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題名 兒童權利公約在台灣的國內法化--以離婚後子女親權行使與兒少安置案件中兒童及少年被傾聽的權利為例
Incorporation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in Taiwan: With a special focus on the child’s right to be heard in child custody and care proceedings作者 林沛君 貢獻者 孫迺翊
林沛君關鍵詞 兒童權利公約
國際人權公約
公約國內法化
施行法
人權公約施行法
兒少被傾聽的權利
家事事件
家事事件法
安置兒少
未成年子女親權書件
程序監理人
Incorporation of human rights treaty
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
The right of the child to be heard
Family proceedings
Act to implement convention on the rights of the child
UNCRC日期 2017 上傳時間 3-一月-2018 16:20:45 (UTC+8) 摘要 兒童權利公約施行法自2014年11月20日實施至今已近三年,而依據該施行法之規定,政府已陸續展開國內法令與公約是否牴觸之檢視及以各級政府為對象之兒童權利教育宣導課程等工作,並於2017年11月完成兒童權利公約首次國家報告國際審查,施行法顯然已逐步將公約內涵國內法化而具重要之指標及實質意義。惟公約實踐之關鍵係公約規範能否確實成為檢視國內法律及政策之基準,以及得否為權利遭受侵害之兒少所具體主張;其中國家是否建置相關機制協助兒少行使其權利,確保兒少於未成年之際不因自身能力及發展尚未健全而無法行使其權利,對兒少權利之保障尤為重要。儘管自2009年以來,除兒童權利公約外,立法院已先後透過施行法將其他四部聯合國人權公約轉換成為國內法律;然針對公約適用之若干核心議題,包括解釋及適用公約時應遵循之原則、公約與國內法律衝突時衍生之法律適用及權利遭受侵害之救濟機制等,皆有待闡釋及釐清。就此,本論文總結英國、德國、法國及美國等四國之實踐經驗而認為儘管公約之落實並「無一放諸四海皆準之方式」(no one right way),但以下公約國內法化之核心問題亟待確立:(一)施行法應明訂公約具直接適用效力條文之優位地位;(二)明確將「公約解釋模式」此一法院於個案審理中最強而有力、最能直接將公約標準導入國內法律體系之工具納入施行法;(三)透過公約解釋性文件資料庫之建置協助司法人員掌握公約規範之精神與內涵;(四)明文要求增修法律前應提出法案影響評估以確保增修內容與公約並未牴觸等,期使國內法制更能順利接軌國際人權公約。本論文另以兒少被傾聽的權利為例,藉由與法官、律師、社工等17位兒少實務工作者進行深度訪談,彙整推導出兒少被傾聽的權利於司法程序中獲得實質實踐之效果不明(有權利但不一定有救濟)、兒少表意之環境未達「兒少友善」之標準,顯見國內兒少被傾聽權利之落實與公約標準確實存有相當之落差。此外,部分協助兒少行使其被傾聽權利之機制設計未確實掌握兒童權利之內涵、整體兒少司法環境未能以兒少為中心進行調整,以致於相關機制欠缺公約所強調之核心功能,無法使特定弱勢兒少享有與一般兒少同等之權利保障,亦有待補強及改善。。本論文嘗試由實務面思考兒童權利公約於國內實踐之現況並導引出應更受重視之諸多面向及困境,期待法院及政府各級機關能更廣泛地採行及運用公約之規範及理念,在國內深化落實兒童權利公約之際,對於「兒童權利」精神所在及其可能為兒少所帶來之改變能有進一步之認知及體悟,並以此為基礎,在影響兒少甚鉅之司法及行政事件中建構一個更能鼓勵兒少參與及表達意見之友善環境。
Following the coming into effect of the “Act to Implement Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)” on 20 November 2014, the Taiwan Government has adopted various initiatives to implement the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), demonstrating the Act’s steady, yet far-reaching influence in incorporating the CRC into domestic law. In addition to harmonizing national legislation for children with the standards contained within the CRC, it is also of crucial importance for the government to ensure that children whose rights are being violated or disregarded have access to remedies, and that an effective framework is available to children to assist in the exercise and enjoyment of their rights. Despite the fact that the Taiwan Government has promulgated four implementation acts to incorporate international human rights conventions into domestic law since 2009, several fundamental issues remain with regard to the interpretation and application of the convention. Drawing on the experiences of England, Germany, France and the United States, this thesis makes the following observations: (1) the ‘convention-compliant’ approach to legal interpretation is one of the most powerful tools by which convention rights are directly transposed into domestic legal norms and should be expressly provided for in the Act; (2) to resolve potential conflict(s) between domestic law and convention rights, the Act should explicitly state that the CRC shall prevail in cases of inconsistences; (3) the Act should provide for the establishment of a database of interpretative documents issued by United Nations treaty bodies, to aid the practice and understanding of the CRC; and (4) human rights impact assessments should be undertaken before passing any new laws or amendments. The observations in this thesis are also based on in-depth interviews conducted by the researcher with 17 children’s practitioners. Such interviews highlight that not all children enjoy the right to be heard in family proceedings and that there is a gap between law and practice. More specifically, they highlight that “for rights to have meaning, effective remedies must be available to redress violations”; and family proceedings should be more child-centred with child-friendly designs, so that children in such settings can exercise their right to be heard effectively. 