1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. Publications
  3. College of Science
  4. Theses
  5. Item

Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 社交拒絕的合理性無法讓人做出利社會行為 : 一個被拒絕後群眾的利社會行為研究
Rejected people would not be nice because of legitimacy : an examination of individuals’ prosocial responses after rejected
作者 吳希彥
Ng, Hei Yin
貢獻者 鍾昆原<br>郭建志
Jone, Kuen Yung<br>Kuo, Chien Chih
吳希彥
Ng, Hei Yin
關鍵詞 Social rejection
Ostracism
Legitimacy
Prosocial response
Ingratiation
日期 2017
上傳時間 2-Feb-2018 11:22:10 (UTC+8)
摘要 Interpersonal rejection deeply affects individuals and yet individuals are often unable to avoid it in their daily lives. Although many studies have illustrated the rejected individuals’ aggression and avoidance mechanism, the evidence regarding prosocial behavior is mixed (Twenge, Baumeister, DeWall, Ciarocco, & Bartels, 2007; Williams & Sommer, 1997). The current article tests 1) whether prosocial responses are possible after rejected, and 2) whether legitimacy of rejection predict individuals’ prosocial responses after rejected. That is, if the rejected individuals perceived rejection to be legitimate, they may ingratiate their rejecters to regain interpersonal acceptance. Conversely, if the rejected individuals perceived rejection to be illegitimate, they may stop behave prosocially for a fruitless outcome. In Study 1, one hundred and twenty-two participants were interpersonally rejected by different reasons varying in the levels of legitimacy. It was found that the rejected individuals, regardless of the legitimacy of rejections, showed similar levels of prosocial responses. In Study 2, one hundred and four participants were interpersonally rejected to replicate the finding of Study 1. The results of both studies suggested that the rejected individuals may not be reasoned with legitimacy and legitimate rejection did not elicited more prosocial responses. Additionally, personality traits appeared to be the more promising predictors of prosocial responses.
參考文獻 Abrams, D., Hogg, M. A., & Marques, J. M. (2005). A social psychological framework for understanding social inclusion and exclusion. In D. Abrams, M. A. Hogg & J. M. Marques (Eds.), The social psychology of inclusion and exclusion (pp. 1-24). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Ayduk, O., Downey, G., Testa, A., Yen, Y., & Shoda, Y. (1999). Does rejection elicit hostility in rejection sensitive women? Social Cognition, 17(2), 245-271.
Ayduk, O., Gyurak, A., & Luerssen, A. (2008). Individual differences in the rejection-aggression link in the hot sauce paradigm: The case of rejection sensitivity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(3), 775-782. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2007.07.004
Ayduk, O., Mendoza-Denton, R., Mischel, W., Downey, G., Peake, P. K., & Rodriguez, M. (2000). Regulating the interpersonal self: Strategic self-regulation for coping with rejection sensitivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 776-792.
Baker, L. R., & McNulty, J. K. (2013). When low self-esteem encourages behaviors that risk rejection to increase interdependence: The role of relational self-construal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(6), 995-1018. doi: 10.1037/a0032137
Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7(2), 147-178.
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226-244.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss Vol 2: Separation anxiety and anger. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Branscombe, N. R. (1998). Thinking about one`s gender group`s privileges or disadvantages: Consequences for well‐being in women and men. British Journal of Social Psychology, 37(2), 167-184.
Chen, S. F. (2008). The correlation between attachment relationship, rejection sensitivity and ambiguous information processing in college students. (Unpublished master`s thesis). National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan.
Chien, C. L. (2002). Self-construals and Subjective Well-being: The Roles of Self-esteem and Fitting Harmony. (Unpublished master`s thesis). National Chengchi University, Taiwan.
Cialdini, R. B., & Goldstein, N. J. (2004). Social influence: Compliance and conformity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 591-621.
Costa, P., & McCrae, R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Deutsch, M., & Gerard, H. B. (1955). A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51(3), 629-636.
DeWall, C. N., Maner, J. K., & Rouby, D. A. (2009). Social exclusion and early-stage interpersonal perception: Selective attention to signs of acceptance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(4), 729-741.
Downey, G., Bonica, C., & Rincon, C. (1999). Rejection sensitivity and conflict in adolescent romantic relationships. In W. Furman, B. Brown & C. Feiring (Eds.), The development of adolescent romantic relationships (pp. 148–174). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Downey, G., & Feldman, S. I. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1327-1343.
Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Gardner, W. L., Pickett, C. L., & Brewer, M. B. (2000). Social exclusion and selective memory: How the need to belong influences memory for social events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 486-496.
Guthrie, D. (1998). The declining significance of guanxi in China`s economic transition. The China Quarterly, 154, 254-282.
Ho, S. T., Hsu, C. P., Wang, C. J. O., Shieh, J. Y., Chen, C. H., Lin, C. H., & Chang, S. Y. (2004). Future direction of medical education reform in Taiwan. Jorunal of Medical Education, 8(1), 18-30.
Hutchison, P., Abrams, D., & Christian, J. (2007). The social psychology of exclusion. In D. Abrams, J. Christian & G. David (Eds.), Multidisciplinary Handbook of Social Exclusion Research (pp. 29-57). West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons.
Lee, D. Y., & Dawes, P. L. (2005). Guanxi, trust, and long-term orientation in Chinese business markets. Journal of International Marketing, 13(2), 28-56.
Liu, M. F. (2007). The effect of social desirability on the validity of self-report personality scales. (Unpublished master`s thesis). Chung Yuan Christian University, Taiwan.
Liu, R. J. (1999). Self focused attention in depression and social anxiety: Tendency, duration and flexibility. (Unpublished master`s thesis). National Taiwan Universaity, Taiwan.
Maslow, A. H. (1968). Toward a psychology of being. New York, NY: Van Nostrand.
Millington, A., Eberhardt, M., & Wilkinson, B. (2006). Guanxi and supplier search mechanisms in China. Human Relations, 59(4), 505-531.
Porter, C. O., Hollenbeck, J. R., Ilgen, D. R., Ellis, A. P., West, B. J., & Moon, H. (2003). Backing up behaviors in teams: The role of personality and legitimacy of need. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3), 391-403.
Romero-Canyas, R., Downey, G., Berenson, K., Ayduk, O., & Kang, N. J. (2010). Rejection sensitivity and the rejection-hostility link in romantic relationships. Journal of Personality, 78(1), 119-148. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00611.x
Romero-Canyas, R., Downey, G., Reddy, K. S., Rodriguez, S., Cavanaugh, T. J., & Pelayo, R. (2010). Paying to belong: When does rejection trigger ingratiation? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(5), 802-823. doi: 10.1037/a0020013
Singelis, T. M. (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(5), 580-591. doi: 10.1177/0146167294205014
Smith, E. R., Jackson, J. W., & Sparks, C. W. (2003). Effects of inequality and reasons for inequality on group identification and cooperation in social dilemmas. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6(2), 201-220.
Teng, C. I., Tseng, H. M., Li, I. C., & Yu, C. S. (2011). International English Big-Five Mini-Markers: Development of the traditional Chinese version. Journal of Management, 28(6), 579-615. doi: 10.6504/JOM.2011.28.06.04
Teng, M. H., & Chang, S. H. (2006). A hierarchical model for the comorbidity of GAD and depressive disorder. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 48(2), 203 - 218.
Thompson, E. R. (2008). Development and validation of an international English Big-Five Mini-Markers. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(6), 542-548. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.013
Tiedens, L. Z. (2001). The effect of anger on the hostile inferences of aggressive and nonaggressive people: Specific emotions, cognitive processing, and chronic accessibility. Motivation and Emotion, 25(3), 233-251.
Tsui, A. S., & Farh, J. L. L. (1997). Where guanxi matters: Relational demography and guanxi in the Chinese context. Work and Occupations, 24(1), 56-79.
Twenge, J. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2005). Social exclusion increases aggression and self-defeating behavior while reducing intelligent thought and prosocial behavior. In D. Abrams, M. A. Hogg & J. M. Marques (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Inclusion and Exclusion (pp. 27-46). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Ciarocco, N. J., & Bartels, J. M. (2007). Social exclusion decreases prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(1), 56-66. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.56
Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Stucke, T. S. (2001). If you can`t join them, beat them: Effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 1058-1069. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1058
Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2003). “Isn’t it fun to get the respect that we’re going to deserve?” Narcissism, social rejection, and aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(2), 261-272.
Tyler, T. R. (2006). Psychological perspectives on legitimacy and legitimation. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 375-400.
Wang, C. F. (1995). Path model for love relationships of college students in Taiwan. (Unpublished doctorial thesis). National Changhua University of Education, Taiwan.
