學術產出-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
題名 智慧型手機跨國家庭溝通：以在台印尼家傭移工為例
Smartphone-mediated communication with transnational families: Understanding the experiences of Indonesian domestic workers in Taiwan作者 王路易
Waruwu, Barui Kurniawan貢獻者 林翠絹
Lin, Trisha
王路易
Barui Kurniawan Waruwu關鍵詞 跨國家庭
智慧型手機
家傭移工
污名化
形象管理
Transnational family
Smartphones
Migrant domestic workers
Stigma
Impression management日期 2017 上傳時間 31-Aug-2017 12:19:20 (UTC+8) 摘要 摘要 本研究探討印尼家傭，使用智慧型手機維護家庭親密關係的經驗。透過對台灣20名印尼家傭工進行深入訪談並觀察他們的在臉書的活動來究探討智慧型手機在跨國母親和遠距離婚姻中的複雜性，同時強調了家庭中的性別權力動態。部分由於智慧型手機作為相對較新的出現，智慧型手機與跨國母親尚未得到系統的研究。雖然已有若干研究探究了印尼家傭雖使用智慧型手機的經驗，但其獨特的社會文化特徵尚未得到充分和獨立的探究。 研究發現，智慧型手機是家傭維持家庭親密關係的不可或缺的工具。WhatsApp和LINE的語音通話和簡訊，是最被偏好的通訊模式。他們的溝通方式常受雇主控制;然而，一般來說，他們享有使用智慧型手機的通訊自由。智慧型手機的永續連結性為家傭提供了一個虛擬環境創造與孩子的共存感，增溫了他們的關係，並且使家傭能夠向子女提供宗教指導，履行他們作為穆斯林母親的教育責任。智慧型手機也用於配偶間的溝通，儘管頻率往往由妻子或其就業情況決定。 以Goffman的被寵壞的認同（spoiled identity）作為視角，本研究指出印尼家傭在工作期間遭受「作為與雇主同居女傭」之污名化，他們使用各種策略，用智慧型手機進行形象管理來應對他們的生活，包括與丈夫選擇性的分享他們的生活。這項研究進一步假定，在女性移工透過智慧型手機進行密集的網路互動不僅可以作為再現性別角色規範的場所。相反來說，它也是性別規範不斷被挑戰和重建的場所。本研究強調，受污名化的印尼女性家傭移工在其所居的社區之地位的再協商、。控制、賦權、應對策略之要素。
AbstractThis study explores the experience of Indonesian domestic workers in using smartphones to maintain family intimacy. By conducting in-depth interviews with 20 Indonesian domestic workers in Taiwan and observing their Facebook activities, this study examines the intricacy of smartphone use in transnational mothering and distant marriage while highlighting the gender power dynamics in the family. Partly due to its relatively recent emergence, smartphone use for transnational mothering has not been systematically investigated. While Indonesian domestic workers have been included in several studies on this subject, their unique sociocultural characteristics have not been sufficiently and independently examined.The findings suggest that smartphones are an indispensable instrument for family intimacy among domestic workers. Voice calls and text messages via mobile application such as WhatsApp and LINE are the most preferred modes of communication. Their communication practices are often conditioned by their employers; however, in general, they enjoy freedom to use smartphones for communication. Perpetual connectivity of smartphones gives the domestic workers the perception of co-presence with their children in virtual environment which enhances the warmth of their relationship and allows domestic helpers to fulfil their spiritual duties as Muslim mothers by providing religious guidance to their children.Smartphones are also used for spousal communication although the frequency is often dictated by the wives or their employment circumstances. Based on Goffman’s concept of spoiled identity, this study argues that Indonesian domestic workers face social stigma during their work as live-in maids and device various strategies in order to cope with their living condition by using smartphone activities for impression management, including with their husbands by selectively share their life stories. This study further posits that the intensive networked interaction via smartphones during feminized migration does not only serve as a site for the reproduction of normative gender roles. Instead, it is also a venue where these gender norms are challenged and reconstructed constantly. This study highlights the elements of control, empowerment and coping strategies of Indonesian maids to renegotiate their position within their communities during feminized (and stigmatized) migration.參考文獻 References Abdul-Rauf, M. (2007). The Islamic view of women and the family. Alexandria, VA: Al- Saadawi Publications. Baldassar, L. (2007). Transnational families and the provision of moral and emotional support: The relationship between truth and distance. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, 14 (4). 