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Berghamans and M Verheyde eds.), pp. 1-49.Parker, Steven (1994). The Best Interests of the Child Principles and Problems, in THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD – RECONCILING CULTURE AND HUMAN RIGHTS (Philip Alston ed.), pp. 26-41.Shelton, Dinah (2011). Introduction, in INTERNATIONAL LAW AND DOMESTIC LEGAL SYSTEMS: INCORPORATION, TRANSFORMATION, AND PERSUASION (D. Shelton ed.), pp. 1-22.Shelton, Dinah (2003), Commentary and Conclusions, in COMMITMENT AND COMPLIANCE: THE ROLE OF NON-BINDING NORMS IN THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM (D. Shelton ed.), pp. 449-463Sloss, David (2009). Treaty Enforcement in Domestic Courts: A Comparative Analysis,in THE ROLE OF DOMESTIC COURTS IN TREATY ENFORCEMENT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS (David Sloss ed.), pp. 1-60.Verheyde, Mieke (2007). Articles 43-45. The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, in A COMMENTARY ON THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD (A. Alen, J. Vande Lanotte, E. Verhellen, F. Ang, E. Berghamans and M Verheyde eds.), pp.1-50.Williams, Jane (2015). England and Wales, in LITIGATING THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD – THE UN CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD IN DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL JURISPRUDENCE (Ton Liefaard & Jaap E. Doek eds.), pp.53-70.(三)期刊論文Alston, Philip (1994). The Best Interests Principle: Towards A Reconciliation of Culture and Human Right, 8 International Journal of Law and the Family, pp. 1-25.Alston, Philip (1992). The legal framework of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, 91/2 Bulletin of Human Rights, pp.1-15.Bianchi, Andrea (2004). International Law and US Courts – the Myth of Lohengrin Revisited, 15(4) European Journal of International Law, pp.751-781.Bonner, David & Fenwick, Helen (2003). Judicial Approaches to the Human Rights Act 52(3) I.C.L.Q., pp.549-585.Clayton, Richard (Spr. 2004). Judicial Deference and ‘Democratic Dialogue’: the Legitimacy of Judicial Intervention under the Human Rights Act 1998, P.L., pp.33-47. Donnelly, C. (2010). 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The Best Interests Standard: A Comparison of the State’s Parens Patriae Authority and Judicial Oversight in Best Interests Determinations for Children and Incompetent Patients, 8 Issues L. & Med., pp. 283-338.Guzman, Andrew T. &Meyer, Timothy L. (2003). International Soft Law, 2 Journal of Legal Analysis, pp.171-222.Handl, Gunther F. et al (1990) A Hard Look at Soft Law, 82 American Society of International Law Proceedings, pp.371-393.Herring, Jonathan (2002). The Human Rights of Children in Care, 118 L.Q.R., pp.534-538. Hickman, Tom (Sum. 2005). Constitutional Dialogue, Constitutional Theories and the Human Rights Act 1998, P.L., pp.306-335. Kanetake, Machiko & Nollkaemper, André (2014). The Application of Informal Instruments Before Domestic Courts, 46 George Washiongton International Law Review, pp. 765-807.Klug, Francesca & Starmer, Keir (Win. 2005)., Standing Back From the Human Rights Act: How Effective is it Five Years On? P.L., pp.716-728.Kohm, Lynne M.(2008). Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence, 10 J. L. & Fam. Stud., pp. 337-376.Kopelman, Loretta & Zermatten, Jean (2010). The Best Interests of the Child Principle: Literal Analysis and Function, 8 Int. J. Child Right, pp. 483-499.Lee, Yanghee (2013). Address: Creating New Futures for All Children: The Promise of International Human Rights Law, 20 Australian International Law, pp. 3-16. Lopatka, Adam (1999). The Convention on the Rights of the Child: Universal Dilemmas, An Essay, 21 Whittier L. Rev. pp. 83-93.Lundy, Laura. Kilkelly, Ursula & Byrne, Bronagh (2013). Incorporation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in Law: A Comparative Review, 21Int’l J. Children’s Rts, pp. 442-463.Mechlem, Kerstin (2009). Treaty Bodies and the Interpretation of Human Rights, 42 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, pp. 905-947.Mercer, Kathryn L. (Winter, 1998). A Content Analysis of Judicial Decision-Making: How Judges Use the Primary Caretaker Standard to Make a Custody Determination, 5 Wm.