Warburton, W. A., & Williams, K. D. (2005). When competing motivations collide. In J. P. Forgas, K. D. Williams & S. D. Laham (Eds.), Social motivation: Conscious and unconscious processes (pp. 294-313). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Warburton, W. A., Williams, K. D., & Cairns, D. R. (2006). When ostracism leads to aggression: The moderating effects of control deprivation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(2), 213-220.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(4), 448-457.
Wei, S. L., Hou, S. M., & Yang, M. C. (2005). Academic performance of National Taiwan University medical students from diversified college entrance systems. Journal of Medical Education, 9(3), 262-271.
Williams, K. D. (1997). Social Ostracism. In R. Kowalski (Ed.), Aversive interpersonal behaviors (pp. 133-170). New York, NY: Springer US.
Williams, K. D. (2007). Ostracism. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 425-452. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641
Williams, K. D., Cheung, C. K. T., & Choi, W. (2000). Cyberostracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 748-762.
Williams, K. D., & Sommer, K. L. (1997). Social ostracism by coworkers: Does rejection lead to loafing or compensation? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(7), 693-706.
Wong, Y. J., Owen, J., & Shea, M. (2012). A latent class regression analysis of men`s conformity to masculine norms and psychological distress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(1), 176-183.
Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Nesdale, D. (2013). Anxious and angry rejection sensitivity, social withdrawal, and retribution in high and low ambiguous situations. Journal of Personality, 81(1), 29-38. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00792.x
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學系
101752018
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1017520181
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 鍾昆原<br>郭建志zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Jone, Kuen Yung<br>Kuo, Chien Chihen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 吳希彥zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Ng, Hei Yinen_US
dc.creator (作者) 吳希彥zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Ng, Hei Yinen_US
dc.date (日期) 2017en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Feb-2018 11:22:10 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Feb-2018 11:22:10 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Feb-2018 11:22:10 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1017520181en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/115746-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 心理學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101752018zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Interpersonal rejection deeply affects individuals and yet individuals are often unable to avoid it in their daily lives. Although many studies have illustrated the rejected individuals’ aggression and avoidance mechanism, the evidence regarding prosocial behavior is mixed (Twenge, Baumeister, DeWall, Ciarocco, & Bartels, 2007; Williams & Sommer, 1997). The current article tests 1) whether prosocial responses are possible after rejected, and 2) whether legitimacy of rejection predict individuals’ prosocial responses after rejected. That is, if the rejected individuals perceived rejection to be legitimate, they may ingratiate their rejecters to regain interpersonal acceptance. Conversely, if the rejected individuals perceived rejection to be illegitimate, they may stop behave prosocially for a fruitless outcome. In Study 1, one hundred and twenty-two participants were interpersonally rejected by different reasons varying in the levels of legitimacy. It was found that the rejected individuals, regardless of the legitimacy of rejections, showed similar levels of prosocial responses. In Study 2, one hundred and four participants were interpersonally rejected to replicate the finding of Study 1. The results of both studies suggested that the rejected individuals may not be reasoned with legitimacy and legitimate rejection did not elicited more prosocial responses. Additionally, personality traits appeared to be the more promising predictors of prosocial responses.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Table of contents
Cover page 1
Table of contents 2
Abstract 4
Why do threats to need for belonging not always lead to prosocial behavior? 8
Legitimacy and prosocial behavior 10
Legitimacy in interpersonal rejection 11
The current article 13
Study 1 15
Method 17
Results 24
Discussion 28
Study 2 31
Method 32
Results 36
Discussion 41
General Discussion 43
The problem of prosocial behavior research 46
References 51
Table 1: Mean, SD, reliabilities and the correlation matrix of Study 1 55
Table 2: Mean, SD, reliabilities and the correlation matrix of Study 2 56
Table 3: The regression results of participants’ personality traits on ingratiation intention and prosocial behaviors in Study 1 58
Table 4: The regression results of participants’ personality traits on ingratiation intention and prosocial behaviors in Study 2 59
Figure 1: The theoretical model of this article 61
Figure 2: The Ingratiation behavior levels of the legitimately and illegitimately rejected individuals in Study 1 62
Figure 3: The Ingratiation intention levels of the legitimately and illegitimately rejected individuals in Study 1 63
Figure 4: The Ingratiation behavior levels of the legitimately and illegitimately rejected individuals in Study 2 64
Figure 5: The Ingratiation intention levels of the legitimately and illegitimately rejected individuals in Study 2 65
Appendix A: Questionnaire used in Session 1 of Study 1 66
Appendix B: Questionnaire used in Session 2 of Study 1 74
Appendix C: Questionnaire used in Session 1 of Study 2 80
Appendix D: Questionnaire used in Session 2 of Study 2 91
Appendix E: Partners’ profile in Study 1 and Study 2 99		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1707228 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1017520181en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Social rejectionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Ostracismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Legitimacyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Prosocial responseen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Ingratiationen_US
dc.title (題名) 社交拒絕的合理性無法讓人做出利社會行為 : 一個被拒絕後群眾的利社會行為研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Rejected people would not be nice because of legitimacy : an examination of individuals’ prosocial responses after rejecteden_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abrams, D., Hogg, M. A., & Marques, J. M. (2005). A social psychological framework for understanding social inclusion and exclusion. In D. Abrams, M. A. Hogg & J. M. Marques (Eds.), The social psychology of inclusion and exclusion (pp. 1-24). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Ayduk, O., Downey, G., Testa, A., Yen, Y., & Shoda, Y. (1999). Does rejection elicit hostility in rejection sensitive women? Social Cognition, 17(2), 245-271.
