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題名 航班延遲分析以桃園機場為例
An analysis of flight delays at Taoyuan Airport
作者 黃欣凱
Hwang, Kyle
貢獻者 洪叔民
Horng, Shwu-Min
黃欣凱
Hwang, Kyle
關鍵詞 航空公司
飛機
航班延誤
資料探勘
Airlines
Aviation
Flight delay
Data mining
日期 2017
上傳時間 28-Sep-2017 10:44:59 (UTC+8)
摘要 桃園機場近三年來，航班延誤的次數居高不下。 本文通過回歸和資料探勘的研究方法，發現抵達航班更容易出現航班延誤的狀況，特別是從桃園機場附近起飛的航班。 另外，廉價航空公司因其高效率的商業模式而獲得更好的時間效能。 這項研究證實了網絡傳播時間效應，也就是延誤狀況經常在當天晚些時候發生，並且進一步表明，機場若要提高準時性能，則航空公司的營運方式需要做改變。
Over the past three years, Taoyuan Airport has experienced a high number of flight delays. By using regression and data mining methods, this paper found that arrival flights are more prone to delays, particularly from airports close by. Low cost carriers are also found to have better on time performance due to their efficient business. This study confirms the network propagation time effect where delays are more prone to happen later in the day and furthermore shows that should airports improve on-time performance, it would need to affect the way airlines operate.
參考文獻 Abdel-Aty, M., Lee, C., Bai, Y., Li, X., & Michalak, M. (2007). Detecting periodic patterns of arrival delay. Journal of Air Transport Management, 13(6), 355-361.
Abdelghany, K. F., Shah, S. S., Raina, S., & Abdelghany, A. F. (2004). A model for projecting flight delays during irregular operation conditions. Journal of Air Transport Management, 10(6), 385-394.
Acar, A. Z., & Karabulak, S. (2015). Competition between Full Service Network Carriers and Low Cost Carriers in Turkish Airline Market. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 207, 642-651.
Ball, M., Barnhart, C., Dresner, M., Hansen, M., Neels, K., Odoni, A., ... & Zou, B. (2010). Total delay impact study: a comprehensive assessment of the costs and impacts of flight delay in the United States.
Baumgarten, P., Malina, R., & Lange, A. (2014). The impact of hubbing concentration on flight delays within airline networks: An empirical analysis of the US domestic market. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 66, 103-114.
Bendinelli, W. E., Bettini, H. F., & Oliveira, A. V. (2016). Airline delays, congestion internalization and non-price spillover effects of low cost carrier entry. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 85, 39-52.
Berster, P., Gelhausen, M. C., & Wilken, D. (2015). Is increasing aircraft size common practice of airlines at congested airports?. Journal of Air Transport Management, 46, 40-48.
Bien, C. F., & Low, Y. F., (2016, January 14). Taoyuan airport vows to improve on-time performance. Central News Agency. Retrieved from http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/2868374
Borenstein, S., & Netz, J. (1999). Why do all the flights leave at 8 am?: Competition and departure-time differentiation in airline markets. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 17(5), 611-640.
Borenstein, S., & Rose, N. L. (1994). Competition and price dispersion in the US airline industry. Journal of Political Economy, 102(4), 653-683.
Britto, R., Dresner, M., & Voltes, A. (2012). The impact of flight delays on passenger demand and societal welfare. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 48(2), 460-469.
Brunner, J. O. (2014). Rescheduling of flights during ground delay programs with consideration of passenger and crew connections. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 72, 236-252.
Bubalo, B., & Gaggero, A. A. (2015). Low-cost carrier competition and airline service quality in Europe. Transport Policy, 43, 23-31.
Chen, H. T., & Chao, C. C. (2015). Airline choice by passengers from Taiwan and China: A case study of outgoing passengers from Kaohsiung International Airport. Journal of Air Transport Management, 49, 53-63.
Chin, A. T. (2002). Impact of frequent flyer programs on the demand for air travel. Journal of Air Transportation, 7(2), 53-86.
Chow, C. K. W. (2014). Customer satisfaction and service quality in the Chinese airline industry. Journal of air transport management, 35, 102-107.