& Mary J. Women & L., pp. 1-148. Miles, Joanna (2002). Mind the Gap…Child Protection, Statutory Interpretation and the Human Rights Act, 61(3) C.L.J., pp. 533-537.Nicol, Danny (Win. 2006). Law and Politics after the Human Rights Act, P.L., pp.722-751.Peskind, Steven N. (2005). Determining the Undeterminable: The Best Interest of the Child Standard as an Imperfect but Necessary Guidepost to Determine Child Custody, 25 N. Ill. U. L. Rev., pp. 449-481.Potter, Mark (2008). The Voice of the Child: Children’s “rights” in Family Proceedings, 2 The Family in Law, available at http://www.mishpat.ac.il/files/650/2911/3605/3606.pdf.Robert Mnook (1975). Child Custody Adjudication: Judicial Functions in the Face of Indeterminacy, 39 L. Contemp. Probs., pp. 226-293.Rodham, Hilary (1973). 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Laying the Foundations for Children’s Rights, UNICEF, available at https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/ii_layingthefoundations.pdf. Blake, Conway (2008). Normative Instruments in International Human Rights Law: Locating the General Comment (Ctr. for Human Rights & Global Justice, Working Paper No. 17, 2008).Child Rights International Network (CRIN). Access to Justice for Children: France, Child Rights International Network, https://www.crin.org/en/home/law/access,https://www.crin.org/sites/default/files/ france_access_to_justice_sept2015_0.pdfChild Rights International Network (CRIN), Access to Justice for Children: Germany, Child Rights International Network, https://www.crin.org/en/home/law/access.Child Rights International Network (CRIN), Access to justice for children: a comparative analysis of 197 countries, https://www.crin.org/en/home/law/access.Child Rights International Network (CRIN), Rights, Remedies & Representation: Global Report on Access to Justice for Children, 2016, available at https://www.crin.org/sites/default/files/crin_a2j_global_report_final_1.pdfPeters, Jean Koh (2005). How Children Are Heard in Child Protective Proceedings, in the United States and Around the World in 2005: Survey Findings, Initial Observations, and Areas for Further Study, Yale Law School Faculty Scholarship Series, available at http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3181&context=f ss_papers.UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre (2006). The General Measures of the Convention on the Rights of the Child – The Process in Europe and Central Asia, available at http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/415.UNICEF Innocenti Research Search Centre (2007), Law Reform and Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, available at http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/493. (五)聯合國官方文件U.N. Committee on the Rights of the Child, _______ General Comment No. 1 (2003) on Article 29: the aims of education._______ General Comment No. 5 (2003) on “General Measures of implementation for the Convention on the Rights of the Child (arts. 4, 42 and 44, para. 6). ______ General Comment No. 7 (2005)on implementing child rights in early childhood. ______ General Comment No. 10, Children’s Rights in Juvenile Justice (2007).______ General Comment No. 12 (2009) on the right of the child to be heard.______ General Comment No. 13 (2011): The right of the child to freedom from all forms of violence.______ General comment No. 14 (2013) on the right of the child to have his or her best interests taken as a primary consideration._______ Concluding Observations: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – Overseas Territories CRC/C/15/Add.135 (2000).Human Rights Committee_______ General Comment No. 6 (1982): Right to life_______ General Comment No. 18 (1989): Non-discriminationThe Secretary General (1949), The Main Types and Causes of Discrimination: Memorandum (UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/40/Rev.1, 1949),(六)其他德國聯邦外交部(Auswärtiges Amt)網站資料,Children’s Rights in the United Nations, Federal Foreign Office, http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/EN/Aussenpolitik/Menschenrechte/Kinderrecht eVN_node.htmlGainborough, Jenni & Lean, Elisabeth (2008), Convention on the Rights of the Child and Juvenile Justice, available at http://www.cwla.org/programs/juvenilejustice/thelink2008summer.pdf.Secretary of State for the Home Department by Command of Her Majesty, Presented to Parliament, The Rights Brought Home: The Human Rights Bill, Command Paper No. Cm 3782 (“White Paper”), para. 1.2 (October 1997), https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-human-rights-bill.UK Ministry of Justice (2014), Responding to Human Rights Judgments: Report to the Joint Committee Human Rights on the Government Response to Human Rights Judgments 2013-2014 (cm 8962) . 描述 博士