385-409.Barise, A. (2005). Social work with Muslims, insights from the teachings of Islam. Critical Social Work, 114-132. BBC Indonesia (2017). Menyebut TKI `mengemis jadi babu,` Fahri Hamzah jadi bulan-bulanan. Retrieved fromhttp://www.bbc.com/indonesia/trensosial-38728106Becker, J., A., H., & Stamp, G., H (2006). Impression management in chat rooms: A grounded theory model. Communication Studies, 56 (3), 243-260.Benitez, J., L. (2012). Salvadoran Transnational Families: ICT and Communication Practices in the Network Society. Journal of Ethics and Migration Studies, 38 (9), 1439-1449.Bourdieu, Pierre 1986. The Forms of Capital. In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. John G. Richardson, ed. New York, NY: Greenwood Press.Bryceson, D., &Vuorela, U. (2002). Transnational families in the twenty first century. IN Bryceson, D., &Vuorela, U. (Ed.), The Transnational Family: New European Frontiers and Global Networks. (pp.3-30. Oxford: Berg publishers. Chan, C. (2014). Gendered morality and development narratives: The case of female labor migration from Indonesia. Identity, 6 (10), 6949-6972.Chen, Y., N., K., (2010). Examining the presentation of self in popular blogs: A cultural perspective. Chinese Journal of Communication, 3 (1), 28-41. Cohron, M. (2015). The continuing digital divide in the United States. The Serials Librarian, 69 (1), 77-86.Compaine, B. 2001. “Epilogue”. In The digital divide: Facing a crisis or creating a myth? Edited by: Compaine, B. 337–339. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Council of Labor Affairs (2012). Foreign workers in productive industries and social welfare by nationality. Retrieved from http://statdb.mol.gov.tw/html/mon/c12030.htmElias, N., & Lemish, D. (2008). Media uses in immigrant families: Torn between “inward” and “outward” paths of integration. International Communication Gazette, 70 (1), 23–42. Elias, N., &Zeltser-Shorer, M. (2006). Immigrants of the world unite? A virtual community of Russian-speaking immigrants on the Web. Journal of International Communication, 12(2), 70–90. eMarketer (2016). Asia-Pacific Boasts More Than 1 Billion Smartphone Users.Retrieved from https://www.emarketer.com/Article/Asia-Pacific-Boasts-More-Than-1-Billion-Smartphone-Users/1012984Feng, B., & Hyun, M., J. (2012). The influence of friends’ instant messenger status on individual’s coping and support-seeking. Communication Studies, 63 (5), 536-553. Fresnoza-Flot, A. (2009). Migration status and transnational mothering: the case of Filipino migrants in France. Global Networks, 9 (2), 252-270.Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Anchor Books. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.Haddad, Y., Moore, K., & Smith, J. (2006). Muslim women in America: The Challenge of Islamic identity. New York: Oxford University Press.Haneef, S. (1996). What Everyone Should Know about Islam and Muslims. Chicago, Kazi Publications.Indonesia-Investments (2016). Indonesia is the third largest smartphone market in the Asia Pacific. Retrieved from https://www.indonesia-investments.com/news/todays-headlines/indonesia-is-the-3rd-largest-smartphone-market-in-the-asia-pacific/item6777?Kang, T., Y. (2012). Gendered media, changing intimacy: Internet-mediated transnational communication in the family sphere. Media, Culture & Society, 34 (2), 146-161.Kim, Y. (2017). Digital media for intimacy? Asian nannies transnational mothering in Paris. The Journal of International Communication. Published online on 23 May 2017. DOI 10.1080/13216597.2017.1327878 Kobeisy, A. N. (2004). Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People. Westport, CT, Praeger.Lan, P., C. (2016). Deferential surrogates and professional others: Recruitment and training of migrant care workers in Taiwan and Japan. Positions: Asia Critique, 24 (1), 253-279.Law, P.