Publications-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
Google ScholarTM
NCCU Library
Citation Infomation
Related Publications in TAIR
題名 資訊扭曲在英國選民脫歐抉擇之角色
The Role of Information Distortion in the Brexit Referendum作者 林琮紘
Lin, Tsung Hung貢獻者 盧倩儀
林琮紘
Lin, Tsung Hung關鍵詞 英國脫歐公投
投票抉擇
議題投票行為
資訊扭曲
個體層次分析
Brexit referendum
Voting choice
Issue voting behavior
Information distortion
Micro-level analysis日期 2018 上傳時間 2-Mar-2018 11:54:49 (UTC+8) 摘要 2016年的英國脫歐公投，最終以51.89%比48.11%的差距，決定了英國脫歐的命運。各界紛紛揣測各種可能造成民眾投下脫歐一票的原因，包含個人經濟狀況、政黨認同、受民粹操控、反菁英、對歐洲認同等。本文針對既有研究中尚存在之空缺，聚焦「議題投票取向」對選民投票抉擇的影響，探究脫歐陣營對資訊的扭曲是否對選民的投票抉擇有顯著影響。論文就脫歐派針對國民健保、移民、脫歐後的英國對外經貿、失業率、勞工權益保障與是否能無條件持續享有歐盟單一市場好處這六項議題，透過「二分勝算對數模型」進行分析，從個體層次行為來瞭解資訊扭曲對選民在脫歐公投中投票行為的影響。 研究結果顯示，在移民潮來襲、民眾高喊反全球化與選民不安全感高漲的大環境背景下，脫歐陣營對選民所關心之議題的煽動與對資訊的操控使選民在做出投票抉擇時受到明顯誤導。此外，模型結果亦顯示，選民的個人社經背景與心理態度認知同樣對選民投票行為產生影響。總結而言，本研究透過微觀層次的分析，針對促使選民投下脫歐一票的因素做出深入探討，並以「資訊扭曲」作為重要變數，補充議題投票相關研究之不足。
In the Brexit referendum held in June 2016, 51.89 per cent of the voter voted Leave and 48.11 per cent voted Remain. The result sealed the fate of the UK as an outsider of the European Union. While the reasons behind voter’s choice to leave the EU remain disputed, individual voter’s socio-economic status, party identification, populism, anti-elite mood, and identity toward European were among the most frequently listed factors. In order to fill the gap that existing researchs has left, this thesis focuses on the significance of “issue voting” in voting behavior. It discusses if the distortion of information by the Leave campaign had a significant impact on people’s voting choice. It uses the “logistic regression model” to analyse six issues brought about by the Leave campaign. They include the NHS, immigration, trading arrangements with other nations, unemployment, working conditions for British workers, and unconditional maintaining of all the benefits from the EU. By focusing on the individual level, I try to investigate how the distortion of information has impacted upon people’s voting behavior in the Brexit referendum. The study shows that against the background of an increased flow of immigrants and heightened anti-globalization mood, voters had a strong sense of insecurity. Under such circumstances, the Leave campaign exploited the opportunity to incite voters on issues they cared most about, manipulated information during the demagogic campaign, and misled people on their voting decision. In addition, the model also demonstrates that voters’ socioeconomic status and mental cognizance have the same effect on people’s voting behavior. In the nutshell, this thesis uses micro-level analysis to investigate voter behavior in the Brexit referendum. It brings in “information distortion” as a key variable in explaining voter behavior, a variable largely neglected in the existing literature on issue voting.參考文獻 一、 中文 專書黃紀、王德育，《質變數與受限依變數的迴歸分析》，台北：五南圖書。張台麟、王啟明，2012，《歐洲聯盟推動對外政策的策略與主軸》，台北：國立 政治大學外國語文學院歐洲語文學程。張台麟、趙美盈，2010，《里斯本條約下的歐盟統合願景：持續與轉變》，台北： 國立政治大學外國語文學院歐洲語文學程。張台麟、鄭得興、胡麗燕，2013，《歐洲聯盟推動建構共同對外政策之發展：機 會與挑戰》，台北：國立政治大學外國語文學院歐洲語文學程。張台麟、羅至美、李俊毅，2008，《歐盟統合與里斯本條約》，台北：國立政治 大學外語學院。期刊陳麗娟，2012，〈Solvency II指令：歐盟保險監理趨勢之探討〉，《月旦財經法》， 28：43-74。張台麟，2016，〈英國脫歐後的歐盟政經情勢〉，《展望與探南》，14（8）：40-46。------，2017，〈英國啟動脫歐後對歐盟政經發展之影響〉，《全球政治評論》，58： 1-5。傅恆德，1996，〈決定投票選擇的結構、心理和理性因素：民國八十五年總統選 舉研究〉，《選舉研究》，3(2): 157-186。黃德福、黃靖麟，2006，〈回溯投票或議題投票：2005 年台北縣與高雄縣縣長 選舉之比較分析〉，《選舉研究》，15（1）：19-49。盧倩儀，2014，〈歐債危機之新自由主義根源〉，《政治學報》，58：37-72。網路資源劉祥航，2016，〈各國失業率升高、難民湧入...不只英國，「脫歐情緒」已在全歐 蔓延〉，商周財富網：http://wealth.businessweekly.com.tw/m/GArticle.aspx? id=ARTL000063676，檢索日期：2017年11月6日。二、 英文專書Alvarez, R.M. & Brehm, J. 2002. Hard choices, easy answers. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Baldwin, Richard E.. 2016. Brexit Beckons: Thinking aheadby leading economists. London: CEPR Press.Beyme, Klaus Van. 1985. Political Parties in Western Democracies. New York: St. Martin`s Press.Bowler, S. & Donovan, T. 1998. Demanding choices: Opinion, voting and direct democracy.Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W. E. and Stokes, D. E.. 1960. The American Voter. N. Y.: John Willey & Sons.Clarke, Stephen and Matthew Whittaker. 2016. The Importance of Place: Explaining the Characteristics Underpinning the Brexit Vote Across Different Parts of the UK. London: Resolution Foundation.Dobbs, R. A. Madgavkar, J. Manyika, J. Woetzel, J. Bughin, E. Labaye, and P.Kashyap. 2016. Poorer than their parents? A new perspective on income inequality. London: McKinsey&Company.Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper & Row.Eagly A, Chaiken S. 1993. The psychology of attitudes. FortWorth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Gabel, Matthew J. 1998. Interest and Integration: Market Liberalization, Public Opinion and European Union. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Gans, H.J. 2003. Democracy and the news. New York: Oxford University Press.Glencross, Andrew. 