國立政治大學
法律學系
101651504資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101651504 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 孫迺翊 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) 林沛君 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) 林沛君 zh_TW dc.date (日期) 2017 en_US dc.date.accessioned 3-一月-2018 16:20:45 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 3-一月-2018 16:20:45 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-一月-2018 16:20:45 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0101651504 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/115464 - dc.description (描述) 博士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 法律學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 101651504 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 兒童權利公約施行法自2014年11月20日實施至今已近三年,而依據該施行法之規定,政府已陸續展開國內法令與公約是否牴觸之檢視及以各級政府為對象之兒童權利教育宣導課程等工作,並於2017年11月完成兒童權利公約首次國家報告國際審查,施行法顯然已逐步將公約內涵國內法化而具重要之指標及實質意義。惟公約實踐之關鍵係公約規範能否確實成為檢視國內法律及政策之基準,以及得否為權利遭受侵害之兒少所具體主張;其中國家是否建置相關機制協助兒少行使其權利,確保兒少於未成年之際不因自身能力及發展尚未健全而無法行使其權利,對兒少權利之保障尤為重要。儘管自2009年以來,除兒童權利公約外,立法院已先後透過施行法將其他四部聯合國人權公約轉換成為國內法律;然針對公約適用之若干核心議題,包括解釋及適用公約時應遵循之原則、公約與國內法律衝突時衍生之法律適用及權利遭受侵害之救濟機制等,皆有待闡釋及釐清。就此,本論文總結英國、德國、法國及美國等四國之實踐經驗而認為儘管公約之落實並「無一放諸四海皆準之方式」(no one right way),但以下公約國內法化之核心問題亟待確立:(一)施行法應明訂公約具直接適用效力條文之優位地位;(二)明確將「公約解釋模式」此一法院於個案審理中最強而有力、最能直接將公約標準導入國內法律體系之工具納入施行法;(三)透過公約解釋性文件資料庫之建置協助司法人員掌握公約規範之精神與內涵;(四)明文要求增修法律前應提出法案影響評估以確保增修內容與公約並未牴觸等,期使國內法制更能順利接軌國際人權公約。本論文另以兒少被傾聽的權利為例,藉由與法官、律師、社工等17位兒少實務工作者進行深度訪談,彙整推導出兒少被傾聽的權利於司法程序中獲得實質實踐之效果不明(有權利但不一定有救濟)、兒少表意之環境未達「兒少友善」之標準,顯見國內兒少被傾聽權利之落實與公約標準確實存有相當之落差。此外,部分協助兒少行使其被傾聽權利之機制設計未確實掌握兒童權利之內涵、整體兒少司法環境未能以兒少為中心進行調整,以致於相關機制欠缺公約所強調之核心功能,無法使特定弱勢兒少享有與一般兒少同等之權利保障,亦有待補強及改善。。本論文嘗試由實務面思考兒童權利公約於國內實踐之現況並導引出應更受重視之諸多面向及困境,期待法院及政府各級機關能更廣泛地採行及運用公約之規範及理念,在國內深化落實兒童權利公約之際,對於「兒童權利」精神所在及其可能為兒少所帶來之改變能有進一步之認知及體悟,並以此為基礎,在影響兒少甚鉅之司法及行政事件中建構一個更能鼓勵兒少參與及表達意見之友善環境。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Following the coming into effect of the “Act to Implement Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)” on 20 November 2014, the Taiwan Government has adopted various initiatives to implement the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), demonstrating the Act’s steady, yet far-reaching influence in incorporating the CRC into domestic law. In addition to harmonizing national legislation for children with the standards contained within the CRC, it is also of crucial importance for the government to ensure that children whose rights are being violated or disregarded have access to remedies, and that an effective framework is available to children to assist in the exercise and enjoyment of their rights. Despite the fact that the Taiwan Government has promulgated four implementation acts to incorporate international human rights conventions into domestic law since 2009, several fundamental issues remain with regard to the interpretation and application of the convention. Drawing on the experiences of England, Germany, France and the United States, this thesis makes the following observations: (1) the ‘convention-compliant’ approach to legal interpretation is one of the most powerful tools by which convention rights are directly transposed into domestic legal norms and should be expressly provided for in the Act; (2) to resolve potential conflict(s) between domestic law and convention rights, the Act should explicitly state that the CRC shall prevail in cases of inconsistences; (3) the Act should provide for the establishment of a database of interpretative documents issued by United Nations treaty bodies, to aid the practice and understanding of the CRC; and (4) human rights impact assessments should be undertaken before passing any new laws or amendments. The observations in this thesis are also based on in-depth