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題名 社會價值與人口變遷之經驗研究：以台灣女性為案例
A Study of Social Values and Demographic Change: Empirical Evidence and the Implications for Taiwanese Women作者 紀小薇
Gervais, Torie貢獻者 魏玫娟
Wei, Mei-Chuan
紀小薇
Torie Gervais關鍵詞 台灣
第二次人口轉型
社會價值
生命歷程選擇
性別平等
Taiwan
Second demographic transition
Social values
Life course choices
Gender equality日期 2017 上傳時間 31-Aug-2017 12:27:13 (UTC+8) 摘要 儒家思想長期影響了臺灣的性別角色以及家庭價值觀。然而儘管儒家思想持續影響， 生育率仍下降至低於人口替代率，晚婚或不婚，男性與女性就讀大學的百分比幾乎相等而職場上與公家機關的女性比例亦有提升。其中一個解釋的角度便是台灣也正跟隨歐洲的腳步，歷經第二次人口轉型。如果台灣的人口轉型是與歐陸價值體系的轉型有所關連，那麼台灣女性勢必可以從中得到更大的自由去選擇他們的人生道路以及達到性別平等。本研究的目的便是企圖找到與此論點相關的證據以及探討這種人口轉型對於女性有什麼意義。我將運用「多元邏輯式回歸方法」(multinomial logistic regression)來分析1985到2015年之間問卷的交叉數據(cross-sectional data)以及2011年由中研院主導的台灣社會變遷調查計畫中所做的家庭調查，試圖在價值導向與家庭型態當中找出潛在關聯性。在回歸分析法當中，證據不足以顯示台灣正在歷經第二次人口轉型，然則，這些證據卻足以證明台灣社會當中的價值轉變。除了數據分析，本論文也試圖融合對台灣女性的深入訪談進行研究，探討伴侶型態與不同生命歷程選擇的成因和影響。訪問數據顯示一部份的社群確實正在經歷人口轉型，其餘則不然。再者，這些女性描述了在追求自我的路途上，職場與家庭之間做出平衡的困難。最後，本研究總結台灣的性別平等之路仍須更多努力。
Confucianism has long influenced gender roles and family values in Taiwan. Yet despite Confucianism’s continued influence, fertility rates have dropped below replacement level, marriage is being postponed or rejected, percentages of men and women attending university are roughly equal, and women’s participation in the workforce and the government has increased. One proposed explanation is that Taiwan is following in the footsteps of Europe and undergoing the Second Demographic Transition. If Taiwan’s demographic changes were connected to similar value shifts as in Europe, women in Taiwan would benefit from greater freedom to choose their own life course and greater gender equality. This research sought to determine if there is evidence to support that Taiwan is undergoing the Second Demographic Transition and what the implications are for women. Cross-sectional data from 1985 and 2015 general questionnaires and the 2011 family questionnaire of the Taiwan Social Change Survey was analyzed for a potential link between value orientation and household type using multinomial logistic regression. In regression analyses, evidence did not support that Taiwanese society as a whole is experiencing the SDT, though evidence did support value shift over time. Survey data was supplemented with in-depth interviews with Taiwanese women to determine the reasons behind and impact of their union formation and life course choices. Interview data suggested that some sectors of society are undergoing the SDT while others are not. Furthermore, women reported gender equality and difficulty balancing their work and family life as barriers to following their desired life courses. Finally, this research concludes that further efforts are required to attain women’s freedom and equality in Taiwan.參考文獻 Atoh, M., Kandiah, V., Ivanov, S. (2004, March). The second demographic transition in Asia? Comparative analysis of the low fertility situation in East and South-east Asian countries. The Japanese Journal of Population 2 (1), 42-75.Becker, G. S. (1960). An economic analysis of fertility. In Universities-National Bureau (ed.), Demographic and Economic Change in Developed Countries (pp. 209 – 240). Columbia University Press.Becker, G. S. (1981). A Treatise on the Family. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Chang, D. T. (2009). Women’s Movements in Twentieth-Century Taiwan. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Chang, Y. H., Fu, Y. C. (2004) The evolution of the Taiwan Social Change Survey. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica. Retrieved from: http://www.ios.sinica.edu.tw/ios/people/personal/yhchang/%E5%B0%88%E6%9B%B8/The%20Evolution%20of%20the%20Taiwan%20Social%20Change%20Surveys2004.pdf Chen, Y. H., Chen, H. (2014). Continuity and changes in the timing and formation of first marriage among postwar birth cohorts in Taiwan. Journal of Family Issues 35 (12), 1584-1604.Cheung, P. P. L. (2015). Fertility trends in Asia: prospects and implications of very low fertility. In S. R. Quah (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Families in Asia (pp. 138-149). New York, NY: Routledge.Cleland, J., Wilson, C. (1987). Demand theories of the fertility transition: an iconoclastic view. Population Studies 41 (1), 5-30.Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. Los Angeles: Sage.Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (DGBAS) (2016, October). Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of China: 2015. Retrieved from http://ebook.