2016. Why the UK voted for Brexit: David Cameron’s Great Miscalculation. London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd.Goodhart, Lucy M. 2015. Industry-Level Protection. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Jolly, Seth. 2017. “Immigrants, Xenophobia, and Euroskepticism: How Population Shifts Contributed to Brexit.” Presented at the conference of the A Diversity of (European) Identities? From the Subnational to the Supranational, Pittsburgh.Key, V.O.. 1966. The Responsible Electorate. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Langella, Monica, and Alan Manning. 2016. Who Voted Leave: The Characteristics of IndividualsMattered, But So Did Those of Local Areas. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.Lazarsfeld Paul, Bernard R. Berelson, and William N. McPhee. 1954. Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Lupia, A. & McCubbins, M.D. 1998. The democratic dilemma: Can citizens learn what they need to know? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Nie, N. H., Verba, S. and Petrocik, J. R.. 1976. The Changing American Voter. Cambridge. Mass.: Harvard University Press.Sunstein, Cass R. 2014. Conspiracy Theories and Other Dangerous Ideas. New York: Simon & Schuster.期刊Allcott, H. and Gentzkow, M. 2017. “Social media and fake news in the 2016 election.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 31(2): 211-236.Ansolabehere, S., & Iyengar, S. 1994. “Riding the Wave and Claming the Ownership over issue.” Public opinion Quarterly 58(3): 335-337.Antonucci, Lorenza, Laszlo Horvath, Yordan Kutiyski, and Andre´ Krouwel. 2017. “The malaise of the squeezed middle: Challenging the narrative of the ‘left behind’ Brexiter.” SAGE journals 21(3): 211-229. Baker, Jessica, Rebecca Piggott, Jack Meaning, Simon Kirby, and Oriol Carreras. 2016. “Modelling events: The short-term economic impact of leaving the EU.” Economic Modelling 58: 339-350.Berinsky AJ. 2015. “Rumors and health care reform: experiments in political misinformation.” British Journal Politic Science: 1–22.Bonikowski, Bart and Noam Gidron. 2016. “The populist style in American politics: Presidential campaign discourse, 1952–1996.” Social Forces 94(4): 1593–1621.Brady, H.E. & Sniderman, P.M. 1985. “Attitude attribution: A group basis for political reasoning.” American Political Science Review 79: 1061–1078.Campbell, Angus, Gerald Gurin, Warren E. Miller. 1954. “The voter decides.” American Political Science Association 49(1): 225-228.Chappell, Sophie Grace. 2016. “Political deliberation under conditions of deception: the case of Brexit.” Cambridge University Press 15(44): 7-13.Daddow Oliver. 2015. “Interpreting the Outsider Tradition in British European Policy Speeches from Thatcher to Cameron.” Journal of Common Market Studies 53(1): 71-88.Damore, D. F. 2004. “The Dynamics of Issue Qwnership in Presidential Campaigns.” Political Research Quarterly 57(3): 391-397.Fischer, Thomas B.. 2016. “Lessons for impact assessment from the UK referendum on BREXIT.” Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 34(3): 183-185.Franklin, M. 2002. “Learning from the Danish case:A comment on Palle Svensson’s critique of the Franklin thesis.” European Journal of Political Research 41: 751–757.Franklin, M., Van der Eijk, C. & Marsh, M. 1995. “Referendum outcomes and trust in government: Public support for Europe in the wake of Maastricht.” West European Politics 18(3): 101–117.Franklin, M., Marsh, M. & Wlezien, C. 1994. “Attitudes toward Europe and referéndum votes:A response to Siune and Svensson.” Electoral Studies 13(2): 117–121.Freeden, Michael. 2017. “After the Brexit referendum: revisiting populism as an ideology.” Journal of Political Ideologies 22(1): 1-11.Gaines BJ, Kuklinski JH, Quirk PJ, Peyton B, Verkuilen J. 2007. “Same facts, different interpretations: partisan motivation and opinion on Iraq.” Journal Politic 69: 957–974.Gabel, M.J., and Palmer, H.D., 1995, “Understanding variation in public support for European integration.” European Journal of Political Research 27: 3–19.Gabel, Matthew. 1998. “Public Support for European Integration: An Empirical Test of Five Theories.” The Journal of Politics 60(2): 333-354.Gerber, A. S., Karlan, D., and Bergan, D. 2009. “Does the media matter? a field experiment measuring the effect of newspapers on voting behavior and political opinions.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 1(2):35– 52.Goldberg, Authur S.. 1966. “Discerning a Causal Pattern Among Data in Voting Behavior.” American Political Science Association 60:913-22.Golder, Matt, and Sona N. Golder. 2016. “Brexit and Beyond: Euroscepticism in a Comparative Perspective.” Comparative Politics Newsletter 26(2): 1-131. Goodwin, Matthew J., and Oliver Heath. 2016b. “The 2016 Referendum, Brexit and the Left Behind: An Aggregate-level Analysis of the Result.” The Political Quarterly 87(3): 323–332.Goodwin, Matthew, and Caitlin Milazzo. 