interviews conducted by the researcher with 17 children’s practitioners. Such interviews highlight that not all children enjoy the right to be heard in family proceedings and that there is a gap between law and practice. More specifically, they highlight that “for rights to have meaning, effective remedies must be available to redress violations”; and family proceedings should be more child-centred with child-friendly designs, so that children in such settings can exercise their right to be heard effectively. This thesis also attempts to demonstrate that when mechanisms set up by the government fail to accomplish their legislative purpose and act as a safeguard for children’s rights, it is the more vulnerable groups of children (for example, children in care) who suffer from being denied the same rights as other children. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第壹章 緒論 1第一節 研究主題及研究目的 1第二節 研究目的與方法 4第一項 研究目的 4第二項 研究方法 6第三節 論文架構 8第四節 名詞定義 10第貳章 兒童權利公約之規範內涵與機制 13第一節 兒童權利發展及公約之制定背景 15第一項 兒童權利發展之歷史回溯 15第二項 二十世紀之發展 18 第一款 第一階段:1901年至1947年 18 第二款 第二階段:1948年至1977年 22第三項 第三階段之公約制定背景:1978年至1989年 29 第一款 公約制定與否之爭論 31 第二款 草案工作小組及協商過程 32 第三款 非營利組織(NGO)之貢獻 35第二節 兒權公約四項一般性原則 37第一項 兒少被傾聽的權利 39 第一款 主要國際人權公約相關規範之整理 39 第二款 規範內涵 40 第三款 兒童意見受考量的權利實務適用上之注意事項 45 第四款 「兒少自由表示意見的權利」之補充說明 47第二項 禁止歧視 48 第一款 主要國際人權公約相關規範之整理 48 第二款 規範內涵 52 第三款 禁止歧視實務適用上之注意事項 54第三項 兒少最佳利益 56 第一款 主要國際人權公約相關規範之彙整 56 第二款 規範內涵 57 第三款 兒少最佳利益適用上之爭議 65第四項 生存與發展權 68 第一款 主要國際人權公約相關規範之彙整 69 第二款 生存與發展權之規範內涵 70 第三款 生存及發展權落實之問題 71第三節 親權行使及安置保護之其他主要權利項目 72第一項 離婚後未成年子女親權之行使 72 第一款 父母之引導與兒童逐漸發展之能力 73 第二款 兒童不與父母分離之權利 75第二項 與安置相關之其他權利項目 76 第一款 兒童不與父母分離之權利 76 第二款 兒童不受任何殘忍或有辱人格之待遇或處罰 77第四節 兒童權利委員會之功能與職責 79第一項 兒童權利委員會 79第二項 一般性意見效力之說明 81第五節 小結 85第參章 兒童權利公約國內法化與實踐所面臨之議題 87第一節 公約與國內法關係之學理發展與要旨 89第一項 「一元論」之學理發展 90 第一款 法規範「一體性」的哲學源起 90 第二款 其他核心理念 91第二項 「二元論」之學理發展 92 第一款 國際法與國內法係「分別獨立」的哲學源起 92 第二款 其他核心理念 94第三項 國際法與國內法關係之法院適用法則 95 第一款 「轉換理論」(the transformation doctrine) 95 第二款 「採納理論」(the adoption doctrine) 95 第三款 「調和理論」(the harmonization doctrine) 96第四項 一元論與二元論之發展取向--已然模糊之界線 99第二節 兒童權利公約國內法化之國際經驗 101第一項 英國 102 第一款 歐洲人權公約之國內法化及法律衝突之解決機制 104 第二款 兒權公約於英國國內並不具備國內法律地位 113第二項 德國 114 第一款 兒權公約於德國之國內法律地位 114 第二款 兒權公約於德國法院之解釋及適用 115第三項 法國 117 第一款 兒權公約於法國具備國內法律地位 117 第二款 兒權公約於法國法院之解釋及適用 119第四項 美國 120 第一款 美國之混合模式 120 第二款 兒權公約於美國法院之解釋及適用 124第五項 綜合整理--較佳模式之思考? 127第三節 人權公約於英國法院之落實--案例介紹 129第一項 歐洲人權公約於法院之解釋與適用 131 第一款 法院未作出牴觸宣告但闡釋法律解釋界線之案例(Re S 案)--權力分立之界線 131 第二款 法院作出牴觸宣告之案例(Hooper 案) 137第二項 兒權公約於英國法院之解釋與適用 139 第一款 案例事實暨當事人之主張 140 第二款 法院見解 141第三項 兒童表意權規範對英國兒童保護安置案件之影響--Re K 144 第一款 案例事實暨當事人之主張 144 第二款 法院見解 148第四項 兒童表意權規範對英國離婚親權案件之影響--Mabon v. Mabon 152 第一款 事實背景及爭點整理 153 第二款 法院見解 154 第三款 學者評析 156第四節 小結--確立國際法與國內法關係架構及 157 法院解釋原則之必要性 157第肆章 兒權公約施行法架構下公約之適用--比較法的借鏡 162第一節 各國際人權公約之批准或加入及施行法之制定 163第一項 兒權公約 164 第一款 施行法前兒童權利於我國之推進 164 第二款 推動兒權公約國內法化之回顧 167第二項 施行法之制定及其意涵--確立公約的國內法律效力 170第三項 四部國際人權公約批准或加入之比較思考 174第四項 「條約締結法」之補充說明 177第二節 兒權公約施行法之規範重點及問題釐清 180第一項 兒權公約具備國內普通法位階之法律效力 180 第一款 學說爭議--以兩公約為例 180 第二款 施行法草案之相關討論-- 185立法者並無賦予兒權公約特別法地位之明確意旨 185第二項 兒權公約應如何「適用」及「解釋」 186 第一款 施行法之要求 186 第二款 以國內兒少相關民事判決為例 188第三項 權利受侵害之救濟 191第四項 施行法之規範對象 193第三節 我國施行法規範不足或未盡明確之處--比較法的借鏡及思考 195第一項 公約於國內法律體系位階之思考 196第二項 公約解釋模式之法律取向 199第三項 施行法應就其規範對象更明確區分其所擔負之義務 201第四項 權利受侵害者之司法救濟 202第四節 小結 203第伍章 國際人權公約國內法化之實務運作-- 訪談研究設計及分析 205第一節 研究過程及方法 205第一項 研究構想 205第二項 研究對象選取及訪談之進行 206第三項 訪談提綱設計 209第四項 研究限制 211第二節 訪談結果 213第一項 就兒權公約國內法化後實務影響之觀察 213 第一款 非法律組之受訪者 213 第二款 具法律專業背景之受訪者 214第二項 受訪者如何實際操作公約規範 219 第一款 非法律組受訪者 219 第二款 法律組受訪者 220第三項 公約與國內法互動關係之見解或觀察 226 第一款 有關公約之國內法律位階 227 第二款 公約權利項目是否得由當事人所主張 230 第三款 對於訴訟代理人於施行法實施後運用公約之觀察 234第四項 適用公約之困難及建議 236第五項 小結 239第三節 訪談結果之思考及分析 242第一項 公約於國內之施行對司法人員尚並無具體顯著之影響 242第二項 由受訪者之觀點思考公約與國內法互動關係不明之問題 245 第一款 受訪法官對公約法位階之想法 245 第二款 研究心得及思考 247第三項 法官組受訪者對於「公約解釋模式」頗為認同之思考 249第四項 公約「內化」之機制有待努力 251第四節 小結 252第陸章 由家事事件中兒少被傾聽的權利思考兒童權利公約於國內之實踐 254第一節 父母離婚未成年子女親權案件 254第一項 國內主要規範 255 第一款 法院應傾聽未成年子女之意見 255 第二款 未成年子女之意見為判定其「最佳利益」之主要考量之一 256 第三款 藉由專業人士協助未成年子女表達意見 259 第四款 未成年人到庭陳述意見 261 第五款 實證研究 262第二項 訪談結果 265 第一款 兒少表達意見之意願及協助機制 265 第二款 兒少被傾聽權利之實務運作 272 第三款 未成年子女意願與成年人就其最佳利益之評估相左之情況 282 第四款 受訪者針對現行運作所指出之問題 286第二節 保護安置事件 295第一項 國內主要規範 295 第一款 被安置兒少被傾聽之權利 295 第二款 家事事件法有關程序面之保障 297 第三款 其他相關法律規範 300第二項 訪談結果 301 第一款 兒少表達意見之意願及協助機制 301 第二款 