Cook, A. J., & Tanner, G. (2008). Innovative Cooperative Actions of R&D in EUROCONTROL Programme CARE INO III: Dynamic Cost Indexing: Aircraft maintenance–marginal delay costs.
Cook, A., & Tanner, G. (2011, May). Modelling the airline costs of delay propagation. In AGIFORS Airline Operations Conference, London, UK.
Dobruszkes, F., Givoni, M., & Vowles, T. (2017). Hello major airports, goodbye regional airports? Recent changes in European and US low-cost airline airport choice. Journal of Air Transport Management, 59, 50-62.
Dziedzic, M., & Warnock-Smith, D. (2016). The role of secondary airports for today`s low-cost carrier business models: The European case. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 21, 19-32.
FlightStats. (2017, May 20). Retrieved from http://www.flightstats.com/company/monthly-performance-reports/airports/
Forbes, S. J. (2008). The effect of air traffic delays on airline prices. International journal of industrial organization, 26(5), 1218-1232.
Freiberg, K., & Freiberg, J. (2006). Nuts!: Southwest Airlines` crazy recipe for business and personal success. New York: Broadway Books.
Graham, A. (2013). Understanding the low cost carrier and airport relationship: A critical analysis of the salient issues. Tourism Management, 36, 66-76.
Han, J., Pei, J., & Kamber, M. (2011). Data mining: concepts and techniques. Elsevier.
Hao, L., & Hansen, M. (2014, 11). Block time reliability and scheduled block time setting. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 69, 98-111. doi:10.1016/j.trb.2014.08.008
Hsiao, C. Y., & Hansen, M. (2011). A passenger demand model for air transportation in a hub-and-spoke network. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 47(6), 1112-1125.
Huderek-Glapska, S., & Nowak, H. (2016). Airport and low-cost carrier business relationship management as a key factor for airport continuity: The evidence from Poland. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 21, 44-53.
International Civil Aviation Organization. (2004). Manual on the Regulation of International Air Transport (Second Edition) [PDF File]. Retrieved from http://www.icao.int/Meetings/atconf6/Documents/Doc%209626_en.pdf
Kang, L., & Hansen, M. (2017). Behavioral analysis of airline scheduled block time adjustment. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 103, 56-68.
Kafle, N., & Zou, B. (2016). Modeling flight delay propagation: A new analytical-econometric approach. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 93, 520-542.
Khanmohammadi, S., Tutun, S., & Kucuk, Y. (2016). A New Multilevel Input Layer Artificial Neural Network for Predicting Flight Delays at JFK Airport. Procedia Computer Science, 95, 237-244.
Kim, Y. K., & Lee, H. R. (2009). Passenger complaints under irregular airline conditions–cross-cultural study. Journal of Air Transport Management, 15(6), 350-353.
Lim, A., Rodrigues, B., & Zhu, Y. (2005). Airport gate scheduling with time windows. Artificial Intelligence Review, 24(1), 5-31.
Lubbe, B., & Victor, C. (2012). Flight delays: Towards measuring the cost to corporations. Journal of Air Transport Management, 19, 9-12.
Mayer, C., & Sinai, T. (2003). Why do airlines systematically schedule their flights to arrive late?. The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania.
Mazzeo, M. J. (2003). Competition and service quality in the US airline industry. Review of industrial Organization, 22(4), 275-296.
Min, H., & Joo, S. J. (2016). A comparative performance analysis of airline strategic alliances using data envelopment analysis. Journal of Air Transport Management, 52, 99-110.
Morrison, S. A., Winston, C., Bailey, E. E., & Kahn, A. E. (1989). Enhancing the performance of the deregulated air transportation system. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Microeconomics, 1989, 61-123.
Pearson, J., O`Connell, J. F., Pitfield, D., & Ryley, T. (2015). The strategic capability of Asian network airlines to compete with low-cost carriers. Journal of Air Transport Management, 47, 1–10.
Pérez–Rodríguez, J. V., Pérez–Sánchez, J. M., & Gómez–Déniz, E. (2017). Modelling the asymmetric probabilistic delay of aircraft arrival. Journal of Air Transport Management, 62, 90-98.