-L., & Chu, R. (2008). ICTs and migrant workers in contemporary China. Knowledge, Technology and Policy, 21(2), 43–45. Law, P. L., & Peng, Y. (2006). The use of mobile phones among migrant workers in southern China. New Technologies in Global Societies (pp. 245–258). Singapore: World Scientia.Lin, T. T. C. & Sun, H. L. S. (2010). Connection as a form of resisting control: Mobile phone usage of foreign domestic workers in SingaporeMedia Asia: An Asian Communication Quarterly, 37 (4), 183-192.Madianou, M., & Miller, D. (2011). Mobile phone parenting: Reconfiguring relationships between Filipina migrant mothers and their left-behind children. New Media and Society, 13 (3), 457-470.Mahler, S., J. (2001). Transnational relationships: The struggle to communicate across borders. Identities, 7 (4), 583-619.McKinney, B. C., Kelly, L., & Duran, R., L. (2012). Narcissism or openness?: college students’ use of Facebook and Twitter. Communication Research Reports, 29(2), 108-118. Mossberger, K., Tolbert, C. and Gilbert, M. 2006. Race, place, and information technology. Urban Affairs Review, 41(5): 583–620.Norris, P. 2001. Digital divide: Civic engagement, information poverty, and the Internet worldwide, New York: Cambridge University Press.OECD. (2001). Understanding the digital Divide. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/sti/1888451Papacharissi, Z. (2002). The presentation of self in virtual life: Characteristics of personal home pages. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 79 (3), 643–661.Parrenas, R. (2005). Long distance intimacy: Class, gender, and intergenerational relations between mothers and children in Filipino transnational families. Global Networks, 5 (4), 317-336.Pew Research Center (2017). Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/02/27/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/Roldan, G. Z. (2009). Mobile phones and migrant workers in Malaysia. “Mobile 2.0: Beyond voice?” Pre-conference workshop at the International Communication Association Conference, Chicago, IL. Retrieved from http:// www.lirneasia.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/ anal-paper_roldan.pdf Rother, S. (2017). Indonesian migrant domestic workers in transnational political space: Agency, gender roles, and social class formation. Journal of Ethic and Migration Studies, 43 (6), 956-973. Ryan, L., Sales, R., Tilki, M., & Siara, B. (2008). Social networks, social support and social capital: The experiences of recent Polish migrants in Lon- don. Sociology, 42(4), 672–690. Şenyürekli, A., & Detzner, D., F. (2009). Communication dynamics of the transnational family. Marriage & Family Review, 45, 807-824.Sparks, C. (2017). What is the “Digital Divide” and why is it important? Journal of the European Institute for Communication and Culture, 20 (2).27-46.Strom, G. (2002). The telephone comes to a Filipino village. In J. E. Katz & M. A. Aakhus (Eds.), Perpetual contact: Mobile communication, private talk, public performance (pp. 274–283). Cam- bridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Taipei Times (2015). Indonesia to raise wages for domestic workers in Taiwan. Retrieved from http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/07/27/2003623999The Strait Times (2015). Indonesia will stop sending its women to work as maids overseas, says Jokowi. Retrieved from http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/indonesia-will-stop-sending-its-women-to-work-as-maids-overseas-says-jokowiThierer, A. April 20 2000. “How free computers are filling the digital divide”. In The Heritage Foundation Backgrounder, April 20, Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation. no. 1361Thompson, E. C. (2009). Mobile phones, communities and social networks among foreign workers in Singapore. Global Networks, 9(3), 359–380. Tsatsou P (2011) Digital divides revisited: what is new about divides and their research? Media, Culture & Society 33(2): 317–331.Uy-Tioco, C. (2007b). “Mothering Via Cellphone: Overseas Filipino Workers and Text Messaging" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the NCA 93rd Annual Convention, TBA, Chicago, IL Online . 2013-12-15 from http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p191097_index.htmlUy-Tioco, C. (2007b). Overseas Filipino workers and text messaging: Reinventing transnational mothering. Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, 21(2), 253–265. Van Dijk, J. 2005. The deepening divide: Inequality in the information society, London: Sage.Vertovec, S. (2004). Cheap calls: The social glue of migrant transnationalism. Global Networks, 4(2), 219–224. Vromen, A., Xenos, M. A., & Loader, B. (2015). Young people, social media and connective action: from organizational maintenance to everyday political talk. Journal of Youth Studies, 18 (1), 80-100.Ward, J. (2017). What are you doing on Tinder? Impression management on a matchmaking mobile app. Information, Communication & Society, 20, (11), 1644-1659.Warschauer, M. (2003). Technology and social inclusion: Rethinking the digital divide, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Westerman, D., & Tamborini, R. (2006, June). The effects of avatars on the use of interactive uncertainty reduction strategies. Paper presented at the International Communication Association Conference, Dresden, Germany.Westerman, C., Y., & Westerman, D. (2010). Supervisor impression management: Massage content and channel effects on Impressions. Communication Studies, 61 (5), 585-601.Walther, J., B., & Parks, M. R. (2002). Cues filtered out, cues filtered in: Computer-mediated communication and relationships. In M. L. Knapp & J. A. Daly (Eds.), Handbook of Interpersonal Communication (3rd ed. p. 529 – 563). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.White, Patrick, and Neil Selwyn. 2013. Moving Online? An Analysis of Patterns of Adult Internet Use in the UK, 2002-10. Information, Communication and Society, 16 (1), 1–27. Xu, B., Zhang, W., & Li, D. (2011). Copresence and its social-relational antecedents in computer-mediated communication: The case of instant messenger. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 27 (10), 991-1009. Yang, K. (2008). A preliminary study of the use of mobile phones amongst migrant workers in Beijing. Knowledge, Technology, and Policy, 21(2), 65–72. Zhao, S., & Elesh, D. (2008). Copresence as ‘being with’. Information, Communication & Society, 11, 565–583. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)
103461019資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1034610191 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 林翠絹 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Lin, Trisha en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 王路易 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Barui Kurniawan Waruwu en_US dc.creator (作者) 王路易 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Waruwu, Barui Kurniawan en_US dc.date (日期) 2017 en_US dc.date.accessioned 31-Aug-2017 12:19:20 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 31-Aug-2017 12:19:20 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 31-Aug-2017 12:19:20 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1034610191 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/112401 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 103461019 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 摘要 本研究探討印尼家傭，使用智慧型手機維護家庭親密關係的經驗。透過對台灣20名印尼家傭工進行深入訪談並觀察他們的在臉書的活動來究探討智慧型手機在跨國母親和遠距離婚姻中的複雜性，同時強調了家庭中的性別權力動態。部分由於智慧型手機作為相對較新的出現，智慧型手機與跨國母親尚未得到系統的研究。雖然已有若干研究探究了印尼家傭雖使用智慧型手機的經驗，但其獨特的社會文化特徵尚未得到充分和獨立的探究。 研究發現，智慧型手機是家傭維持家庭親密關係的不可或缺的工具。WhatsApp和LINE的語音通話和簡訊，是最被偏好的通訊模式。他們的溝通方式常受雇主控制;然而，一般來說，他們享有使用智慧型手機的通訊自由。智慧型手機的永續連結性為家傭提供了一個虛擬環境創造與孩子的共存感，增溫了他們的關係，並且使家傭能夠向子女提供宗教指導，履行他們作為穆斯林母親的教育責任。智慧型手機也用於配偶間的溝通，儘管頻率往往由妻子或其就業情況決定。 以Goffman的被寵壞的認同（spoiled identity）作為視角，本研究指出印尼家傭在工作期間遭受「作為與雇主同居女傭」之污名化，他們使用各種策略，用智慧型手機進行形象管理來應對他們的生活，包括與丈夫選擇性的分享他們的生活。這項研究進一步假定，在女性移工透過智慧型手機進行密集的網路互動不僅可以作為再現性別角色規範的場所。相反來說，它也是性別規範不斷被挑戰和重建的場所。本研究強調，受污名化的印尼女性家傭移工在其所居的社區之地位的再協商、。控制、賦權、應對策略之要素。