程序監理人之選任與否及角色之釐清 308 第三款 受訪者針對現行運作所指出之問題 311第三節 訪談結果之思考 315第一項 兒少被傾聽的權利早在施行法前即已受到重視 315第二項 未成人年親權案件與安置案件之相互對照--是否「所有」兒少於「所有」相關事件之司法程序中皆受到聆聽316第三項 將聽取兒少意見視為主要工作項目者--程序監理人組 318第四項 各機制間之相互搭配與整合--未成年人親權案件與安置案件之分別思考 319第四節 小結 320第柒章 兒少被傾聽的權利在我國之實踐--檢討與建議 324第一節 兒權公約施行法之修法芻議 325第一項 兒少被傾聽權利之直接適用及公約優位原則 326第二項 公約如何充實國內法規之內涵 327第三項 施行法其他應增修之條文 329第四項 兒權公約施行法修正草案試擬 330第二節 現行法制檢討 339第一項 家事事件法之機制規範對被安置兒少保障不足 340 第一款 程序監理人未能為被安置兒少發揮應有之功能 --「自費」之機制設計未達國家應實現公約權利之義務 340 第二款 法院選任程序監理人標準不一之現況--應依案件特性而有明確區分 343 第三款 修法建議--強制為被安置兒少選任程序監理人並由國庫負擔費用 345第二項 以公約補強國內規範及充實權利項目內涵 346 第一款 確實實踐「所有」關係兒少之事務均應以「兒少最佳利益為優先考量」 353 第二款 裁判違反兒少被傾聽權利應屬違背法令或適用法規顯有錯誤應為得提起再抗告、第三審上訴及再審之事由 356 第三款 以公約精神思考「確實將兒少意願納入考量」應有之 作為 359第三項 公約作為保障當事人之法律工具 361 第一款 強化兒少司法程序之主體性 361 第二款 公約運用之思考 364第四項 司法人員應受與兒少工作有關之專業技巧訓練 365第三節 結語 366第捌章 結論與建議 369參考文獻 375 附錄1 聯合國相關人權機構簡介附錄2 訪談大綱與訪談說明書 zh_TW dc.format.extent 3286416 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101651504 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 兒童權利公約 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國際人權公約 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 公約國內法化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 施行法 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人權公約施行法 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 兒少被傾聽的權利 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 家事事件 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 家事事件法 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 安置兒少 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 未成年子女親權書件 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 程序監理人 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Incorporation of human rights treaty en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) The right of the child to be heard en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Family proceedings en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Act to implement convention on the rights of the child en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) UNCRC en_US dc.title (題名) 兒童權利公約在台灣的國內法化--以離婚後子女親權行使與兒少安置案件中兒童及少年被傾聽的權利為例 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Incorporation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in Taiwan: With a special focus on the child’s right to be heard in child custody and care proceedings en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文文獻(一)專書丘宏達著,陳純一修訂(2012),現代國際法,修訂三版,台北:三民。李太正(2014),家事事件法之理論與實務,台北:元照。林沛君編著(2014),兒少人權,向前行--兒童權利公約逐條釋義,台北:展 翅協會。林真美譯(2012),好心的國王 兒童權利之父--柯扎克的故事,台北:親子天下。姜皇池(2015),國際公法導論(三版二刷),台北:新學林。姜世明(2012),家事事件法論,台北:元照。陳向明(2016),社會科學質的研究,台北:五南。陳新民(2001),中華民國憲法釋論(修正四版),台北:三民。監察院人權保障委員會(2014),2013年監察院人權工作實錄:第一冊公民與政治權利,台北:監察院。監察院人權保障委員會(2014),2013年監察院人權工作實錄:第二冊經濟、社會與文化權利,台北:監察院。瞿海源、畢恆達、劉長萱、楊國樞主編(2016),社會及行為科學研究法--質性研究法,台北:東華。(二)專書論文李建良(2014),論國際條約的國內法效力與法位階定序--國際條約與憲法解釋之關係的基礎課題,廖福特編,憲法解釋之理論與實務第八輯,中央研究 院法律學研究所,台北:新學林,頁175-275。林沛君(2016),第六章廣義表達意見之自由,收錄於施慧玲、陳竹上主編,兒童權利公約,台北:台灣新世紀文教基金會,頁125-146。施慧玲(2004),子女本位之親子法,收錄於氏著:家庭、法律、社會論文集,台北:元照,頁203-219。施慧玲、張旭政(2003),論國家介入親權行使之法理基礎 – 以兒童人權為中心之論證基礎,收錄於2002年台灣人權報告,台北:台灣人權促進會,頁 203-219。孫迺翊(2014),社會保障權,收錄於聯合國人權兩公約—公民與政治權利國際公約、經濟社會文化權利公約,台北:台灣新世紀文教基金會,頁393-410。高玉泉、施慧玲(2016),兒童權利公約之歷史發展與台灣參與,收錄於施慧玲、陳竹上主編,兒童權利公約,台北:台灣新世紀文教基金會,頁1-27。翁燕菁(2015),性別工作平等,收錄於張文貞主編,消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約,台北:台灣新世紀文教基金會,頁361-400。郭明政(2011)。「社會福利與社會保險」,收錄於《中華民國發展史.政治與 法制》(下),台北:聯經,頁313-352。張文貞(2009),憲法與國際人權法的匯流--兼論我國大法官解釋之實踐,收錄於憲法解釋之理論與實務第六輯(上冊),台北:中研院/元照,頁223-272。傅崑成(2001),再論國際人權法在中華民國法律架構內的適用,收錄於:丘宏 達教授六秩晉五華誕祝壽論文集編輯委員會,國際法論文集:丘宏達教授六秩晉五華誕祝壽論文集,台北:三民,頁549-582。鄧衍森(2006),人權理念在我憲法解釋之應用,載:社團法人台灣法學會主編,主權、憲法與台灣的未來,台北:元照,頁199-232。(三)期刊論文王自雄(2010),人權兩公約之國內法化暨其施行法之實施--從國際法的內化與人權在我國憲政體制下之法律地位論起,台灣法學,第164期,頁113-122。王秀文(2011),華勒斯《兒童》中的人物命名研究,淡江外語論叢,第18期,頁58-74。王曉丹(2006),談英國離婚法改革的發展 – 法政策、法理、法社會之探討,台大法學叢論,第35(5)期,頁163-208。余寬賜(1999),我國「條約締結法」之擬議,政治科學論叢,第10期,頁227-244。沈冠伶(2013),家事非訟程序之關係人,月旦法學教室,第124期,頁39-51。