2017. “Taking back control? Investigating the role of immigration in the 2016 vote for Brexit.” Special Issue Article 19(3): 450-464.Goodwin, Matthew, Harold D. Clarke, and Paul Whiteley. 2017. “Why Britain Voted for Brexit: An Individual-Level Analysis of the 2016 Referendum Vote.” Parliamentary Affairs 70: 439-464.Haesly, R.. 2001. “Euroskeptics, Europhiles and Instrumental Europeans: European Attachment in Scotland and Wales.” European Union Politics 2: 81– 102.Hakhverdian, A., Van Elsas, E., Van Der Brug, W., and Kuhn, T.. 2013. “Euroscepticism and education: a longitudinal study of 12 EU member states.” European Union Politics 14(4): 522–41.Harding, Pbil. 2017. “Remember that facts are scared.” British Journalism Review 28(1): 17-22.Hartwig et al.. 1980. "Variability in Electoral Behavior: The 1960,1968 and 1976 Elections." American Journal of Political Science 24:553-558.Hobolt, Sara Binzer. 2005. “When Europe matters: The impact of political information on voting behaviour in EU referéndums.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 15(1): 85-109.------. 2007. “Taking Cues on Europe? Voter competence and party endorsements in referendums on European integration.” European Journal of Political Reasearch 46: 15-182.------. 2016. “The Brexit vote: a divided nation, a divided continent.” Journal of European Public Policy 23(9): 1259-1277.Hooghe Liesbet, and Gary Marks. 2004. “Does Identity or Economic Rationality Drive Public Opinion on European Integration?” Political Science and Politics 37: 415–420.------. 2005. “Calculation, community and cues: Public opinion on European integration.” European Union Politics 6(4): 419-443.Ivarsflaten, Elisabeth. 2016. “Siren Songs: Reflections on Contemporary Populism in Europe’s Old Democracies.” APSA Comparative Politics Newsletter 2(2): 50-52.Jensen Mads Dagnis, and Snaith Holly. 2016. “When politics prevails: the political economy of a Brexit.” Journal of European Public Policy 23(9): 1302-1310.Keen, Steve. 2017. “Trade and the Gains from Diversity: Why Economists Failed to Predict the Consequences of Brexit.” Globolizations 14(6): 803-809.Koch, Insa. 2017. “What`s in a vote? Brexit beyond culture wars.” Journal of the American Ethnological Society 44(2): 225-230.Kuklinski JH, Quirk PJ, Jerit J, Schwieder D, Rich RF. 2000. “Misinformation and the currency of democratic citizenship.” Journal of Politic 62: 790–816.Lau, R.R. & Redlawsk,D.P. 2001. “Advantages and disadvantages of cognitive heuristics in political decision making.” American Journal of Political Science 45(4): 951–971.Li, Quan, and Rafael Reuveny, 2003,” Economic Globalization and Democracy: An Empirical Analysis.” British Journal of Political Science 33(1): 29-54.Meffert MF, Chung S, Joiner AJ,Waks L, Garst J.. 2006. “The effects of negativity and motivated information processing during a political campaign.” Journal Commun 56: 27–51.Morgan, Jamie. 2016. “Brexit: Be Careful What You Wish For?” Globalizations 14(1): 118-126.Nam HH, Jost JT, Bavel JV. 2013. “Not for all the tea in china!’ Political ideology and the avoidance of dissonance-arousing situations.” PLOS ONE 8(4): 1-8.Norpoth, Helmut. 1996. “Presidents and the Prospective Voter.” Journal of Politics 58(3):776-792.Pornpitakpan C.. 2004. “The persuasiveness of source credibility: a critical review of five decades’ evidence.” Journal of Applied Socical Psychology 34: 243–281.Redlawsk DP. 2002. “Hot cognition or cool consideration? Testing the effects of motivated reasoning on political decision making.” Journal of Politic 64: 1021– 1044.Seaton, Jean. 2016. “Brexit and th Media.” The Political Quarterly 87(3): 333-337.Sunstein, Cass R. 2002. “The Law of Group Polarization.” The Journal of Political Philosophy 10(2): 175-195.Swire, B., Berinsky, A., Lewandowsky, and Ecker, U. 2017. “Processing political misinformation: comprehending the trump phenomenon.” Royal Society Open Science 4: 1-21.Tsfati, Yariv. 2010. “Online News Exposure and Trust in the Mainstream Media: Exploring Possible Associations.” SAGE Journals 54(1): 22-42.Tsfati, Yariv, and Joseph N. Cappella. 2003. “Do People watch what they do not trust? Exploring the Association between News Media Skepticism and Exposure” SAGE Journals 30(5): 504-529.Tucker, J.A., Pacek, A.C., and Berinsky, A.J,. 2002. “Transitional winners and losers: attitudes toward EU membership in post-communist countries.” American Journal of Political Science 46(3): 557–571.Vicario, Michela Del, Alessandro Bessi, Fabiana Zollo, Fabio Petroni, Antonio Scala, Guido Caldarelli, H. Eugene Stanley, and Walter Quattrociocchi. 2015. “The spreading of misinformation online.” Current Issue 113(3): 554-559.Vicario, Michela Del, Fabiana Zollo, and Guido Caldarelli, Antonio Scala, and Walter Quattrociocchi. 