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Data/610281138403HCL2D3O.pdf Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (DGBAS) (2017a, March). Gender at a Glance in R.O.C. (Taiwan). Retrieved from http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs2/gender/eb/2017/2017E.pdf Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (DGBAS) (2017b, April, 21). Human Development Index (HDI). Retrieved from http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs2/gender/International%20Gender/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8.xls Easterlin, R. (1980). Birth and Fortune: The Impact of Numbers on Personal Welfare. New York: Basic.Farris, C. S. P. (2004). Women’s liberation under “East Asian modernity” in China and Taiwan: historical, cultural, and comparative perspectives. In C. Ferris, A. Lee & M. Rubinstein (Eds.), Women in the New Taiwan: Gender Roles and Gender Consciousness in a Changing Society (pp. 325-376). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Fetzer, J. S., Soper J. C. (2007). The effect of Confucian values on support for democracy and human rights in Taiwan. Taiwan Journal of Democracy 3 (1), 143-154.Jones, G. W. (2004). Not “when to marry” but “whether to marry”: the changing context of marriage decisions in East and Southeast Asia. In G. W. Jones & K. Ramdas (Eds.), Untying the Knot: Ideal and Reality in Asian Marriage (pp. 3-48). Singapore: Asia Research Institute.Jones, G. W. (2007). Delayed marriage and very low fertility in pacific Asia. Population and Development Review 33 (3), 453-478.Jones, G. W. (2015). Divorce trends and patterns in Asia. In S. R. Quah (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Families in Asia (pp. 332-344). New York, NY: Routledge.Jones, G. W., Yeung, W. J. (2014). Marriage in Asia. Journal of Family Issues, 1-17.Kobayashi, K. M., Kampen, R. M. (2015). Cohabitation in Asia. In S. R. Quah (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Families in Asia (pp. 377-397). New York, NY: Routledge. Lee, A. (2004). Between filial daughter and loyal sister: global economy and family politics in Taiwan. In C. Ferris, A. Lee & M. Rubinstein (Eds.), Women in the New Taiwan: Gender Roles and Gender Consciousness in a Changing Society (pp. 101-119). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Leete, R. (1994, December). The continuing flight from marriage and parenthood among the overseas Chinese in East and Southeast Asia: dimensions and implications. Population and Development Review, 20 (4), 811-829.Lesthaeghe, R. (2010). The unfolding story of the second demographic transition. Population and Development Review 36 (2), 211-251.Lesthaeghe, R. (2014). The second demographic transition: a concise overview of its development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (51), 18112-18115.Lesthaeghe, R., Surkyn J. (1988). Cultural dynamics and economic theories of fertility change. Population and Development Review 14 (1), 1-45.Lu, H. S. (2004). Transcribing feminism: Taiwanese women’s experiences. In C. Ferris, A. Lee & M. Rubinstein (Eds.), Women in the New Taiwan: Gender Roles and Gender Consciousness in a Changing Society (pp. 223-243). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Marsh, R. M. (2004). Should women get equal pay for equal work? Taiwanese men’s attitudes in 1966 and 1991. In C. Ferris, A. Lee & M. Rubinstein (Eds.), Women in the New Taiwan: Gender Roles and Gender Consciousness in a Changing Society (pp. 149-170). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Ministry of the Interior (2017a). Population by Age, Sex and Marital Status: End of 2016. Retrieved from http://www.ris.gov.tw/en/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=08f927ab-d589-483f-85c2-af45f5acb38a&groupId=11159 Ministry of the Interior (2017b). Jiehun Nianling Zhongwei Shu Ji Pingjun Shu [The Median Age and Average Age of Marriage], (Chinese). Retrieved from http://www.ris.gov.tw/346?p_p_id=populationdata_FastDwnld&p_p_lifecycle=2&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_resource_id=getFile&p_p_cacheability=cacheLevelPage&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&m4=y4s5&e3=xls&d5= Moskowitz, M. L. (2007). Failed families and quiet individualism: domestic abuse and women’s strategies of resistance in urban Taiwan. Journal of Archeology and Anthropology, 67, 157-184.Myrskyla, M., Kohler, H-P., Billari, F.C. (2009). Advances in development reverse fertility declines. Nature, 460 (7256), 741-743.Ochiai, E. (2011). Unsustainable societies: the failure of familialism in East Asia’s compressed modernity. Historical Social Research 36 (2), 219-245.Osteria, T. S. (2015). Singlehood as a lifestyle in Asia. In S. R. Quah (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Families in Asia (pp. 93-110). New York, NY: Routledge.Raymo, J. M., Park, H., Xie, Y., Yeung, W. J. (2015). Marriage and family in East Asia: continuity and change. Annual Review of Sociology 41, 471-492.Surkyn J., Lesthaghe R. (2004). Value orientations and the second demographic transition (SDT) in Northern, Western and Southern Europe: an update. Demographic Research Special Collection 3, Article 3, 45-86.Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2017, March 10). Tsai honors winners of outstanding young women awards. Taiwan Today. Retrieved from http://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=10&post=112416 Van de Kaa, D. J. (2002). The idea of a second demographic transition in industrialized countries. Paper 6th Welfare Policy Seminar, National Institute for Advance Studies (NIAS), Wassenaar, 22-23 June. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
104926034資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104926034 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 魏玫娟 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Wei, Mei-Chuan en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 紀小薇 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Torie Gervais en_US dc.creator (作者) 紀小薇 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Gervais, Torie en_US dc.date (日期) 2017 en_US dc.date.accessioned 31-Aug-2017 12:27:13 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 31-Aug-2017 12:27:13 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 31-Aug-2017 12:27:13 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0104926034 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/112427 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 104926034 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 儒家思想長期影響了臺灣的性別角色以及家庭價值觀。然而儘管儒家思想持續影響， 生育率仍下降至低於人口替代率，晚婚或不婚，男性與女性就讀大學的百分比幾乎相等而職場上與公家機關的女性比例亦有提升。其中一個解釋的角度便是台灣也正跟隨歐洲的腳步，歷經第二次人口轉型。如果台灣的人口轉型是與歐陸價值體系的轉型有所關連，那麼台灣女性勢必可以從中得到更大的自由去選擇他們的人生道路以及達到性別平等。本研究的目的便是企圖找到與此論點相關的證據以及探討這種人口轉型對於女性有什麼意義。我將運用「多元邏輯式回歸方法」(multinomial logistic regression)來分析1985到2015年之間問卷的交叉數據(cross-sectional data)以及2011年由中研院主導的台灣社會變遷調查計畫中所做的家庭調查，試圖在價值導向與家庭型態當中找出潛在關聯性。在回歸分析法當中，證據不足以顯示台灣正在歷經第二次人口轉型，然則，這些證據卻足以證明台灣社會當中的價值轉變。除了數據分析，本論文也試圖融合對台灣女性的深入訪談進行研究，探討伴侶型態與不同生命歷程選擇的成因和影響。訪問數據顯示一部份的社群確實正在經歷人口轉型，其餘則不然。再者，這些女性描述了在追求自我的路途上，職場與家庭之間做出平衡的困難。最後，本研究總結台灣的性別平等之路仍須更多努力。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Confucianism has long influenced gender roles and family values in Taiwan. Yet despite Confucianism’s continued influence, fertility rates have dropped below replacement level, marriage is being postponed or rejected, percentages of men and women attending university are roughly equal, and women’s participation in the workforce and the government has increased. One proposed explanation is that Taiwan is following in the footsteps of Europe and undergoing the Second Demographic Transition. If Taiwan’s demographic changes were connected to similar value shifts as in Europe, women in Taiwan would benefit from greater freedom to choose their own life course and greater gender equality. This research sought to determine if there is evidence to support that Taiwan is undergoing the Second Demographic Transition and what the implications are for women. Cross-sectional data from 1985 and 2015 general questionnaires and the 2011 family questionnaire of the Taiwan Social Change Survey was analyzed for a potential link between value orientation and household type using multinomial logistic regression. In regression analyses, evidence did not support that Taiwanese society as a whole is experiencing the SDT, though evidence did support value shift over time. Survey data was supplemented with in-depth interviews with Taiwanese women to determine the reasons behind and impact of their union formation and life course choices. Interview data suggested that some sectors of society are undergoing the SDT while others are not. Furthermore, women reported gender equality and difficulty balancing their work and family life as barriers to following their desired life courses. Finally, this research concludes that further efforts are required to attain women’s freedom and equality in Taiwan. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents CHAPTER 1 Introduction 11.1 Research Background 41.2 Purpose of Research 81.3 Chapter Outline 10CHAPTER 2 Literature Review 122.1 Demographic Theories and the Second Demographic Transition 122.2 Second Demographic Transition Empirical Studies 172.3 Existing Research on Causes of Demographic Change in Taiwan 212.4 Theoretical Framework 25CHAPTER 3 Research Methods 263.1 Value Orientation and Family Formation: A Quantitative Analysis 263.1.1 Data 273.1.2 Independent variable 283.1.3 Dependent variable 283.1.4 Hypotheses 303.1.5 Data Coding 343.1.6 Analytical Strategy 363.2 Taiwanese Women’s Perspectives on the Influence of Social Values on Life Course Decisions: A Qualitative Analysis 433.2.1 Sampling 433.2.2 Data Collection, Instruments, and Analytical Strategy 443.2.3 Protection of Human Subjects 45CHAPTER 4 Mixed Evidence of the SDT in Taiwan 464.1 Changes Over Time 474.1.1 Profile of the Survey Respondents 474.1.2 Changes in Overall Value Orientation 504.1.3 Changes in Religious Attitude, Attitude toward Education, and Family Value Orientations 554.2 Value Orientation and Household Type in 1985 and 2015 594.2.1 Regression Models for Overall Value Orientation and Household Type 594.2.2 Regression Models for Family and Nonfamily Value Orientations and Household Type 654.3 Family Value Orientation and Household Type in 2011 694.3.1 Profile of the Survey Respondents 694.3.2 Overall Family Value Orientation in 2011 704.3.3 Family Values by Gender Roles, Family Role, and Attitude Toward Marriage in 2011 734.3.4 Regression Models for Family Value Orientation and Household Type 76CHAPTER 5 Taiwanese Women’s Perspectives 835.1 Profile of the Interview Sample 845.2 Value Orientation of Interviewees 865.3 Relationship and Career Life Course Choices 905.3.1 Relationship Histories and Future Plans 915.3.2 Work Histories and Future Plans 935.4 Reasons for, Influences behind, and Satisfaction with Life Course Choices 945.4.1 Social Expectations and Individual Desires 945.4.2 Influences on Decisions 965.4.3 Workplace Equality and Balancing Career and Family 985.4.4 Nontraditional Choices and Societal Tolerance 1015.4.5 Satisfaction 1045.4.6 Other Important Issues 107CHAPTER 6 Discussion and Conclusion 1096.1 Factors behind Demographic Behavior and Life Course Decisions 1106.1.1 Evaluating the Relationship between Value Orientation and Household Type based on Survey Data 1106.1.2 Evaluating the Relationship between Value Orientation and Life Course Decisions based on Interviews with Taiwanese Women 1146.1.3 Second Demographic Transition or Rigid Family Values? 1176.2 Implications for Taiwanese Women 1216.2.1 Evaluating the Impact of External Pressure to Follow a Traditional Life Course 1226.2.2 Evaluating Avoidance of Marriage and Children 1236.2.3 Evaluating Other Factors that Negatively Impact Women’s Freedom to Determine their Life Courses 1256.2.4 Women’s Freedom to Control their Life Courses? 1266.3 Limitations 1286.3.1 Quantitative Analysis of Value Orientation and Family Formation 1286.3.2 Qualitative Analysis of Impact of Family Formation Life Course Choices 1286.4 Suggestions for Future Research 1296.5 Conclusion 130REFERENCES 133APPENDIX A Taiwan Social Change Survey Modules, Topics, and Sample Size 136APPENDIX B General Surveys: Taiwan Social Change Survey Questions 137APPENDIX C Family Module: Taiwan Social Change Survey Questions 139APPENDIX D Coding of Value Questions for General Surveys 140APPENDIX E Coding of Value Questions for Family Survey 144APPENDIX F Stage Two Interview Questions 147APPENDIX G Debriefing and Informed Consent Form 150 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1725140 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104926034 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 台灣 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 第二次人口轉型 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會價值 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 生命歷程選擇 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 性別平等 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwan en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Second demographic transition en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Social values en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Life course choices en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Gender equality en_US dc.title (題名) 社會價值與人口變遷之經驗研究：以台灣女性為案例 zh_TW dc.title (題名) A Study of Social Values and Demographic Change: Empirical Evidence and the Implications for Taiwanese Women en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Atoh, M., Kandiah, V., Ivanov, S. (2004, March). The second demographic transition in Asia? Comparative analysis of the low fertility situation in East and South-east Asian countries. The Japanese Journal of Population 2 (1), 42-75.Becker, G. S. (1960). An economic analysis of fertility. In Universities-National Bureau (ed.), Demographic and Economic Change in Developed Countries (pp. 209 – 240). Columbia University Press.Becker, G. S. (1981). A Treatise on the Family. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Chang, D. T. (2009). Women’s Movements in Twentieth-Century Taiwan. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Chang, Y. H., Fu, Y. C. (2004) The evolution of the Taiwan Social Change Survey. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica. Retrieved from: http://www.ios.sinica.edu.tw/ios/people/personal/yhchang/%E5%B0%88%E6%9B%B8/The%20Evolution%20of%20the%20Taiwan%20Social%20Change%20Surveys2004.pdf Chen, Y. H., Chen, H. (2014). Continuity and changes in the timing and formation of first marriage among postwar birth cohorts in Taiwan. Journal of Family Issues 35 (12), 1584-1604.Cheung, P. P. L. (2015). Fertility trends in Asia: prospects and implications of very low fertility. In S. R. Quah (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Families in Asia (pp. 138-149). New York, NY: Routledge.Cleland, J., Wilson, C. (1987). Demand theories of the fertility transition: an iconoclastic view. Population Studies 41 (1), 5-30.Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. Los Angeles: Sage.Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (DGBAS) (2016, October). Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of China: 2015. Retrieved from http://ebook.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Data/610281138403HCL2D3O.pdf Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (DGBAS) (2017a, March). Gender at a Glance in R.O.C. (Taiwan). Retrieved from http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs2/gender/eb/2017/2017E.pdf Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (DGBAS) (2017b, April, 21). Human Development Index (HDI). Retrieved from http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs2/gender/International%20Gender/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8.xls Easterlin, R. (1980). Birth and Fortune: The Impact of Numbers on Personal Welfare. New York: Basic.Farris, C. S. P. (2004). Women’s liberation under “East Asian modernity” in China and Taiwan: historical, cultural, and comparative perspectives. In C. Ferris, A. Lee & M. Rubinstein (Eds.), Women in the New Taiwan: Gender Roles and Gender Consciousness in a Changing Society (pp. 325-376). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Fetzer, J. S., Soper J. C. (2007). The effect of Confucian values on support for democracy and human rights in Taiwan. Taiwan Journal of Democracy 3 (1), 143-154.Jones, G. W. (2004). Not “when to marry” but “whether to marry”: the changing context of marriage decisions in East and Southeast Asia. In G. W. Jones & K. Ramdas (Eds.), Untying the Knot: Ideal and Reality in Asian Marriage (pp. 3-48). Singapore: Asia Research Institute.Jones, G. W. (2007). Delayed marriage and very low fertility in pacific Asia. Population and Development Review 33 (3), 453-478.Jones, G. W. (2015). Divorce trends and patterns in Asia. In S. R. Quah (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Families in Asia (pp. 332-344). New York, NY: Routledge.Jones, G. W., Yeung, W. J. (2014). Marriage in Asia. Journal of Family Issues, 1-17.Kobayashi, K. M., Kampen, R. M. (2015). Cohabitation in Asia. In S. R. Quah (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Families in Asia (pp. 377-397). New York, NY: Routledge. Lee, A. (2004). Between filial daughter and loyal sister: global economy and family politics in Taiwan. In C. Ferris, A. Lee & M. Rubinstein (Eds.), Women in the New Taiwan: Gender Roles and Gender Consciousness in a Changing Society (pp. 101-119). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Leete, R. (1994, December). The continuing flight from marriage and parenthood among the overseas Chinese in East and Southeast Asia: dimensions and implications. Population and Development Review, 20 (4), 811-829.Lesthaeghe, R. (2010). The unfolding story of the second demographic transition. Population and Development Review 36 (2), 211-251.Lesthaeghe, R. (2014). The second demographic transition: a concise overview of its development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (51), 18112-18115.Lesthaeghe, R., Surkyn J. (1988). Cultural dynamics and economic theories of fertility change. Population and Development Review 14 (1), 1-45.Lu, H. S. (2004). Transcribing feminism: Taiwanese women’s experiences. In C. Ferris, A. Lee & M. 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