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) AbstractThis study explores the experience of Indonesian domestic workers in using smartphones to maintain family intimacy. By conducting in-depth interviews with 20 Indonesian domestic workers in Taiwan and observing their Facebook activities, this study examines the intricacy of smartphone use in transnational mothering and distant marriage while highlighting the gender power dynamics in the family. Partly due to its relatively recent emergence, smartphone use for transnational mothering has not been systematically investigated. While Indonesian domestic workers have been included in several studies on this subject, their unique sociocultural characteristics have not been sufficiently and independently examined.The findings suggest that smartphones are an indispensable instrument for family intimacy among domestic workers. Voice calls and text messages via mobile application such as WhatsApp and LINE are the most preferred modes of communication. Their communication practices are often conditioned by their employers; however, in general, they enjoy freedom to use smartphones for communication. Perpetual connectivity of smartphones gives the domestic workers the perception of co-presence with their children in virtual environment which enhances the warmth of their relationship and allows domestic helpers to fulfil their spiritual duties as Muslim mothers by providing religious guidance to their children.Smartphones are also used for spousal communication although the frequency is often dictated by the wives or their employment circumstances. Based on Goffman’s concept of spoiled identity, this study argues that Indonesian domestic workers face social stigma during their work as live-in maids and device various strategies in order to cope with their living condition by using smartphone activities for impression management, including with their husbands by selectively share their life stories. This study further posits that the intensive networked interaction via smartphones during feminized migration does not only serve as a site for the reproduction of normative gender roles. Instead, it is also a venue where these gender norms are challenged and reconstructed constantly. This study highlights the elements of control, empowerment and coping strategies of Indonesian maids to renegotiate their position within their communities during feminized (and stigmatized) migration. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1. Introduction ………………………………………………… 11.1. Research background ……………………………………… 11.2. Research purpose ……………………………………………… 2Chapter 2. Literature Review ……………………………………… 42.1. Indonesian migrant domestic workers ………………………… 42.2. Power dynamics in Muslim family and transnational communication……… 72.3. Transnational communication among migrant families ………………………… 102.4. Mobile phone use and transnational parenting among migrant domestic workers ………………………………… 12Chapter 3. Method …………………………………………………… 16 3.1. data collection ………………………………… 17 3.1.1. in-depth interviews …………………………… 17 3.1.2. Facebook observation ………………………… 18 3.2. Sample description ………………………………………… 19 3.3. Data analysis ……………………………………………………… 22Chapter 4. Results ………………………………………………………………… 25 4.1. Smartphone use: frequency and barriers …………………… 254.1.1. The impact of reduced barriers on transnational parenting ………… 264.1.2. Employment condition and smartphone use …………… 27Total prohibition …………………………………………………… 28Unconditional permissions ……………………………… 28Conditional permission ……………………………………… 284.2. The use of smartphone activities among Indonesian domestic helpers to maintain family communication ……………… 29 4.2.1 Mobile internet applications for instant family communication ………… 294.2.2. Modes of smartphone-mediate communication……314.3. The impacts of smartphone use on transnational mothering and distant marriage ……………… 334.3.1. Smartphone-mediated communication and transnational mothering …… 34Smartphone access among the caregivers of Indonesian domestic workers’ children ………………………… 35Virtual co-presence: online familial space …………… 35 4.3.2. Smartphone-mediated communication and distant marriage ………… 37Self-empowerment ……………………… 38Income inequality …………………… 38Beyond self-empowerment: smartphone use for spousal communication as strategy to cope with social stigma …………394.4. The impact of social status of Indonesian domestic helpers within the