Prince, J. T., & Simon, D. H. (2009). Multimarket contact and service quality: Evidence from on-time performance in the US airline industry. Academy of Management Journal, 52(2), 336-354.
Ramdas, K., & Williams, J. (2006). An empirical investigation into the tradeoffs that impact on-time performance in the airline industry. Washington Post, 1-32.
Rupp, N. G. (2009). Do carriers internalize congestion costs? Empirical evidence on the internalization question. Journal of Urban Economics, 65(1), 24-37.
Rupp, N., Owens, D., & Plumly, L. (2006). Does competition influence airline on-time performance. Advances in airline economics, 1, 251-272.
Shan, S. (2016). Airport company seeks to increase aircraft landing fee. Retrieved August 2, 2017, from http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/10/19/2003657481
Sternberg, A., Carvalho, D., Murta, L., Soares, J., & Ogasawara, E. (2016). An analysis of Brazilian flight delays based on frequent patterns. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 95, 282-298.
Sun, J. Y. (2015). Clustered airline flight scheduling: Evidence from airline deregulation in Korea. Journal of Air Transport Management, 42, 85-94.
Suzuki, Y. (2000). The relationship between on-time performance and airline market share: a new approach. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 36(2), 139-154.
Takeichi, N. (2017). Nominal flight time optimization for arrival time scheduling through estimation/resolution of delay accumulation. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 77, 433-443.
Tan, P. N., Steinbach, M., & Kumar, V. (2006). Introduction to Data Mining. Person Education. Inc., New Delhi.
Warnock-Smith, D., & Potter, A. (2005). An exploratory study into airport choice factors for European low-cost airlines. Journal of Air Transport Management, 11(6), 388-392.
Wu, C. L., & Caves, R. E. (2003). Flight schedule punctuality control and management: a stochastic approach. Transportation planning and technology, 26(4), 313-330.
Wu, C. (2016). How aviation deregulation promotes international tourism in Northeast Asia: A case of the charter market in Japan. Journal of Air Transport Management, 57, 260-271.
Whalen, W. T., Carlton, D. W., Heyer, K., & Richard, O. (2008). A solution to airport delays. Regulation, 31, 30.
Wong, J. T., & Tsai, S. C. (2012). A survival model for flight delay propagation. Journal of Air Transport Management, 23, 5-11.
Xiong, J., & Hansen, M. (2013). Modelling airline flight cancellation decisions. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 56, 64-80.
Xu, N., Donohue, G., Laskey, K. B., & Chen, C. H. (2005, June). Estimation of delay propagation in the national aviation system using Bayesian networks. In 6th USA/Europe Air Traffic Management Research and Development Seminar.
Xu, Y., & Prats, X. (2017). Effects of linear holding for reducing additional flight delays without extra fuel consumption. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 53, 388-397.
Yaghini, M. (2008). Data Discretization and Concept Hierarchy Generation. Retrieved May 26, 2017, from http://webpages.iust.ac.ir/yaghini/Courses/Application_IT_Fall2008/DM_02_07_Data%20Discretization%20and%20Concept%20Hierarchy%20Generation.pdf
Yimga, J. O. (2017). Airline code-sharing and its effects on on-time performance. Journal of Air Transport Management, 58, 76-90.
Zou, B., & Hansen, M. (2012). Flight delays, capacity investment and social welfare under air transport supply-demand equilibrium. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 46(6), 965-980.