林沛君(2017),兒少「表意權」實質意涵的初探 - 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THE VALUE AND VALUES OF HUMAN RIGHTS, IN THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF CHILDREN – FROM VISIONS TO IMPLEMENTATION (ANTONELLA INVERNIZZI AND JANE WILLIAMS, EDS.), PP. 21-36.Freeman, Michael (2011). Why it Remains Important to Take Children’s Rights Seriously, in CHILDREN’S RIGHTS: PROGRESS AND PERSPECTIVES—ESSAYS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHILDREN’S RIGHTS (M. Freeman ed.), pp.5-25Freeman, Michael (2007). Article 3. The Best Interests of the Child, in A COMMENTARY ON THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD (A. Alen, J. Vande Lanotte, E. Verhellen, F. Ang, E. Berghamans and M Verheyde eds.), pp. 1-79.Harris-Short, Sonia (2007). Family Law and the Human Rights Act 1998 – judicial restraint or revolution in. JUDICIAL REASONING UNDER THE UK HUMAN RIGHTS ACT (Fenwick, Helen. Phillipson, Gavin & Masterman, Roger eds.), pp. 308-347.Hendrick, Harry (2004). 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The Best Interests Standard: A Comparison of the State’s Parens Patriae Authority and Judicial Oversight in Best Interests Determinations for Children and Incompetent Patients, 8 Issues L. & Med., pp. 283-338.Guzman, Andrew T. &Meyer, Timothy L. (2003). International Soft Law, 2 Journal of Legal Analysis, pp.171-222.Handl, Gunther F. et al (1990) A Hard Look at Soft Law, 82 American Society of International Law Proceedings, pp.371-393.Herring, Jonathan (2002). The Human Rights of Children in Care, 118 L.Q.R., pp.534-538. Hickman, Tom (Sum. 2005). Constitutional Dialogue, Constitutional Theories and the Human Rights Act 1998, P.L., pp.306-335. Kanetake, Machiko & Nollkaemper, André (2014). The Application of Informal Instruments Before Domestic Courts, 46 George Washiongton International Law Review, pp. 765-807.Klug, Francesca & Starmer, Keir (Win. 2005)., Standing Back From the Human Rights Act: How Effective is it Five Years On? P.L., pp.716-728.Kohm, Lynne M.(2008). Tracing the Foundations of the Best Interests of the Child Standard in American Jurisprudence, 10 J. L. & Fam. Stud., pp. 337-376.Kopelman, Loretta & Zermatten, Jean (2010). The Best Interests of the Child Principle: Literal Analysis and Function, 8 Int. J. Child Right, pp. 483-499.Lee, Yanghee (2013). Address: Creating New Futures for All Children: The Promise of International Human Rights Law, 20 Australian International Law, pp. 3-16. Lopatka, Adam (1999). The Convention on the Rights of the Child: Universal Dilemmas, An Essay, 21 Whittier L. Rev. pp. 83-93.Lundy, Laura. Kilkelly, Ursula & Byrne, Bronagh (2013). Incorporation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in Law: A Comparative Review, 21Int’l J. Children’s Rts, pp. 442-463.Mechlem, Kerstin (2009). Treaty Bodies and the Interpretation of Human Rights, 42 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, pp. 905-947.Mercer, Kathryn L. (Winter, 1998). A Content Analysis of Judicial Decision-Making: How Judges Use the Primary Caretaker Standard to Make a Custody Determination, 5 Wm.& Mary J. Women & L., pp. 1-148. Miles, Joanna (2002). Mind the Gap…Child Protection, Statutory Interpretation and the Human Rights Act, 61(3) C.L.J., pp. 533-537.Nicol, Danny (Win. 2006). Law and Politics after the Human Rights Act, P.L., pp.722-751.Peskind, Steven N. (2005). Determining the Undeterminable: The Best Interest of the Child Standard as an Imperfect but Necessary Guidepost to Determine Child Custody, 25 N. Ill. U. L. Rev., pp. 449-481.Potter, Mark (2008). The Voice of the Child: Children’s “rights” in Family Proceedings, 2 The Family in Law, available at http://www.mishpat.ac.il/files/650/2911/3605/3606.pdf.Robert Mnook (1975). Child Custody Adjudication: Judicial Functions in the Face of Indeterminacy, 39 L. Contemp. Probs., pp. 226-293.Rodham, Hilary (1973). 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The Human Rights Act – Ten Years On, 6 E.H.R.L.R., pp.576-581.Tapp P. (2006). Judges are Human Too: Conversations Between the Judge and a Child as a Means of Giving Effect to Section 6 of the Care of Children Act 2004, 35 New Zealand Law Review, pp. 35-74.Turner, Catherine (2011). Human Rights and the Empire of International Law, 29 Lw & Inequality, pp.313-341.Vick, Douglas W. (2002). The Human Rights Act and the British Constitution, 37(2) Tex. Int`l L.J., pp. 329-372.Weisburd, A. Mark (2005). Roper and the Use of International Sources, 45 Va. J. Int’l L., pp. 789-798. Wright, Jane (Jul. 2009). Interpreting Section 2 of the Human Rights Act 1998: Towards an Indigenous Jurisprudence of Human Rights, P.L., pp. 595-616.Young, Alison L.