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題名 台灣中學生英語感謝行為之研究
Investigating Interlanguage Thanking Behavior of High School Students in Taiwan
作者 盧蔚葶
Lu, Wei Ting
貢獻者 余明忠
Yu, Ming Chung
盧蔚葶
Lu, Wei Ting
關鍵詞 中介語
感謝行為
Interlanguage
Thanking behavior
日期 2014
上傳時間 2-二月-2018 11:57:51 (UTC+8)
摘要 表達感謝是人際關係裡最重要的語言功能之一。能夠在英語的環境裡適當地表達感謝對語言學習者來說是相當重要的語言行為。本研究旨在探討中美文化差異對感謝行為的影響以及中文母語文化對外語學習的影響。受試者分為三組：其中兩組為分別以英語和中文為母語的青少年，另一組為英語程度較佳且學習階段為國中的台灣英語學習者。在挑選受試者時，先讓受試者寫一份閱讀測驗，以區分英語能力的高低。向受試者蒐集感謝行為資料的工具為「言談情境填充問卷」。本研究同時使用量化及質化分析來比較兩組母語受試者的感謝行為表現並進一步檢視台灣英語學習者是否已學會使用英語感謝行為的語用規範。
本研究結果顯示：英語為母語者最常使用直接、明確的感謝策略，而最少使用間接的感謝策略如道歉及不作回應；中文為母語者則使用較多的間接感謝策略。然而，台灣英語學習者經歷語用失敗，並將中文的語用規範移轉到英語感謝行為。此外，教學誘發的失誤以及使用過多文字也導致英語學習者的感謝行為偏離英語語用規範。有鑑於此，本研究建議語言教學者應該幫助英語學習者將注意力放在文化差異對語言表達的影響，以提高他們的語用覺察。
Thanking is one of the most important language functions in interpersonal relationships. It is also important for language learners to appropriately express gratitude in the target culture. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the expressions of gratitude by native American English speakers (NSE) and native Chinese speakers (NSC) and examine whether Taiwanese EFL adolescents had achieved native-like performance in L2 thanking. The American participants were teenagers in the United States. The EFL learners were given a reading test from the GEPT first in order to distinguish native Chinese speakers from EFL learners. Then, a discourse completion test (DCT) was administered to all three groups: English version for the NSE and EFL learners, and the Chinese version the NSC. The quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed to compare both native groups’ thanking performance and further determine if EFL learners had approximated the pragmatic norms of the target language.
The results showed that NSE employed explicit thanking strategies most often, but apology and ‘others’ strategies and opt-out the least often. In contrast, NSC employed indirect thanking strategies such as apology and ‘others’ strategies more frequently than their American counterparts. However, the EFL learners had experienced pragmatic failure, transferring thanking strategies from L1 pragmatic norms to English. In addition, teaching-induced errors and waffle phenomenon were responsible for the learners’ deviations from native English norms. It is suggested that language teachers may help learners develop cultural awareness by drawing their attention to the similarities and differences between thanking behavior in one’s native culture and the target culture.
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Bardovi-Harlig, K., Rose, M., & Nickels, E. L. (2007). The use of conventional expressions of thanking, apologizing, and refusing. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2007 Second Language Research Forum.
Barron, A. (2003). Acquisition in interlanguage pragmatics: Learning how to do things with words in a study abroad context (Vol. 108): John Benjamins Publishing.
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Beebe, L. M., Takahashi, T., & Uliss-Weltz, R. (1990). Pragmatic transfer in ESL refusals. In R. C. Scarcella, E. S. Andersen & S. D. Krashen (Eds.), Developing communicative competence in a second language (pp. 40-67): Boston, Mass. : Heinle & Heinle Publishers.
Bello, R. S., Brandau-Brown, F. E., Zhang, S., & Ragsdale, J. D. (2010). Verbal and nonverbal methods for expressing appreciation in friendships and romantic relationships: A cross-cultural comparison. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34, 294-302.
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Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989). Cross-cultural pragmatics : requests and apologies. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex.
Blum-Kulka, S., & Olshtain, E. (1986). Too Many Words: Length of Utterance and Pragmatic Failure. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 8, 165-179.