Zou, B., & Hansen, M. (2014). Flight delay impact on airfare and flight frequency: A comprehensive assessment. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 69, 54-74.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
企業管理研究所(MBA學位學程)
104363120
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104363120
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 洪叔民zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Horng, Shwu-Minen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 黃欣凱zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Hwang, Kyleen_US
dc.creator (作者) 黃欣凱zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Hwang, Kyleen_US
dc.date (日期) 2017en_US
dc.date.accessioned 28-Sep-2017 10:44:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 28-Sep-2017 10:44:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 28-Sep-2017 10:44:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0104363120en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/113129-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 企業管理研究所(MBA學位學程)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 104363120zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 桃園機場近三年來，航班延誤的次數居高不下。 本文通過回歸和資料探勘的研究方法，發現抵達航班更容易出現航班延誤的狀況，特別是從桃園機場附近起飛的航班。 另外，廉價航空公司因其高效率的商業模式而獲得更好的時間效能。 這項研究證實了網絡傳播時間效應，也就是延誤狀況經常在當天晚些時候發生，並且進一步表明，機場若要提高準時性能，則航空公司的營運方式需要做改變。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Over the past three years, Taoyuan Airport has experienced a high number of flight delays. By using regression and data mining methods, this paper found that arrival flights are more prone to delays, particularly from airports close by. Low cost carriers are also found to have better on time performance due to their efficient business. This study confirms the network propagation time effect where delays are more prone to happen later in the day and furthermore shows that should airports improve on-time performance, it would need to affect the way airlines operate.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1: Introduction 1
Chapter 2: Literature Review 4
2.1. Previous studies and importance of flight delays 4
2.2. Factors affecting flight delays 4
2.3. Cost of delays 8
2.4. Difference in FSC and LCC behavior 8
Chapter 3: Data 11
3.1. Data cleaning 11
3.2. Variables 12
3.3. Descriptive statistics 14
3.4. Delay distributions 19
Chapter 4: Methodology 25
4.1. ANOVA and regression 25
4.2. Data mining process 28
Chapter 5: Results 35
5.1. Regression results 35
5.2. Data mining results 42
Chapter 6: Discussion and analysis 55
Chapter 7: Conclusion 63
References 65		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1845857 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104363120en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 航空公司zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 飛機zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 航班延誤zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 資料探勘zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Airlinesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Aviationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Flight delayen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Data miningen_US
dc.title (題名) 航班延遲分析以桃園機場為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) An analysis of flight delays at Taoyuan Airporten_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abdel-Aty, M., Lee, C., Bai, Y., Li, X., & Michalak, M. (2007). Detecting periodic patterns of arrival delay. Journal of Air Transport Management, 13(6), 355-361.
Abdelghany, K. F., Shah, S. S., Raina, S., & Abdelghany, A. F. (2004). A model for projecting flight delays during irregular operation conditions. Journal of Air Transport Management, 10(6), 385-394.
Acar, A. Z., & Karabulak, S. (2015). Competition between Full Service Network Carriers and Low Cost Carriers in Turkish Airline Market. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 207, 642-651.
Ball, M., Barnhart, C., Dresner, M., Hansen, M., Neels, K., Odoni, A., ... & Zou, B. (2010). Total delay impact study: a comprehensive assessment of the costs and impacts of flight delay in the United States.
Baumgarten, P., Malina, R., & Lange, A. (2014). The impact of hubbing concentration on flight delays within airline networks: An empirical analysis of the US domestic market. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 66, 103-114.
Bendinelli, W. E., Bettini, H. F., & Oliveira, A. V. (2016). Airline delays, congestion internalization and non-price spillover effects of low cost carrier entry. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 85, 39-52.
Berster, P., Gelhausen, M. C., & Wilken, D. (2015). Is increasing aircraft size common practice of airlines at congested airports?. Journal of Air Transport Management, 46, 40-48.
Bien, C. F., & Low, Y. F., (2016, January 14). Taoyuan airport vows to improve on-time performance. Central News Agency. Retrieved from http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/2868374
Borenstein, S., & Netz, J. (1999). Why do all the flights leave at 8 am?: Competition and departure-time differentiation in airline markets. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 17(5), 611-640.
Borenstein, S., & Rose, N. L. (1994). Competition and price dispersion in the US airline industry. Journal of Political Economy, 102(4), 653-683.
Britto, R., Dresner, M., & Voltes, A. (2012). The impact of flight delays on passenger demand and societal welfare. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 48(2), 460-469.
Brunner, J. O. (2014). Rescheduling of flights during ground delay programs with consideration of passenger and crew connections. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 72, 236-252.
Bubalo, B., & Gaggero, A. A. (2015). Low-cost carrier competition and airline service quality in Europe. Transport Policy, 43, 23-31.