family on their smartphone us………………… 41 4.4.1. Religious guidance …………………………………… 41 4.4.2. Smartphone use and spousal power dynamics during migration ………………… 42Chapter 5. Conclusion and discussions …………………………………… 44 5.1. Conclusion ……………………………………………… 44 5.2. Discussions ……………………… 45 5.3. Contribution and limitation ……………………… 47References ………………………………………………………………………… 49Appendix ……………………………………………………………………………… 55 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1020188 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1034610191 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 跨國家庭 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 智慧型手機 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 家傭移工 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 污名化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 形象管理 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Transnational family en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Smartphones en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Migrant domestic workers en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Stigma en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Impression management en_US dc.title (題名) 智慧型手機跨國家庭溝通：以在台印尼家傭移工為例 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Smartphone-mediated communication with transnational families: Understanding the experiences of Indonesian domestic workers in Taiwan en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) References Abdul-Rauf, M. (2007). The Islamic view of women and the family. Alexandria, VA: Al- Saadawi Publications. Baldassar, L. (2007). Transnational families and the provision of moral and emotional support: The relationship between truth and distance. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, 14 (4). 385-409.Barise, A. (2005). Social work with Muslims, insights from the teachings of Islam. Critical Social Work, 114-132. BBC Indonesia (2017). Menyebut TKI `mengemis jadi babu,` Fahri Hamzah jadi bulan-bulanan. Retrieved fromhttp://www.bbc.com/indonesia/trensosial-38728106Becker, J., A., H., & Stamp, G., H (2006). Impression management in chat rooms: A grounded theory model. Communication Studies, 56 (3), 243-260.Benitez, J., L. (2012). Salvadoran Transnational Families: ICT and Communication Practices in the Network Society. Journal of Ethics and Migration Studies, 38 (9), 1439-1449.Bourdieu, Pierre 1986. The Forms of Capital. In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. John G. Richardson, ed. New York, NY: Greenwood Press.Bryceson, D., &Vuorela, U. (2002). Transnational families in the twenty first century. IN Bryceson, D., &Vuorela, U. (Ed.), The Transnational Family: New European Frontiers and Global Networks. (pp.3-30. Oxford: Berg publishers. Chan, C. (2014). Gendered morality and development narratives: The case of female labor migration from Indonesia. Identity, 6 (10), 6949-6972.Chen, Y., N., K., (2010). Examining the presentation of self in popular blogs: A cultural perspective. Chinese Journal of Communication, 3 (1), 28-41. Cohron, M. (2015). The continuing digital divide in the United States. The Serials Librarian, 69 (1), 77-86.Compaine, B. 2001. “Epilogue”. In The digital divide: Facing a crisis or creating a myth? Edited by: Compaine, B. 337–339. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Council of Labor Affairs (2012). Foreign workers in productive industries and social welfare by nationality. Retrieved from http://statdb.mol.gov.tw/html/mon/c12030.htmElias, N., & Lemish, D. (2008). Media uses in immigrant families: Torn between “inward” and “outward” paths of integration. International Communication Gazette, 70 (1), 23–42. Elias, N., &Zeltser-Shorer, M. (2006). Immigrants of the world unite? A virtual community of Russian-speaking immigrants on the Web. Journal of International Communication, 12(2), 70–90. eMarketer (2016). Asia-Pacific Boasts More Than 1 Billion Smartphone Users.Retrieved from https://www.emarketer.com/Article/Asia-Pacific-Boasts-More-Than-1-Billion-Smartphone-Users/1012984Feng, B., & Hyun, M., J. (2012). The influence of friends’ instant messenger status on individual’s coping and support-seeking. Communication Studies, 63 (5), 536-553. Fresnoza-Flot, A. (2009). Migration status and transnational mothering: the case of Filipino migrants in France. Global Networks, 9 (2), 252-270.Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Anchor Books. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.Haddad, Y., Moore, K., & Smith, J. (2006). Muslim women in America: The Challenge of Islamic identity. New York: Oxford University Press.Haneef, S. (1996). What Everyone Should Know about Islam and Muslims. Chicago, Kazi Publications.Indonesia-Investments (2016). Indonesia is the third largest smartphone market in the Asia Pacific. Retrieved from https://www.indonesia-investments.com/news/todays-headlines/indonesia-is-the-3rd-largest-smartphone-market-in-the-asia-pacific/item6777?Kang, T., Y. (2012). Gendered media, changing intimacy: Internet-mediated transnational communication in the family sphere. Media, Culture & Society, 34 (2), 146-161.Kim, Y. (2017). Digital media for intimacy? Asian nannies transnational mothering in Paris. The Journal of International Communication. Published online on 23 May 2017. DOI 10.1080/13216597.2017.1327878 Kobeisy, A. N. (2004). Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People. Westport, CT, Praeger.Lan, P., C. (2016). Deferential surrogates and professional others: Recruitment and training of migrant care workers in Taiwan and Japan. Positions: Asia Critique, 24 (1), 253-279.Law, P.-L., & Chu, R. (2008). ICTs and migrant workers in contemporary China. Knowledge, Technology and Policy, 21(2), 43–45. Law, P. L., & Peng, Y. (2006). The use of mobile phones among migrant workers in southern China. New Technologies in Global Societies (pp. 245–258). Singapore: World Scientia.Lin, T. T. C. & Sun, H. L. S. (2010). Connection as a form of resisting control: Mobile phone usage of foreign domestic workers in SingaporeMedia Asia: An Asian Communication Quarterly, 37 (4), 183-192.Madianou, M., & Miller, D. (2011). Mobile phone parenting: Reconfiguring relationships between Filipina migrant mothers and their left-behind children. New Media and Society, 13 (3), 457-470.Mahler, S., J. (2001). Transnational relationships: The struggle to communicate across borders. Identities, 7 (4), 583-619.McKinney, B. C., Kelly, L., & Duran, R., L. (2012). Narcissism or openness?: college students’ use of Facebook and Twitter. Communication Research Reports, 29(2), 108-118. Mossberger, K., Tolbert, C. and Gilbert, M. 2006. Race, place, and information technology. Urban Affairs Review, 41(5): 583–620.Norris, P. 2001. Digital divide: Civic engagement, information poverty, and the Internet worldwide, New York: Cambridge University Press.OECD. (2001). Understanding the digital Divide. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/sti/1888451Papacharissi, Z. (2002). The presentation of self in virtual life: Characteristics of personal home pages. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 79 (3), 643–661.Parrenas, R. (2005). Long distance intimacy: Class, gender, and intergenerational relations between mothers and children in Filipino transnational families. Global Networks, 5 (4), 317-336.Pew Research Center (2017). Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/02/27/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/Roldan, G. Z. (2009). Mobile phones and migrant workers in Malaysia. “Mobile 2.0: Beyond voice?” Pre-conference workshop at the International Communication Association Conference, Chicago, IL. Retrieved from http:// www.lirneasia.