Ayduk, O., Gyurak, A., & Luerssen, A. (2008). Individual differences in the rejection-aggression link in the hot sauce paradigm: The case of rejection sensitivity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(3), 775-782. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2007.07.004
Ayduk, O., Mendoza-Denton, R., Mischel, W., Downey, G., Peake, P. K., & Rodriguez, M. (2000). Regulating the interpersonal self: Strategic self-regulation for coping with rejection sensitivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 776-792.
Baker, L. R., & McNulty, J. K. (2013). When low self-esteem encourages behaviors that risk rejection to increase interdependence: The role of relational self-construal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(6), 995-1018. doi: 10.1037/a0032137
Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7(2), 147-178.
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226-244.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss Vol 2: Separation anxiety and anger. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Branscombe, N. R. (1998). Thinking about one`s gender group`s privileges or disadvantages: Consequences for well‐being in women and men. British Journal of Social Psychology, 37(2), 167-184.
Chen, S. F. (2008). The correlation between attachment relationship, rejection sensitivity and ambiguous information processing in college students. (Unpublished master`s thesis). National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan.
Chien, C. L. (2002). Self-construals and Subjective Well-being: The Roles of Self-esteem and Fitting Harmony. (Unpublished master`s thesis). National Chengchi University, Taiwan.
Cialdini, R. B., & Goldstein, N. J. (2004). Social influence: Compliance and conformity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 591-621.
Costa, P., & McCrae, R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Deutsch, M., & Gerard, H. B. (1955). A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51(3), 629-636.
DeWall, C. N., Maner, J. K., & Rouby, D. A. (2009). Social exclusion and early-stage interpersonal perception: Selective attention to signs of acceptance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(4), 729-741.
Downey, G., Bonica, C., & Rincon, C. (1999). Rejection sensitivity and conflict in adolescent romantic relationships. In W. Furman, B. Brown & C. Feiring (Eds.), The development of adolescent romantic relationships (pp. 148–174). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Downey, G., & Feldman, S. I. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1327-1343.
Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Gardner, W. L., Pickett, C. L., & Brewer, M. B. (2000). Social exclusion and selective memory: How the need to belong influences memory for social events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 486-496.
Guthrie, D. (1998). The declining significance of guanxi in China`s economic transition. The China Quarterly, 154, 254-282.
Ho, S. T., Hsu, C. P., Wang, C. J. O., Shieh, J. Y., Chen, C. H., Lin, C. H., & Chang, S. Y. (2004). Future direction of medical education reform in Taiwan. Jorunal of Medical Education, 8(1), 18-30.
Hutchison, P., Abrams, D., & Christian, J. (2007). The social psychology of exclusion. In D. Abrams, J. Christian & G. David (Eds.), Multidisciplinary Handbook of Social Exclusion Research (pp. 29-57). West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons.
Lee, D. Y., & Dawes, P. L. (2005). Guanxi, trust, and long-term orientation in Chinese business markets. Journal of International Marketing, 13(2), 28-56.
Liu, M. F. (2007). The effect of social desirability on the validity of self-report personality scales. (Unpublished master`s thesis). Chung Yuan Christian University, Taiwan.
Liu, R. J. (1999). Self focused attention in depression and social anxiety: Tendency, duration and flexibility. (Unpublished master`s thesis). National Taiwan Universaity, Taiwan.
Maslow, A. H. (1968). Toward a psychology of being. New York, NY: Van Nostrand.