Chen, H. T., & Chao, C. C. (2015). Airline choice by passengers from Taiwan and China: A case study of outgoing passengers from Kaohsiung International Airport. Journal of Air Transport Management, 49, 53-63.
Chin, A. T. (2002). Impact of frequent flyer programs on the demand for air travel. Journal of Air Transportation, 7(2), 53-86.
Chow, C. K. W. (2014). Customer satisfaction and service quality in the Chinese airline industry. Journal of air transport management, 35, 102-107.
Cook, A. J., & Tanner, G. (2008). Innovative Cooperative Actions of R&D in EUROCONTROL Programme CARE INO III: Dynamic Cost Indexing: Aircraft maintenance–marginal delay costs.
Cook, A., & Tanner, G. (2011, May). Modelling the airline costs of delay propagation. In AGIFORS Airline Operations Conference, London, UK.
Dobruszkes, F., Givoni, M., & Vowles, T. (2017). Hello major airports, goodbye regional airports? Recent changes in European and US low-cost airline airport choice. Journal of Air Transport Management, 59, 50-62.
Dziedzic, M., & Warnock-Smith, D. (2016). The role of secondary airports for today`s low-cost carrier business models: The European case. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 21, 19-32.
FlightStats. (2017, May 20). Retrieved from http://www.flightstats.com/company/monthly-performance-reports/airports/
Forbes, S. J. (2008). The effect of air traffic delays on airline prices. International journal of industrial organization, 26(5), 1218-1232.
Freiberg, K., & Freiberg, J. (2006). Nuts!: Southwest Airlines` crazy recipe for business and personal success. New York: Broadway Books.
Graham, A. (2013). Understanding the low cost carrier and airport relationship: A critical analysis of the salient issues. Tourism Management, 36, 66-76.
Han, J., Pei, J., & Kamber, M. (2011). Data mining: concepts and techniques. Elsevier.
Hao, L., & Hansen, M. (2014, 11). Block time reliability and scheduled block time setting. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 69, 98-111. doi:10.1016/j.trb.2014.08.008
Hsiao, C. Y., & Hansen, M. (2011). A passenger demand model for air transportation in a hub-and-spoke network. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 47(6), 1112-1125.
Huderek-Glapska, S., & Nowak, H. (2016). Airport and low-cost carrier business relationship management as a key factor for airport continuity: The evidence from Poland. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 21, 44-53.
International Civil Aviation Organization. (2004). Manual on the Regulation of International Air Transport (Second Edition) [PDF File]. Retrieved from http://www.icao.int/Meetings/atconf6/Documents/Doc%209626_en.pdf
Kang, L., & Hansen, M. (2017). Behavioral analysis of airline scheduled block time adjustment. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 103, 56-68.
Kafle, N., & Zou, B. (2016). Modeling flight delay propagation: A new analytical-econometric approach. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 93, 520-542.
Khanmohammadi, S., Tutun, S., & Kucuk, Y. (2016). A New Multilevel Input Layer Artificial Neural Network for Predicting Flight Delays at JFK Airport. Procedia Computer Science, 95, 237-244.
Kim, Y. K., & Lee, H. R. (2009). Passenger complaints under irregular airline conditions–cross-cultural study. Journal of Air Transport Management, 15(6), 350-353.
Lim, A., Rodrigues, B., & Zhu, Y. (2005). Airport gate scheduling with time windows. Artificial Intelligence Review, 24(1), 5-31.
Lubbe, B., & Victor, C. (2012). Flight delays: Towards measuring the cost to corporations. Journal of Air Transport Management, 19, 9-12.
Mayer, C., & Sinai, T. (2003). Why do airlines systematically schedule their flights to arrive late?. The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania.
Mazzeo, M. J. (2003). Competition and service quality in the US airline industry. Review of industrial Organization, 22(4), 275-296.
Min, H., & Joo, S. J. (2016). A comparative performance analysis of airline strategic alliances using data envelopment analysis. Journal of Air Transport Management, 52, 99-110.