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/ anal-paper_roldan.pdf Rother, S. (2017). Indonesian migrant domestic workers in transnational political space: Agency, gender roles, and social class formation. Journal of Ethic and Migration Studies, 43 (6), 956-973. Ryan, L., Sales, R., Tilki, M., & Siara, B. (2008). Social networks, social support and social capital: The experiences of recent Polish migrants in Lon- don. Sociology, 42(4), 672–690. Şenyürekli, A., & Detzner, D., F. (2009). Communication dynamics of the transnational family. Marriage & Family Review, 45, 807-824.Sparks, C. (2017). What is the “Digital Divide” and why is it important? Journal of the European Institute for Communication and Culture, 20 (2).27-46.Strom, G. (2002). The telephone comes to a Filipino village. In J. E. Katz & M. A. Aakhus (Eds.), Perpetual contact: Mobile communication, private talk, public performance (pp. 274–283). Cam- bridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Taipei Times (2015). Indonesia to raise wages for domestic workers in Taiwan. Retrieved from http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/07/27/2003623999The Strait Times (2015). Indonesia will stop sending its women to work as maids overseas, says Jokowi. Retrieved from http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/indonesia-will-stop-sending-its-women-to-work-as-maids-overseas-says-jokowiThierer, A. April 20 2000. “How free computers are filling the digital divide”. In The Heritage Foundation Backgrounder, April 20, Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation. no. 1361Thompson, E. C. (2009). Mobile phones, communities and social networks among foreign workers in Singapore. Global Networks, 9(3), 359–380. Tsatsou P (2011) Digital divides revisited: what is new about divides and their research? Media, Culture & Society 33(2): 317–331.Uy-Tioco, C. (2007b). “Mothering Via Cellphone: Overseas Filipino Workers and Text Messaging" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the NCA 93rd Annual Convention, TBA, Chicago, IL Online . 2013-12-15 from http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p191097_index.htmlUy-Tioco, C. (2007b). Overseas Filipino workers and text messaging: Reinventing transnational mothering. Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, 21(2), 253–265. Van Dijk, J. 2005. The deepening divide: Inequality in the information society, London: Sage.Vertovec, S. (2004). Cheap calls: The social glue of migrant transnationalism. Global Networks, 4(2), 219–224. Vromen, A., Xenos, M. A., & Loader, B. (2015). Young people, social media and connective action: from organizational maintenance to everyday political talk. Journal of Youth Studies, 18 (1), 80-100.Ward, J. (2017). What are you doing on Tinder? Impression management on a matchmaking mobile app. Information, Communication & Society, 20, (11), 1644-1659.Warschauer, M. (2003). Technology and social inclusion: Rethinking the digital divide, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Westerman, D., & Tamborini, R. (2006, June). The effects of avatars on the use of interactive uncertainty reduction strategies. Paper presented at the International Communication Association Conference, Dresden, Germany.Westerman, C., Y., & Westerman, D. (2010). Supervisor impression management: Massage content and channel effects on Impressions. Communication Studies, 61 (5), 585-601.Walther, J., B., & Parks, M. R. (2002). Cues filtered out, cues filtered in: Computer-mediated communication and relationships. In M. L. Knapp & J. A. Daly (Eds.), Handbook of Interpersonal Communication (3rd ed. p. 529 – 563). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.White, Patrick, and Neil Selwyn. 2013. Moving Online? An Analysis of Patterns of Adult Internet Use in the UK, 2002-10. Information, Communication and Society, 16 (1), 1–27. Xu, B., Zhang, W., & Li, D. (2011). Copresence and its social-relational antecedents in computer-mediated communication: The case of instant messenger. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 27 (10), 991-1009. Yang, K. (2008). A preliminary study of the use of mobile phones amongst migrant workers in Beijing. Knowledge, Technology, and Policy, 21(2), 65–72. Zhao, S., & Elesh, D. (2008). Copresence as ‘being with’. Information, Communication & Society, 11, 565–583. zh_TW