2017. “Mapping social dynamics on Facebook: The Brexit debate.” Social Networks 50: 6-16.Wells ,Chris, Justin Reedy, John Gastil, and Carolyn Lee. 2009. “Information Distortion and Voting Choices: The Origins and Effects of Factual Beliefs in Initiative Elections.” Political Psychology 30(6): 953-969. Weyland, Kurt. 2001. “Clarifying a contested concept: Populism in the study of Latin American politics.” Comparative Politics 34(1):1–22.網路資源Ashcroft, Lord. 2016. “How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday… and why.” http://lordashcroftpolls.com/2016/06/how-the-united-kingdom-voted-and- why/ (accessed November 7, 2017).Ball James, and Siraj Datoo. 2016. “We Fact-Checked 17 EU Referendum Claims So You Don`t Have To.” https://www.buzzfeed.com/jamesball/are-eu-telling-p orkies?utm_term=.viYVXokk0#.veBjMVAAd (accessed November 9, 2017).Barbara Petrongolo. 2016. “Brexit and the UK labour market.” http://cep.lse.ac. uk/pubs/download/cp478.pdf (accessed September 10, 2017).Barnett, Steven. 2016. “The Tragic Downfall of British Media.” http://foreignpol icy.com/2016/07/08/the-tragic-downfall-of-british-media-tabloids-brexit/ (accessed September 10, 2017).Baron, Martin. 2016. “Martin Baron addresses Temple University graduates.” htt ps://www.washingtonpost.com/pr/wp/2016/05/06/martin-baron-adresses- temple-university-graduates/?utm_term=.326dd4279318 (accessed Octorber 20,2017).Barrera Oscar, Sergei Guriev, Emeric Henry, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya. 2017. “Facts, Alternative Facts, and Fact Checkingin Times of Post-Truth Politics.” https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3004631 (accessed Octorber 20, 2017).BBC. 2013. “Thatcher and her tussles with Europe.” http://www.bbc.com/news/ uk-politics-11598879 (accessed November 9, 2017).------. 2016. “Reality Check: Does the EU protect workers` rights?.” http://www.b bc.com/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36434855 (accessed November 4, 2017).------. 2017a. “Post-Brexit trade deals ‘to créate 400,000 jobs’.” http://www.bbc.c om/news/uk-politics-38495177 (accessed September 23, 2017).------. 2017b. “Brexit: Article 50 has been triggered - what now?.” http://www.bb c.com/news/uk-politics-39143978 (accessed Octorber 25, 2017).Becker, Sascha O., Thiemo Fetzer, and Dennis Novy. 2016. “Who Voted for Brexit? A Comprehensive District-Level Analysis.” http://ukandeu.ac.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2016/10/Who-voted-for-Brexit.pdf (accessed November 4, 2017).Bell, Brian, and Stephen Machin. 2016. “Brexit and Wage Inequality.” http://voxe u.org/article/brexit-and-wage-inequality (accessed November 14, 2017).Boswell, Christina. 2016. “Immigration:would limiting the free movement of labour be good or bad?” http://www.davidhumeinstitute.com/immigration would-limiting-free-movement-labour-good-bad/ (accessed November 7, 2017).Bruckner, Till, Hans Gutbrod, Dustin Gilbreath, Tiko Ambroladze, Ian Goodrich. 2017. “Think Tanks in the UK 2017: Transparency, Lobbying and Fake News in Brexit Britain.” https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52e1f399e4b06a94c0 cdaa41/t/58996330b8a79b6ede1c9891/1486447414103/Transparify+-++T hink+Tank+Transparency+in+the+UK+2017.pdf (accessed Octorber 20,2017). Brüggemann, Thomas Ulrich. 2016. “Newspaper influences on voters in the brexit referéndum.”http://essay.utwente.nl/70813/1/Bruggemann_BA_BMS.p df (accessed Octorber 25,2017).Chaplain, Chloe. 2017. “Brexit: Why I regret voting to leave the European Union and now want the UK to remain.” https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics /brexit-why-i-regret-voting-to-leave-the-european-union-and-now-want-the- uk-to-remain-a3571276.html (accessed November 3, 2017).Charter, David. 2016. “Brexit vote could destroy western political civilisation: Donald Tusk.” http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/the-times/ brexit-vote-could-destroy-western-political-civilisation-donald-tusk/news -story/6bef9d69ce75f3b592aa7f1e92a59f27 (accessed September 24, 2017).Colson, Tomas. 2017. “A report which claimed that a ‘Hard Brexit’ would créate 400,000 jobs was based on ‘entirely fictional statistics’.” http://uk.businessinsi der.com/jonathan-portes-hard-brexit-job-creation-claims-entirely-fictional-2 017-1 (accessed September 22, 2017).Coolbaugh, Jack . 2017. “Voting Determinants of Brexit: How Trade and Immigration Affected the Vote Share for Brexit across the UK.” https://econom ics.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/publications/coolbaugh_honors_thesis_fin al_5-4-17.pdf (accessed November 14, 2017).Coyle, Diane. 2016. “Brexit and globalisation.” http://voxeu.org/article/brexit-an d-globalisation (accessed November 5, 2017).Culbertson, Alix. 2017. “Brexit regret? Latest poll dispels remorse claims as HALF of Britons STILL want to leave.” https://www.express.co.uk/news/politics/82 9147/Brexit-news-poll-Survation-half-Britons-leave-EU (accessed December 19, 2017).D’ambrigio, Enrico, and Giulio Sabbati. 