(Oct. 2011). Is Dialogue Working Under the Human Rights Act 1998? P.L., pp. 337-800.(四)研究報告Alston, Philip & Tobin, John (Nov 2005). Laying the Foundations for Children’s Rights, UNICEF, available at https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/ii_layingthefoundations.pdf. Blake, Conway (2008). Normative Instruments in International Human Rights Law: Locating the General Comment (Ctr. for Human Rights & Global Justice, Working Paper No. 17, 2008).Child Rights International Network (CRIN). Access to Justice for Children: France, Child Rights International Network, https://www.crin.org/en/home/law/access,https://www.crin.org/sites/default/files/ france_access_to_justice_sept2015_0.pdfChild Rights International Network (CRIN), Access to Justice for Children: Germany, Child Rights International Network, https://www.crin.org/en/home/law/access.Child Rights International Network (CRIN), Access to justice for children: a comparative analysis of 197 countries, https://www.crin.org/en/home/law/access.Child Rights International Network (CRIN), Rights, Remedies & Representation: Global Report on Access to Justice for Children, 2016, available at https://www.crin.org/sites/default/files/crin_a2j_global_report_final_1.pdfPeters, Jean Koh (2005). How Children Are Heard in Child Protective Proceedings, in the United States and Around the World in 2005: Survey Findings, Initial Observations, and Areas for Further Study, Yale Law School Faculty Scholarship Series, available at http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3181&context=f ss_papers.UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre (2006). The General Measures of the Convention on the Rights of the Child – The Process in Europe and Central Asia, available at http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/415.UNICEF Innocenti Research Search Centre (2007), Law Reform and Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, available at http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/493. (五)聯合國官方文件U.N. Committee on the Rights of the Child, _______ General Comment No. 1 (2003) on Article 29: the aims of education._______ General Comment No. 5 (2003) on “General Measures of implementation for the Convention on the Rights of the Child (arts. 4, 42 and 44, para. 6). ______ General Comment No. 7 (2005)on implementing child rights in early childhood. ______ General Comment No. 10, Children’s Rights in Juvenile Justice (2007).______ General Comment No. 12 (2009) on the right of the child to be heard.______ General Comment No. 13 (2011): The right of the child to freedom from all forms of violence.______ General comment No. 14 (2013) on the right of the child to have his or her best interests taken as a primary consideration._______ Concluding Observations: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – Overseas Territories CRC/C/15/Add.135 (2000).Human Rights Committee_______ General Comment No. 6 (1982): Right to life_______ General Comment No. 18 (1989): Non-discriminationThe Secretary General (1949), The Main Types and Causes of Discrimination: Memorandum (UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/40/Rev.1, 1949),(六)其他德國聯邦外交部(Auswärtiges Amt)網站資料,Children’s Rights in the United Nations, Federal Foreign Office, http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/EN/Aussenpolitik/Menschenrechte/Kinderrecht eVN_node.htmlGainborough, Jenni & Lean, Elisabeth (2008), Convention on the Rights of the Child and Juvenile Justice, available at http://www.cwla.org/programs/juvenilejustice/thelink2008summer.pdf.Secretary of State for the Home Department by Command of Her Majesty, Presented to Parliament, The Rights Brought Home: The Human Rights Bill, Command Paper No. Cm 3782 (“White Paper”), para. 1.2 (October 1997), https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-human-rights-bill.UK Ministry of Justice (2014), Responding to Human Rights Judgments: Report to the Joint Committee Human Rights on the Government Response to Human Rights Judgments 2013-2014 (cm 8962) . zh_TW