Brislin, R. W., Lonner, W. J., & Thorndike, R. M. (1973). Cross-cultural research methods. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness : some universals in language usage. Cambridge, U.K. ; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Chang, C.-Y. (2008). An Interlanguage Study of Chinese EFL Students` Expressions of Gratitude. Unpublished master thesis, National Sun Yat-sen University.
Chen, J. (1991). Thanking in Chinese. Language planning, 12, 30-31.
Cheng, S. W. (2006). An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study of Interlanguage Pragmatic Development of Expressions of Gratitude by Chinese Learners of English. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa.
Clankie, S. M. (1993). The Use of Expressions of Gratitude in English by Japanese and American University Students. Journal of Inquiry and Research, 58, 37-71.
Clyne, M., Ball, M., & Neil, D. (1991). Intercultural communication at work in Australia: Complaints and apologies in turns. Multilingua, 10, 251-274.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英語教學碩士在職專班
96951011
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096951011
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 余明忠zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Yu, Ming Chungen_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 盧蔚葶zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Lu, Wei Tingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 盧蔚葶zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lu, Wei Tingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2014en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-二月-2018 11:57:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-二月-2018 11:57:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-二月-2018 11:57:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0096951011en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/115769-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 英語教學碩士在職專班zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 96951011zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 表達感謝是人際關係裡最重要的語言功能之一。能夠在英語的環境裡適當地表達感謝對語言學習者來說是相當重要的語言行為。本研究旨在探討中美文化差異對感謝行為的影響以及中文母語文化對外語學習的影響。受試者分為三組：其中兩組為分別以英語和中文為母語的青少年，另一組為英語程度較佳且學習階段為國中的台灣英語學習者。在挑選受試者時，先讓受試者寫一份閱讀測驗，以區分英語能力的高低。向受試者蒐集感謝行為資料的工具為「言談情境填充問卷」。本研究同時使用量化及質化分析來比較兩組母語受試者的感謝行為表現並進一步檢視台灣英語學習者是否已學會使用英語感謝行為的語用規範。
本研究結果顯示：英語為母語者最常使用直接、明確的感謝策略，而最少使用間接的感謝策略如道歉及不作回應；中文為母語者則使用較多的間接感謝策略。然而，台灣英語學習者經歷語用失敗，並將中文的語用規範移轉到英語感謝行為。此外，教學誘發的失誤以及使用過多文字也導致英語學習者的感謝行為偏離英語語用規範。有鑑於此，本研究建議語言教學者應該幫助英語學習者將注意力放在文化差異對語言表達的影響，以提高他們的語用覺察。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Thanking is one of the most important language functions in interpersonal relationships. It is also important for language learners to appropriately express gratitude in the target culture. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the expressions of gratitude by native American English speakers (NSE) and native Chinese speakers (NSC) and examine whether Taiwanese EFL adolescents had achieved native-like performance in L2 thanking. The American participants were teenagers in the United States. The EFL learners were given a reading test from the GEPT first in order to distinguish native Chinese speakers from EFL learners. Then, a discourse completion test (DCT) was administered to all three groups: English version for the NSE and EFL learners, and the Chinese version the NSC. The quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed to compare both native groups’ thanking performance and further determine if EFL learners had approximated the pragmatic norms of the target language.