Morrison, S. A., Winston, C., Bailey, E. E., & Kahn, A. E. (1989). Enhancing the performance of the deregulated air transportation system. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Microeconomics, 1989, 61-123.
Pearson, J., O`Connell, J. F., Pitfield, D., & Ryley, T. (2015). The strategic capability of Asian network airlines to compete with low-cost carriers. Journal of Air Transport Management, 47, 1–10.
Pérez–Rodríguez, J. V., Pérez–Sánchez, J. M., & Gómez–Déniz, E. (2017). Modelling the asymmetric probabilistic delay of aircraft arrival. Journal of Air Transport Management, 62, 90-98.
Prince, J. T., & Simon, D. H. (2009). Multimarket contact and service quality: Evidence from on-time performance in the US airline industry. Academy of Management Journal, 52(2), 336-354.
Ramdas, K., & Williams, J. (2006). An empirical investigation into the tradeoffs that impact on-time performance in the airline industry. Washington Post, 1-32.
Rupp, N. G. (2009). Do carriers internalize congestion costs? Empirical evidence on the internalization question. Journal of Urban Economics, 65(1), 24-37.
Rupp, N., Owens, D., & Plumly, L. (2006). Does competition influence airline on-time performance. Advances in airline economics, 1, 251-272.
Shan, S. (2016). Airport company seeks to increase aircraft landing fee. Retrieved August 2, 2017, from http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/10/19/2003657481
Sternberg, A., Carvalho, D., Murta, L., Soares, J., & Ogasawara, E. (2016). An analysis of Brazilian flight delays based on frequent patterns. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 95, 282-298.
Sun, J. Y. (2015). Clustered airline flight scheduling: Evidence from airline deregulation in Korea. Journal of Air Transport Management, 42, 85-94.
Suzuki, Y. (2000). The relationship between on-time performance and airline market share: a new approach. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 36(2), 139-154.
Takeichi, N. (2017). Nominal flight time optimization for arrival time scheduling through estimation/resolution of delay accumulation. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 77, 433-443.
Tan, P. N., Steinbach, M., & Kumar, V. (2006). Introduction to Data Mining. Person Education. Inc., New Delhi.
Warnock-Smith, D., & Potter, A. (2005). An exploratory study into airport choice factors for European low-cost airlines. Journal of Air Transport Management, 11(6), 388-392.
Wu, C. L., & Caves, R. E. (2003). Flight schedule punctuality control and management: a stochastic approach. Transportation planning and technology, 26(4), 313-330.
Wu, C. (2016). How aviation deregulation promotes international tourism in Northeast Asia: A case of the charter market in Japan. Journal of Air Transport Management, 57, 260-271.
Whalen, W. T., Carlton, D. W., Heyer, K., & Richard, O. (2008). A solution to airport delays. Regulation, 31, 30.
Wong, J. T., & Tsai, S. C. (2012). A survival model for flight delay propagation. Journal of Air Transport Management, 23, 5-11.
Xiong, J., & Hansen, M. (2013). Modelling airline flight cancellation decisions. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 56, 64-80.
Xu, N., Donohue, G., Laskey, K. B., & Chen, C. H. (2005, June). Estimation of delay propagation in the national aviation system using Bayesian networks. In 6th USA/Europe Air Traffic Management Research and Development Seminar.
Xu, Y., & Prats, X. (2017). Effects of linear holding for reducing additional flight delays without extra fuel consumption. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 53, 388-397.
Yaghini, M. (2008). Data Discretization and Concept Hierarchy Generation. Retrieved May 26, 2017, from http://webpages.iust.ac.ir/yaghini/Courses/Application_IT_Fall2008/DM_02_07_Data%20Discretization%20and%20Concept%20Hierarchy%20Generation.pdf
Yimga, J. O. (2017). Airline code-sharing and its effects on on-time performance. Journal of Air Transport Management, 58, 76-90.
Zou, B., & Hansen, M. (2012). Flight delays, capacity investment and social welfare under air transport supply-demand equilibrium. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 46(6), 965-980.
Zou, B., & Hansen, M. (2014). Flight delay impact on airfare and flight frequency: A comprehensive assessment. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 69, 54-74.		zh_TW