Millington, A., Eberhardt, M., & Wilkinson, B. (2006). Guanxi and supplier search mechanisms in China. Human Relations, 59(4), 505-531.
Porter, C. O., Hollenbeck, J. R., Ilgen, D. R., Ellis, A. P., West, B. J., & Moon, H. (2003). Backing up behaviors in teams: The role of personality and legitimacy of need. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3), 391-403.
Romero-Canyas, R., Downey, G., Berenson, K., Ayduk, O., & Kang, N. J. (2010). Rejection sensitivity and the rejection-hostility link in romantic relationships. Journal of Personality, 78(1), 119-148. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00611.x
Romero-Canyas, R., Downey, G., Reddy, K. S., Rodriguez, S., Cavanaugh, T. J., & Pelayo, R. (2010). Paying to belong: When does rejection trigger ingratiation? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(5), 802-823. doi: 10.1037/a0020013
Singelis, T. M. (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(5), 580-591. doi: 10.1177/0146167294205014
Smith, E. R., Jackson, J. W., & Sparks, C. W. (2003). Effects of inequality and reasons for inequality on group identification and cooperation in social dilemmas. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6(2), 201-220.
Teng, C. I., Tseng, H. M., Li, I. C., & Yu, C. S. (2011). International English Big-Five Mini-Markers: Development of the traditional Chinese version. Journal of Management, 28(6), 579-615. doi: 10.6504/JOM.2011.28.06.04
Teng, M. H., & Chang, S. H. (2006). A hierarchical model for the comorbidity of GAD and depressive disorder. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 48(2), 203 - 218.
Thompson, E. R. (2008). Development and validation of an international English Big-Five Mini-Markers. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(6), 542-548. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.013
Tiedens, L. Z. (2001). The effect of anger on the hostile inferences of aggressive and nonaggressive people: Specific emotions, cognitive processing, and chronic accessibility. Motivation and Emotion, 25(3), 233-251.
Tsui, A. S., & Farh, J. L. L. (1997). Where guanxi matters: Relational demography and guanxi in the Chinese context. Work and Occupations, 24(1), 56-79.
Twenge, J. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2005). Social exclusion increases aggression and self-defeating behavior while reducing intelligent thought and prosocial behavior. In D. Abrams, M. A. Hogg & J. M. Marques (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Inclusion and Exclusion (pp. 27-46). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Ciarocco, N. J., & Bartels, J. M. (2007). Social exclusion decreases prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(1), 56-66. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.56
Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Stucke, T. S. (2001). If you can`t join them, beat them: Effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 1058-1069. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1058
Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2003). “Isn’t it fun to get the respect that we’re going to deserve?” Narcissism, social rejection, and aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(2), 261-272.
Tyler, T. R. (2006). Psychological perspectives on legitimacy and legitimation. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 375-400.
Wang, C. F. (1995). Path model for love relationships of college students in Taiwan. (Unpublished doctorial thesis). National Changhua University of Education, Taiwan.
Warburton, W. A., & Williams, K. D. (2005). When competing motivations collide. In J. P. Forgas, K. D. Williams & S. D. Laham (Eds.), Social motivation: Conscious and unconscious processes (pp. 294-313). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Warburton, W. A., Williams, K. D., & Cairns, D. R. (2006). When ostracism leads to aggression: The moderating effects of control deprivation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(2), 213-220.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(4), 448-457.
Wei, S. L., Hou, S. M., & Yang, M. C. (2005). Academic performance of National Taiwan University medical students from diversified college entrance systems. Journal of Medical Education, 9(3), 262-271.
Williams, K. D. (1997). Social Ostracism. In R. Kowalski (Ed.), Aversive interpersonal behaviors (pp. 133-170). New York, NY: Springer US.
Williams, K. D. (2007). Ostracism. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 425-452. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641
Williams, K. D., Cheung, C. K. T., & Choi, W. (2000). Cyberostracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 748-762.
Williams, K. D., & Sommer, K. L. (1997). Social ostracism by coworkers: Does rejection lead to loafing or compensation? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(7), 693-706.
Wong, Y. J., Owen, J., & Shea, M. (2012). A latent class regression analysis of men`s conformity to masculine norms and psychological distress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(1), 176-183.
Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Nesdale, D. (2013). Anxious and angry rejection sensitivity, social withdrawal, and retribution in high and low ambiguous situations. Journal of Personality, 81(1), 29-38. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00792.x		zh_TW