2017. “South Korea: Economic indicators and trad with EU.” http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/search.html ?authors=6070 (accessed September 21, 2017).Darvas, Zsolt. 2016. “Brexit should be a wake up call in the fight against inequality.”http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2016/08/06/brexit-should-be- a-wake-up-call-in-the-fight-against-inequality/ (accessed November 14, 2017).Davis, Charlotte. 2017. ” ‘They are stubborn!` Remainer claims Brexiteers regret Brexit vote but WILL NOT admit it.” https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/880 817/Brexit-News-Theresa-May-Brexit-Latest-EU-News-European-Union-Brex it-Referendum-UK (accessed December 19, 2017).Demianyk, Graeme. 2017. “EU`s Michel Barnier Signals Slow Progress Over Brexit Talks.” http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/michel-barnier-brexit-serious ly_uk_59a44094e4b06d67e33941cb (accessed November 18, 2017).Dennison, Susi, and Dina Pardijs. 2016. “The World According to Europe’s Insurgent Parties: Putin, Migration and People Power.” http://www.ecfr.eu/p age/-/ECFR_181_-_THE_WORLD_ACCORDING_TO_EUROPES_INSURGENT_PAR TIES.pdf (accessed Octorber 25, 2017).DesmogUK. 2016. “Brexit Climate Deniers.” https://www.desmog.uk/brexit-clim ate-deniers (accessed January 1, 2018).Destatis. 2017. “2.9% increase in naturalisations - especially of Britons - in 2016.” https://www.destatis.de/EN/PressServices/Press/pr/2017/06/PE17_195_12 511.html (accessed Octorber 31, 2017).Dewey, Caitlin. 2016. “Facebook fake-news writer: I think Donald Trump is in the White House because of me.” https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/ wp/2016/11/17/facebook-fake-news-writer-i-think-donald-trump-is-in-the-white-ho use-because-of-me/ (accessed Octorber 14, 2017).Diamond Jeremy. 2017. “Trump falsely claims US murder rate is “highest” in 47 years.” http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/07/politics/donald-trump-murder-rate-fact- check/index.html (accessed Octorber 14, 2017). Dorling, Danny. 2016. “Brexit: the decision of a divided country.” http://www. dannydorling.org/wp-content/files/dannydorling_publication_id5564.pdf (accessed November 6, 2017).Edwards, Jim. 2016. “The number of people who regret voting for Brexit is now greater than the margin of victory for Leave.” http://uk.businessinsider.com/ brexit-vote-regret-leave-margin-victory-2016-10 (accessed Octorber 14, 2017).Elgot, Jessica. 2016. “Brexit: CPS considers complaint that leave campaigns misled voters.” https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/nov/07/brexit- cps-considers-complaint-that-leave-campaigns-misled-voters (accessed November 1, 2017).------. 2017. “Economists dispute claim that brexit could create 400,000 Jobs.” https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jan/03/economists-dispute -claim-that-brexit-could-create-400000-jobs (accessed September 23, 2017).Elgot, Jessica, Severin Carrell, and Jennifer Rankin. 2016. “David Davis suggests UK could pay for single market access.” https://www.theguardian.com/politic s/2016/dec/01/brexit-secretary-suggests-uk-would-consider-paying-for-sing le-market-access (accessed November 8, 2017).Elliott, Matthew. 2015. “Seven lessons from Britain`s 1975 EEC referéndum.” http: //www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/eureferendum/11652504/Seven-l essons-from-Britains-1975-EEC-referendum.html (accessed Octorber 25, 2017).------. 2016. “Why vote leave.” http://www.voteleavetakecontrol.org/why_vot e_leave.html (accessed September 24, 2017).Eurostat. 2017. “File:Asylum applications (non-EU) in the EU-28 Member States, 2006–2016 (thousands) YB17.png.” http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show .do?dataset=migr_asyappctza&lang=en (accessed December 15, 2017).Evans,G., E. Fieldhouse, J. Green., H. Schmitt, C. van der Eijk, J. Mellon, and C. Prosser. 2016. “Wave 10 of the 2014-2018 British Election Study Internet Panel.http://www.britishelectionstudy.com/data-object/wave-10-of-the-201 4-2017-british-election-study-internet-panel/ (accessed November 13, 2017).Evlogias, Eleftherios. 2017. “An exploration into voting behaviour: A thematic analysis on what drove voting on the Brexit Referendum on a University simple.” https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/619194/ (accessed Octorber 31, 2017).Fisher, Max. 2016. “Russia and the U.S. Election: What We Know and Don’t Know.”https://cn.nytstyle.com/international/20161213/russia-trump-electio n-cia-fbi/en-us/ (accessed Octorber 24, 2017).Gerald, John Fitz, and Patrick Honohan. 2016. “Ireland and Brexit.” http://voxeu. org/article/ireland-and-brexit (accessed November 7,2017).Goodwin, Matthew J., and Oliver Heath. 