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題名 新聞中的難民危機與閱聽人詮釋：以德國科隆大規模性騷擾事件為例
News representation and audience interpretation : the case of Cologne massive sexual assaults in Germany作者 吳映璠
Wu, Ying Fan貢獻者 王淑美
Wang, Sumei
吳映璠
Wu, Ying Fan關鍵詞 難民
科隆性騷擾事件
新聞再現
閱聽人詮釋
Refugee crisis
Cologne sexual assaults
News representation
Audience interpretation日期 2017 上傳時間 13-Sep-2017 15:04:11 (UTC+8) 摘要 本研究欲達成以下兩項目標：1. 探究德國新聞媒體如何再現難民議題；2. 探究德國本地學生及在德國的國際學生如何詮釋難民議題。研究者使用內容分析法及批判論述分析法檢視德國之聲英文版網站文章，以2015年跨年夜科隆大規模性騷擾事件為探究案例，一共檢視123篇報導。研究成果和過去研究一致，發現難民報導多呈現特定負面主題，例如聚焦遣返難民的討論，或者強調穆斯林文化是造成性騷擾事件的主因。然而，本研究也發現不少報導呼籲讀者保持理性，避免將性騷擾事件和難民議題混為一談。相較之下，德國之聲在報導難民議題時，呈現較多元的主題。本研究第二部份關注閱聽人如何詮釋難民議題，以及哪些因素會影響閱聽人形塑對難民議題的看法。研究者於2016年在德國進行5組焦點團體訪談，訪談對象涵蓋德國學生、中東學生、歐洲學生及亞洲學生。研究發現，新聞報導、個人的邏輯思考、日常生活中的談話，以及個人和難民的互動經驗都會影響閱聽人對難民議題的看法，尤其互動經驗能夠幫助閱聽人扭轉先前對難民的既定印象，然而若牽涉到安全議題，閱聽人對難民的態度仍會受制於新聞中所呈現的印象。閱聽人在接觸新聞的過程中，不只是被動地接收訊息，研究發現，閱聽人時而接受這樣的新聞再現，時而立基於自身經驗，抗拒新聞訊息，呈現出不斷協商的過程。
Based on my first-hand experiences in Germany, this study aims to explore the relationship between the news representation of the European refugee crisis and the audience interpretation. This study first illustrates how German news media, Deutsche Welle, reported on the refugee crisis. Then, it explores the influences of the reports on the interpretation of audience and whether there were other sources of information used when they formulated their opinions on the refugee issues. In particular, this study puts an emphasis on the effects of interactions with refugees on people’s attitudes. To achieve the first objective, both content analysis and critical discourse analysis are employed to explore the portrayals of refugee in the news. The study especially focuses on the case of sexual assaults took place in Cologne on the New Year’s Eve of 2015. It is revealed that the refugees were generally associated with negative images. News reports tended to focus on the discussion of deporting refugees and to emphasize the numbers of the coming people. However, these news articles also presented relatively neutral attitude of the experts and highlighted the problematic situation refugees faced. The findings show that Deutsche Welle fairly reported on the refugee issue with various aspects.To discover how people interpret the refugee crisis, this study conducts five focus group discussions with students in Germany of different ethnic and nationality. In particular, the participants of the group discussions include local Germans, Europeans, Middle-Eastern people, and Asians. It is found that people’s attitudes toward refugees were influenced not only by news, but also by their logic, opinions of their surroundings, and their own personal experiences. Their personal experiences usually helped counteract the negative impressions of refugee. However, the effects of news portrayals sometimes exceeded that of personal experiences, especially when facing the safety issue. This study reveals a continued negotiation between the news and the audiences.參考文獻 Almost 1.1 million migrants registered in Germany last year. (2016, January 6). Deutsche Welle. Retrieved from http://www.dw.com/en/almost-11-million-migrants-registered-in-germany-last-year/a-18963088Amin, A. (2002). Ethnicity and the multicultural city: living with diversity. Environment and Planning, 34, 959-980.Back, L. (1996). New Ethnicities and Urban Culture. London:UCL Press.Barker, M. (1981). The New Racism: Conservatives and the Ideology of the Tribe. London: Junction Books.Berelson, B. (1952). Content analysis in communication research. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press.Blommaert, J., & Verschueren, J. (1998). Debating Diversity: Analysing the Discourse of Tolerance. London: Routledge.Boomgaarden, H. G. & Vliegenthart, R. (2009). 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Qualitative research methods. California: SAGE Publications.Holmes, S. M., & Castañeda, H. (2016). Representing the European refugee crisis in Germany and beyond: deservingness and difference, life and death. American Ethnologist, 43(1), 12-24.Holsti, O. R. (1969). Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities. Addison- Wesley Publislung Company.How New Year’s Eve in Cologne has changed Germany. (2016, January 8). Der Spiegel. Retrieved from http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/cologne-attacks-trigger-raw-debate-on-immigration-in-germany-a-1071175.htmlHow to apply for asylum in Germany. (2015, September 23). Deutsche Welle. Retrieved from http://www.dw.com/en/how-to-apply-for-asylum-in-germany/a-18723501Hungary begins second line of fence on border with Serbia. (2017, February 27). Deutsche Welle. Retrieved from http://www.dw.com/en/hungary-begins-second-line-of-fence-on-border-with-serbia/a-37734475Huschke, S. (2014). 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Social Science and Medicine, 74(6), 805-811. Yarris, K., & Castañeda, H. (2015). Ethnographic Insights on Displacement, Migration, and Deservingness in Contemporary Global Contexts. International Migration, 53(3), 644-669.Zöllner, O. (2006). A quest for dialogue in international broadcasting: Germany’s public diplomacy targeting Arab audiences. Global Media and Communication, 2(2), 160-182. doi: 10.1177/1742766506061817Zúñiga, H. G. d., Correa, T., & Valenzuela, S. (2012). Selective Exposure to Cable News and Immigration in the U.S.: The Relationship Between FOX News, CNN, and Attitudes Toward Mexican Immigrants. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 56(4), 597-615. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)
102461002資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102461002 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 王淑美 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Wang, Sumei en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 吳映璠 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Wu, Ying Fan en_US dc.creator (作者) 吳映璠 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Wu, Ying Fan en_US dc.date (日期) 2017 en_US dc.date.accessioned 13-Sep-2017 15:04:11 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 13-Sep-2017 15:04:11 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 13-Sep-2017 15:04:11 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0102461002 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/112722 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 102461002 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究欲達成以下兩項目標：1. 探究德國新聞媒體如何再現難民議題；2. 探究德國本地學生及在德國的國際學生如何詮釋難民議題。研究者使用內容分析法及批判論述分析法檢視德國之聲英文版網站文章，以2015年跨年夜科隆大規模性騷擾事件為探究案例，一共檢視123篇報導。研究成果和過去研究一致，發現難民報導多呈現特定負面主題，例如聚焦遣返難民的討論，或者強調穆斯林文化是造成性騷擾事件的主因。然而，本研究也發現不少報導呼籲讀者保持理性，避免將性騷擾事件和難民議題混為一談。相較之下，德國之聲在報導難民議題時，呈現較多元的主題。本研究第二部份關注閱聽人如何詮釋難民議題，以及哪些因素會影響閱聽人形塑對難民議題的看法。研究者於2016年在德國進行5組焦點團體訪談，訪談對象涵蓋德國學生、中東學生、歐洲學生及亞洲學生。研究發現，新聞報導、個人的邏輯思考、日常生活中的談話，以及個人和難民的互動經驗都會影響閱聽人對難民議題的看法，尤其互動經驗能夠幫助閱聽人扭轉先前對難民的既定印象，然而若牽涉到安全議題，閱聽人對難民的態度仍會受制於新聞中所呈現的印象。閱聽人在接觸新聞的過程中，不只是被動地接收訊息，研究發現，閱聽人時而接受這樣的新聞再現，時而立基於自身經驗，抗拒新聞訊息，呈現出不斷協商的過程。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Based on my first-hand experiences in Germany, this study aims to explore the relationship between the news representation of the European refugee crisis and the audience interpretation. This study first illustrates how German news media, Deutsche Welle, reported on the refugee crisis. Then, it explores the influences of the reports on the interpretation of audience and whether there were other sources of information used when they formulated their opinions on the refugee issues. In particular, this study puts an emphasis on the effects of interactions with refugees on people’s attitudes. To achieve the first objective, both content analysis and critical discourse analysis are employed to explore the portrayals of refugee in the news. The study especially focuses on the case of sexual assaults took place in Cologne on the New Year’s Eve of 2015. It is revealed that the refugees were generally associated with negative images. News reports tended to focus on the discussion of deporting refugees and to emphasize the numbers of the coming people. However, these news articles also presented relatively neutral attitude of the experts and highlighted the problematic situation refugees faced. The findings show that Deutsche Welle fairly reported on the refugee issue with various aspects.To discover how people interpret the refugee crisis, this study conducts five focus group discussions with students in Germany of different ethnic and nationality. In particular, the participants of the group discussions include local Germans, Europeans, Middle-Eastern people, and Asians. It is found that people’s attitudes toward refugees were influenced not only by news, but also by their logic, opinions of their surroundings, and their own personal experiences. Their personal experiences usually helped counteract the negative impressions of refugee. However, the effects of news portrayals sometimes exceeded that of personal experiences, especially when facing the safety issue. This study reveals a continued negotiation between the news and the audiences. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 51. THE EUROPEAN REFUGEE CRISIS 52. THE PORTRAYAL OF REFUGEES IN THE NEWS MEDIA 62.1 Lexicons Refer to Illegality and Criminality 72.2 Uses of Numbers 82.3 Reliance on the Expert 92.4 Immigrants vs. Refugees 102.5 Themes 102.6 German News Coverage of Refugee Crisis 123. NEWS REPRESENTATION OF ETHNIC MINORITY AND AUDIENCE STUDIES 143.1 News Effects on Audience Interpretation 143.2 Audience Interpretation and Local Interaction 16CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 191. EXPLORING THE REPRESENTATION OF REFUGEE CRISIS IN THE NEWS MEDIA 191.1 Content Analysis 191.2 Sample of the News Coverage of the Cologne Sexual Assaults 201.2.1. Deutsche Welle 211.2.2. New Year’s Eve Sexual Assaults in Cologne 211.3 Coding Manual 241.4 Critical Discourse Analysis 252. GATHERING AUDIENCE RESPONSES TOWARD REFUGEE CRISIS 262.1 Focus Group Discussion 262.2 Group Composition 272.3 Interview Questions 282.4 Conducting the Focus Group Discussion 28CHAPTER FOUR: CONTENTS IN DEUTSCHE WELLE 301. CONTENT ANALYSIS 301.1 News Source 301.1.1 Politicians 301.1.2 Police/ Judiciary 321.1.3 NGOs 321.1.4 Citizens 331.1.5 Other Experts 341.1.6 Refugees/ Asylum Seekers/ Migrants 341.2 Immigrants vs. Refugees 361.3 Themes 381.3.1 The Need for “Immigration Control” 391.3.2 The Cultural Differences, Security Threats, and Problems 411.3.3 Problems Faced by Asylum Seekers 411.3.4 The Blame on Refugees Should Be Avoided 421.3.5 Burden on Administration, Welfare and Job Market 431.3.6 Helping Refugee Stories/ Appealing for Solidarity 441.3.7 Contribution of Immigration 441.4 Summary 452. CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS 472.1 Actor Analysis 472.1.1 Offender 482.1.2 Police and authority 492.1.3 Victim 502.1.4 Headline 512.1.5 Summary 522.2 The Numbers Used to Describe the Coming People in 2015 522.2.1 One Million Refugees? 522.2.2 Some Vague Figures and Metaphors 532.2.3 Speculation about the Future Arrivals 552.2.4 Negative Terms 562.2.5 Emphasizing the Money in Aid 562.2.6 Comparisons 572.2.7 Summary 58CHAPTER FIVE: AUDIENCE STUDIES 591. GENERAL IMAGES OF REFUGEE 601.1 Asian and Afro-Caribbean Group 601.2 European Group 611.3 German Group 621.4 Middle-Eastern Group 632. THE REFUGEE ISSUE IN THE NEWS 652.1 The Difference between Refugee and Migrant 652.2 The Numbers Used to Describe the Displaced People 682.3 “They Are Violent, They Are Aggressive.” 712.4 There Are More Discussions on German Politics Than the Concern about the Refugees 762.5 “Media Tries to Make the People Not Be Racist.” 763. THE MISSING VOICES IN THE NEWS 773.1 A Lack of Concern for Refugees 773.2 Impacts on the Middle-Eastern Students 783.3 “The Media Helps Us In The Way How We Analyze Things Happened.” 814. SUMMARY 82CHAPTER SIX: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 841. THEORETICAL FINDINGS 862. CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY 903. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 90REFERENCES 93APPENDICES 101APPENDIX 1: CODING MANUAL 101APPENDIX 2: LIST OF INTERVIEW QUESTIONS 103APPENDIX 3: THE ARTICLE FOR ACTOR ANALYSIS 104 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1782899 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102461002 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 難民 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 科隆性騷擾事件 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新聞再現 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 閱聽人詮釋 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Refugee crisis en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Cologne sexual assaults en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) News representation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Audience interpretation en_US dc.title (題名) 新聞中的難民危機與閱聽人詮釋：以德國科隆大規模性騷擾事件為例 zh_TW dc.title (題名) News representation and audience interpretation : the case of Cologne massive sexual assaults in Germany en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Almost 1.1 million migrants registered in Germany last year. (2016, January 6). Deutsche Welle. 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