程，檢驗個體如何為了達成目標而調動自我控制資源，本研究提出「聯合調控」的概念，我們認為當作業結果重要性高且個體與他人之間具備聯結時，個體便會執行聯合調控，即個體會同時考量雙方可利用的資源，且為了達到作業最佳的結果而對本身的自控資源進行策略性調動。本研究利用兩個實驗檢驗聯合調控的概念，並討論兩種不同的個人與他人的聯結方式：關係聯結、結果聯結。實驗一的參與者與朋友成對參與實驗，為2（關係：朋友vs.陌生人）x 2（作業結果重要性:高vs.低）參與者間設計。實驗一結果發現，認為同組夥伴為朋友、且朋友有機會因為作業結果而獲得不錯的金額酬賞的參與者（高作業重要性），在即便其自控資源已因先前作業受到一定的程度的耗損的情況下，也明顯地較其他各組願意在複雜費力但得分較多的作業上計劃分配較多的時間，提高朋友獲得酬賞的機會。實驗二的參與者雖是個別進行施測，但被告知有另一位參與者的存在，為2（作業類型：個人目標vs.共同目標）x 2（作業結果重要性:高 vs. 低）參與者間設計。參與者被要求針對後續兩個作業進行時間分配，根據實驗提供的線索顯示，其中一個作業參與者較對方擅長而另一個作業則是對方較為擅長。實驗二的結果發現，當作業結果重要性高時，認為自己與他人有著共同目標的參與者，顯著地較其他組的參與者規劃較多的時間在自己相對擅長的作業上。總結而言，兩個實驗的結果皆支持聯合調控的運作，當作業的結果是重要的且個體與他人間存在著聯結時，個體不僅會與他人分享自己擁有的資源，且會為了達到最佳目標結果而調整本身對自控資源的運用策略。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Successful self-regulation could help us control our behaviors and achieve our goals. Previous research primarily considered self-regulation as an intrapersonal process, and examined how individuals regulate their self-regulatory resources to perform or achieve their goal. In the present study we proposed that when the task outcome is important and connection with the other person is established, individuals will perform joint-regulation. That is, individuals would take self-regulatory resources from the both sides into consideration and regulate their own self-regulatory resources wisely to achieve the best outcome. To demonstrate our points, two types of connections were employed in this study, relationship and shared goal. In Experiment 1, participants came in pairs and were assigned to a 2 (relationship: friend vs. stranger) x 2 (task outcome importance: high vs. low) design. The participants who believed their friend had a chance of getting a decent amount of money (i.e., high task importance) would plan to spend more time on a more complex and tiring task to help his friend to win, even though themselves were exhausted from the previous self-regulatory task. In Experiment 2, participants were told that they were in the experiment with the other person and then assigned to 2 (task type: individual goal vs. shared goal) x 2 (task outcome importance: high vs. low) design. Participants were asked to distribute their remaining time on two sequent tasks, one they outperformed the other person and the other was outperformed by the other person. Results indicated that when the task outcome was important, participants in the shared task outcome condition would plan to spend significant more time on the task that they outperformed their partner than other conditions. In sum, the results gave support to the hypotheses, joint-regulation did occur. We found that when the task outcome is appealing and individuals have connection with the other person, they not only share their own self-regulatory resources but also modify their strategy accordingly to regulate these resources to achieve the best outcome.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 研究動機與目的 1
第二章 文獻回顧 3
第一節 自我調控 3
自我調控的定義及其對生活適應的重要性 3
主要研究範疇與典範 5
自我控制力量模式的延伸發現 7
小結 10
第二節 外在他人對自我調控的影響 10
消耗自我控制資源的人際情境 10
考量到「關係他人」所帶來的改變 13
考量到「結果類型」所帶來的改變 15
小結 15
第三節 本研究想法與預期 16
第三章 實驗一 18
第四章 實驗二 36
第五章 綜合討論 58
參考文獻 64
附錄 67		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1254668 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1007520141en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自我調控zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 關係聯結zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 結果聯結zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 作業重要性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Self-regulationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Interpersonal relationshipsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Importance of tasken_US
dc.title (題名) 有你真好─聯合調控初探:「與他人聯結」和「作業結果重要性」對聯合調控的影響zh_TW
dc.title (題名) It`s nice to have you around: The influence of the connection with others and task outcome importance on joint-regulation.en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 孫蒨如（2013）。當維持正向自我評價需求面對自我資源耗竭時: 自我控制作業的優先性。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究成果報告(編號 NSC102-2410-H004-048)，未出版。
Arneklev, B. J., Cochran, J. K., & Gainey, R. R. (1998). Testing Gottfredson and Hirschi’s “low self-control” stability hypothesis: An exploratory study. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 23(1), 107-127.