2016a. “Brexit vote explained: poverty, low skills and lack of opportunities.” https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vo te-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunities (accessed november 5, 2017).Green, Lord, Daniel Hannan, and Patrick Minford. 2016. “BREXIT FACTOR 10 reasons why choosing Brexit on June 23 is a vote for a stronger, better Britain.” https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/1278140/why-voting-to-leave-the- eu-will-save-our-sovereignty-rein-in-migration-and-boost-our-economy/ (accessed november 3, 2017).Grice, Andrew. 2016. “Reduced immigration after Brexit will not mean higher wages, think tank warns.” http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/b rexit-immigration-migrant-workers-wages-resolution-foundation-a7192121. html (accessed november 8, 2017).Gutteridge, Nick. 2017. “Brexit divorce bill REVEALED: Barnier confirms UK will have to pay £40BILLION - in EUROS.” https://www.express.co.uk/news/politi cs/889739/Brexit-news-Britain-final-EU-divorce-bill-estimated-at-just-unde r-40-billion (accessed December 15, 2017).Helm, Toby. 2016a. “Poll reveals young remain voters reduced to tears by Brexit result.” https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jul/02/brexit-refer endum-voters-survey (accessed November 7, 2017).------. 2016b. “EU referendum: youth turnout almost twice as high as first thought.” https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jul/09/young-people- referendum-turnout-brexit-twice-as-high (accessed November 7, 2017).Hickey, Shane. 2016. “Brexit fact check: The truth about the immigration debate.” https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/uk/brexit-fact-check-the-truth-abo ut-the-immigration-debate-1.2693216 (accessed November 9, 2017).Hobolt, Sara Binzer, and Christopher Wratil. 2016. “Which argument will win the referendum – immigration,or the economy?” http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsand policy/which-argument-will-win-the-referendum-immigration-or-the-econom y/ (accessed Octorber 27, 2017).Hope, Christopher. 2017. “France and Germany are blocking EU deal, suggests David Davis as he lists countries that want Brexit deal.” http://www.telegraph. co.uk/news/2017/11/17/france-germany-blocking-eu-deal-suggests-david-d avis/ (accessed November 18, 2017).Howard, Philip N., and Bence Kollanyi. 2016. “Bots, #StrongerIn, and #Brexit: Computational Propaganda during the UK-EU Referendum.” https://papers.ss rn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2798311 (accessed Octorber 24, 2017).Hubs, Greensleeves. 2017. “Brexit: Was It an Anti-Establishment Vote? - Comparisons with the U.S. Election.” https://soapboxie.com/world-politics/Br exit-Anti-Establishment (accessed November 1, 2017).Inglehart, Ronald F., and Pippa Norris. 2016. “Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash.” https://research.hks. harvard.edu/publications/getFile.aspx?Id=1401 (accessed November 4, 2017).Ipsos MORI. 2016. “Politicians are still trusted less than estate agents, journalists and bankers.” https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/politicians-are-still- trusted-less-estate-agents-journalists-and-bankers (accessed November 1, 2017).James, Mike. 2016. “We’ll bat for Brexit: cricket legend Botham picks his EU side.” https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/latest-news/508809/Brexit-EU-referend um-Leave-Remain-David-Cameron-Boris-Johnson-Sir-Ian-Botham (accessed Octorber 24, 2017).King, Gary, Michael Tomz, and Jason Wittenberg. 2003. “CLARIFY: Software for Interpreting and Presenting Statistical Results.” https://gking.harvard.edu/publicat ions/clarify-software-interpreting-and-presenting-statistical-results (accessed February 1, 2018).Lizzie Stromme and Darren Hunt. 2017. “No UK single market access WITHOUT accepting EU court, MEP says ahead of Brexit talks.” http://www.express.co.uk /news/world/789245/Brexit-Polish-MEP-rules-out-single-market-access-UK- without-EU-court (accessed September 18, 2017).Loughborough University. 2016. “EU referendum 2016. Media analysis from Loughborough University Centre for Research in Communication and Culture.” https://blog.lboro.ac.uk/crcc/eu-referendum/uk-news-coverage-2016-eurefe rendum-report-5-6-may-22-june-2016/ (accessed Octorber 12, 2017).Loughborough University. 2016. “Devolution implications were ignored in pre-EU Referendum media coverage.” http://blog.lboro.ac.uk/crcc/eu-referen dum/indyref-2-implications-ignored-pre-eu-referendum-media-coverage/ (accessed Octorber 27, 2017).Lynskey, Dorian. 2017. “‘I thought I’d put in a protest vote’: the people who regret voting leave.” https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/nov/25/pr otest-vote-regret-voting-leave-brexit (accessed December 19, 2017).MailOnline. 2017. “UK ’could gain nearly 400,000 jobs through trade deals by leaving custom union’.” http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/pa/article-4083 792/UK-gain-nearly-400-000-jobs-trade-deals-leaving-customs-union.html (accessed September 22, 2017).Mance, Henry. 