The results showed that NSE employed explicit thanking strategies most often, but apology and ‘others’ strategies and opt-out the least often. In contrast, NSC employed indirect thanking strategies such as apology and ‘others’ strategies more frequently than their American counterparts. However, the EFL learners had experienced pragmatic failure, transferring thanking strategies from L1 pragmatic norms to English. In addition, teaching-induced errors and waffle phenomenon were responsible for the learners’ deviations from native English norms. It is suggested that language teachers may help learners develop cultural awareness by drawing their attention to the similarities and differences between thanking behavior in one’s native culture and the target culture.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgments iii
Chinese Abstract xi
English Abstract xiii
Chapter One：Introduction 1
Background 1
Purpose of the Study 3
Chapter Two：Literature Review 5
Speech Act Theory 5
Politeness Theory 7
Cultural Variability 11
Individualism and Collectivism 11
Independent and Interdependent Construal of Self 12
Low-context and High-context Cultures 13
Pragmatic Transfer 14
Speech Act of Thanking 16
Thanking in American English 17
Thanking in Chinese 18
Related studies on the speech act of thanking 19
Research questions 23
Chapter Three：Methodology 25
Participants 25
Instrument 26
Procedure 31
Data Analysis 32
Coding Scheme 32
Quantitative Analysis 38
Qualitative analysis 38
Reliability of Coding 39
Chapter Four：Results 41
Quantitative Analysis 41
Qualitative Analysis 44
Thanking Strategies 44
Apology Strategies 48
‘Others’ Strategies 49
Opt Out 50
Chapter Five：Discussion 53
Comparison with Previous Studies 53
Cross-Cultural Comparison 54
Pragmatic Transfer 58
Pragmalinguistic Failure 59
Waffle Phenomenon 61
Sociopragmatic Failure 62
Chapter Six：Conclusion 65
Summary of the Study 65
Pedagogical Implications 67
Limitations of the Study 68
Suggestions for Future Studies 68
References 69
Appendixes 77
Appendix A The English Version of the Discourse Completion Task 77
Appendix B The English Version of the Information Survey 83
Appendix C The Reading Test 84
Appendix D The Chinese Version of the Discourse Completion Task 91
Appendix E The Chinese Version of the Information Survey 97		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 7803888 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096951011en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中介語zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 感謝行為zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Interlanguageen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Thanking behavioren_US
dc.title (題名) 台灣中學生英語感謝行為之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Investigating Interlanguage Thanking Behavior of High School Students in Taiwanen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Apte, M. L. (1974). "Thank You" and South Asian Languages: a comparative sociolinguistic study. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 3, 67-89.
Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bardovi-Harlig, K., Rose, M., & Nickels, E. L. (2007). The use of conventional expressions of thanking, apologizing, and refusing. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2007 Second Language Research Forum.
Barron, A. (2003). Acquisition in interlanguage pragmatics: Learning how to do things with words in a study abroad context (Vol. 108): John Benjamins Publishing.
Beebe, L. M., & Cummings, M. C. (1996). Natural speech act data versus written questionnaire data: how data collection method affects speech act performance. In S. M. Gass & J. Neu (Eds.), Speech acts across cultures: Challenges to communication in a second language (pp. 65-86).
Beebe, L. M., Takahashi, T., & Uliss-Weltz, R. (1990). Pragmatic transfer in ESL refusals. In R. C. Scarcella, E. S. Andersen & S. D. Krashen (Eds.), Developing communicative competence in a second language (pp. 40-67): Boston, Mass. : Heinle & Heinle Publishers.
Bello, R. S., Brandau-Brown, F. E., Zhang, S., & Ragsdale, J. D. (2010). Verbal and nonverbal methods for expressing appreciation in friendships and romantic relationships: A cross-cultural comparison. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34, 294-302.
Bergman, M. L., & Kasper, G. (1993). Perception and performance in native and nonnative apology. In G. Kasper & S. Blum-Kulka (Eds.), Interlanguage pragmatics (pp. 82-107). New York: Oxford University Press.
Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989). Cross-cultural pragmatics : requests and apologies. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex.
Blum-Kulka, S., & Olshtain, E. (1986). Too Many Words: Length of Utterance and Pragmatic Failure. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 8, 165-179.
Brislin, R. W., Lonner, W. J., & Thorndike, R. M. (1973). Cross-cultural research methods. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness : some universals in language usage. Cambridge, U.K. ; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Chang, C.-Y. (2008). An Interlanguage Study of Chinese EFL Students` Expressions of Gratitude. Unpublished master thesis, National Sun Yat-sen University.
Chen, J. (1991). Thanking in Chinese. Language planning, 12, 30-31.
Cheng, S. W. (2006). An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study of Interlanguage Pragmatic Development of Expressions of Gratitude by Chinese Learners of English. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa.
Clankie, S. M. (1993). The Use of Expressions of Gratitude in English by Japanese and American University Students. Journal of Inquiry and Research, 58, 37-71.
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