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego depletion: is the active self a limited resource?. Journal of personality and social psychology, 74(5), 1252.
Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Ciarocco, N. J., & Twenge, J. M. (2005). Social exclusion impairs self-regulation. Journal of personality and social psychology, 88(4), 589.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological bulletin, 117(3), 497.
Baumeister, R. F., & Heatherton, T. F. (1996). Self-regulation failure: An overview. Psychological inquiry, 7(1), 1-15.
Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1994). Losing control: How and why people fail at self-regulation. Academic Press.
Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current directions in psychological science, 16(6), 351-355.
Burkley, E., Anderson, D., & Curtis, J. (2011). You Wore Me Down: Self‐Control Strength and Social Influence. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(7), 487-499.
Chow, T. S(2014). Investigating the psychological processes underlying ego-depletion. HKU Theses Online (HKUTO).
Christiansen, P., Cole, J. C., & Field, M. (2012). Ego depletion increases ad-lib alcohol consumption: investigating cognitive mediators and moderators.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 20(2), 118.
Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R., & Dye, D. A. (1991). Facet scales for agreeableness and conscientiousness: a revision of tshe NEO personality inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 12(9), 887-898.
Dalton, A. N., Chartrand, T. L., & Finkel, E. J. (2010). The schema-driven chameleon: how mimicry affects executive and self-regulatory resources. Journal of personality and social psychology, 98(4), 605.
de Ridder, D. T., Lensvelt-Mulders, G., Finkenauer, C., Stok, F. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2012). Taking stock of self-control A meta-analysis of how trait self-control relates to a wide range of behaviors. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16, 76-99
Finkel, E. J., Campbell, W. K., Brunell, A. B., Dalton, A. N., Scarbeck, S. J., & Chartrand, T. L. (2006). High-maintenance interaction: inefficient social coordination impairs self-regulation. Journal of personality and social psychology, 91(3), 456.
Fitzsimons, G. M., & Bargh, J. A. (2003). Thinking of you: nonconscious pursuit of interpersonal goals associated with relationship partners. Journal of personality and social psychology, 84(1), 148.
Fitzsimons, G. M., & Finkel, E. J. (2011). Outsourcing self-regulation. Psychological Science, 22(3), 369-375.
Funder, D. C., Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1983). Delay of gratification: Some longitudinal personality correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(6), 1198.
Grasmick, H. G., Tittle, C. R., Bursik, R. J., & Arneklev, B. J. (1993). Testing the core empirical implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi`s general theory of crime. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 30(1), 5-29.
Hagger, M. S., Wood, C., Stiff, C., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. (2010). Ego depletion and the strength model of self-control: a meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 136(4), 495.
Hofmann, W., Baumeister, R. F., Förster, G., & Vohs, K. D. (2012). Everyday temptations: an experience sampling study of desire, conflict, and self-control.Journal of personality and social psychology, 102(6), 1318.
Hoyle, R. H., & Miller, R. (2012). The regulatory easy street: Self-regulation below the self-control threshold does not consume regulatory resources. Personality and individual differences, 52(8), 898-902.
John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 2(1999), 102-138.
Karremans, J. C., Verwijmeren, T., Pronk, T. M., & Reitsma, M. (2009). Interacting with women can impair men’s cognitive functioning. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 1041-1044.
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