2016. “Britain has had enough of experts, says Gove.” https://ww w.ft.com/content/3be49734-29cb-11e6-83e4-abc22d5d108c (accessed November 1, 2017).Matthews, A. 2015. “Implications of British Exit from the EU for the Irish Agri-food Sector.” https://www.tcd.ie/Economics/TEP/2015/TEP0215.pdf (accessed November 7, 2017).Mays, Alex. 2016. “Sorry Everyone, These Five Brexit Promises Probably Aren’t Going To Happen.” https://www.unilad.co.uk/politics/sorry-everyone-these -five-brexit-promises-probably-arent-going-to-happen/ (accessed September 20, 2017).McGrory, James. 2016. “Leave campaignners try to drop their false promises.” http://www.open-britain.co.uk/leave_campaigners_try_to_drop_their_false_ promises (accessed September 26, 2017).Mckenzie, Lisa. 2016. “Brexit is the only way the working class can change anything.” https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jun/15/brex it-working-class-sick-racist-eu-referendum (accessed 5 November, 2017).Menczer, Filippo. 2016. “Misinformation on social media: Can technology save us?” https://theconversation.com/misinformation-on-social-media-can- technology-save-us-69264 (accessed November 1, 2017).Merrick, Rob. 2017. “UK is paying the EU less than half the sum claimed by Brexit campaigners, reveal new figures.” http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/p olitics/uk-eu-divorce-bill-half-pay-brexit-leave-campaign-referendum-350-mi llion-brussels-a7881286.html (accessed November 6, 2017).Milanovic, B. 2016. “The greatest reshuffle of individual incomes since the Industrial Revolution.” http://voxeu.org/article/greatest-reshuffle-indivi dual-incomes-industrial-revolution (accessed November 5, 2017).Moore, Martin, and Gordon Ramsay. 2017. “UK media coverage of the 2016 EU Referendum campaign.” https://www.kcl.ac.uk/sspp/policy-institute/CMCP/ UK-media-coverage-of-the-2016-EU-Referendum-campaign.pdf (accessed September 26, 2017).NatCen Social Research. 2014. “More than 3 in 4 want reduction in immigration.” http://www.natcen.ac.uk/news-media/press-releases/2014/january/more-t han-3-in-4-want-reduction-in-immigration/ (accessed November 1, 2017).------. 2017. “In hindsight, do you think Britain was right or wrong to vote to leave the EU?” https://whatukthinks.org/eu/questions/in-highsight-do-you-t hink-britain-was-right-or-wrong-to-vote-to-leave-the-eu/ (accessed November 3, 2017).Newman, Nick, David A. L. Levy, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen. 2015. “Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2015.” https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cf m?abstract_id=2619576 (accessed Ocotrber 20, 2017).Noyer, Christian. 2017. “Brexit means the end of single market Access for London.” https://www.ft.com/content/4a7e49b2-042b-11e7-aa5b-6bb07f5c 8e12 (accessed September 21, 2017).Nyhan, B., Porter, E., Reifler, J., and Wood, T. 2017. “Taking corrections literally but not seriously? the effects of information on factual beliefs and candidate favorability.” https://www.dartmouth.edu/~nyhan/trump-corrections.pdf (accessed October 15, 2017).Open Britain. 2016. “Leave campaigners try to drop their false promises.” http:// www.open-britain.co.uk/leave_campaigners_try_to_drop_their_false_promises (accessed November 1, 2017).Owen, Erica, and Stefanie Walter. 2016. “Open economy politics and brexit: insights, puzzles and ways forward.” https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9HM OuqRxIsNMlN3R2pIZlZjMzA/view (accessed November 1, 2017).Oxdord University Press. 2016. “Word of the Year is….” https://en.oxforddictiona ries.com/word-of-the-year/word-of-the-year-2016 (accessed Octorber 14, 2017). Papazoglou, Alexis. 2016. “Brexit voters: misled victims or conscious agents?” ht tp://eprints.lse.ac.uk/71562/ (accessed October 24, 2017).Parkinson, Hannah Jane. 2016. “Click and elect: how fake news helped Donald Trump win a real election.” https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov /14/fake-news-donaldtrump-election-alt-right-social-media-tech-companies. (accessed Octorber 14, 2017).Petroff, Alanna. 2017. “Britain crashes out of world`s top 5 economies.” http://m oney.cnn.com/2017/11/22/news/economy/uk-france-biggest-economies-in- the-world/index.html (accessed December 4, 2017).Pomerantsev Peter, Weiss Michael. 2014. “The Menace of Unreality: How the Kremlin Weaponizes Information, Culture and Money.” https://cdn.mashregh news.ir/old/files/fa/news/1393/12/26/950303_869.pdf (accessed November 1, 2017).Proudman, Charlotte, and Mary Honeyball. 2016. “Six big reasons for women to vote Remain in the EU referéndum.” http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/ eu-referendum-brexit-nigel-farage-david-cameron-women-reasons-vote-rem ain-a7097271.html (accessed December 12, 2017).Rankin, Jennifer, and Philip Oltermann. 2016. “Brussels rejects Boris Johnson `pipe dream` over single market access.” https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/ju n/27/brussels-rejects-boris-johnson-pipe-dream-over-single-market-access (accessed Octorber 27, 2017).Read, Max. 2016. “Donald Trump won because of Facebook.” http://nymag.com/sele ctall/2016/11/donald-trump-won-because-of-facebook.html (accessed September 26, 2017).Reif, Karlheinz, and Hermann Schmitt. 1980. “Nine Second-Order National Elections: A Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of European Election Results.” European Journal of Political Research 8(1): 3-44.Rovnick , Naomi, and Federica Cocco. 2017. “Brexit prompts skilled European workers to leave the UK.” https://www.ft.com/content/a37c2aee-565f-11e7- 80b6-9bfa4c1f83d2 (accessed November 9, 2017).Skinner, Gideon, and Glenn Gottfried . 2016. “How Britain voted in the 2016 EU referendum.” https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/how-britain-voted- 2016-eu-referendum (accessed December 12, 2017).Sky News. 2016. “`Fantasy` And `Fear` Claims As EU Battle Begins.” http://news. sky.com/story/fantasy-and-fear-claims-as-eu-battle-begins-10243254 (accessed October 24, 2017).Smith, Matthew. 2017. “Leave voters are less likely to trust any experts – even weather forecasters.” https://yougov.co.uk/news/2017/02/17/leave-voters- are-less-likely-trust-any-experts-eve/ (accessed November 1, 2017).Statista. 2016. “Distribution of EU Referendum votes in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2016, by age group and gender.” https://www.statista.com/statistics/5679 22/distribution-of-eu-referendum-votes-by-age-and-gender-uk/ (accessed December 12, 2017).Stewart, Amelia. 2017. “Change Britain’s claims about post-Brexit trade deals are “basically junk” says Sam Bowman.” https://www.adamsmith.org/news/chan ge-britains-claims-about-post-brexit-trade-deals-are-basically-junk-says-sam- bowman (accessed September 23, 2017).Stewart, Heather. 2017. “Brexit: workers` rights best secured by staying in single market, says TUC chief.” https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/sep/11 /brexit-workers-rights-best-secured-by-staying-in-single-market-says-tuc-chi ef (accessed November 10, 2017).Stone, Jon. 2016a. “Video evidence emerges of Nigel Farage pledging EU millions for NHS weeks before Brexit vote.” http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/ politics/brexit-eu-referendum-nigel-farage-nhs-350-million-pounds-live-heal th-service-u-turn-a7102831.html (accessed November 9, 2017).Stone, Jon. 2016b. “Vote Leave`s £350m for the NHS pledge was ‘just an example’, says group`s chair.” http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/gisela-s tuart-vote-leaves-350m-for-the-nhs-pledge-was-just-an-example-the-groups- chair-says-a7238451.html (accessed November 8, 2017).Swales, Kirby. 2016. “Understanding the Leave Vote. UK in a Changing Europe.” http://natcen.ac.uk/media/1319222/natcen_brexplanations-report-final-web2.pdf (accessed November 6, 2017).Tilford, Simon. 2017a. “Economists dispute claim that brexit could create 400,000 Jobs.” http://www.cer.eu/in-the-press/economists-dispute-claim-bre xit-could-create-400000-jobs (accessed September 23, 2017).------. 2017b. “The British and their exceptionalism.” http://www.cer.eu/insights /british-and-their-exceptionalism (accessed November 9, 2017).The British Election Study Team. 2016. “Brexit Britain: British Election Study Insights from the post-EU Referendum wave of the BES internet panel.” http:// www.britishelectionstudy.com/bes-resources/brexit-britain-british-election-s tudy-insights-from-the-post-eu-referendum-wave-of-the-bes-internet-panel/ #.WfdbmFIrxE4 (accessed Octorber 31, 2017).The Economist. 2016a. “Yes, I’d lie to you.” https://www.economist.com/news/b riefing/21706498-dishonesty-politics-nothing-new-manner-which-some-polit icians-now-lie-and (accessed Octorber 31, 2017).The Economist. 2016b. “Art of the lie.” https://www.economist.com/news/leade rs/21706525-politicians-have-always-lied-does-it-matter-if-they-leave-truth- behind-entirely-art (accessed November 2, 2017).The Economist. 2016c. “Dreaming of sovereignty.” https://www.economist.com/ news/britain/21695056-talk-taking-back-power-may-be-delusional-more-de mocracy-not-dreaming-sovereignty (accessed November 3, 2017).The Electoral Commission. 2012. “Summary of electoral offences.” https://www. electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/149729/List-of-elec toral-offences.pdf (accessed November 1, 2017).The Guardian. 2017. “The Guardian view on political lies: only the sword of truth can vanquish them Editorial.” https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/ 2017/jan/29/the-guardian-view-on-political-lies-only-the-sword-of-truth-ca n-vanquish-them (accessed November 2, 2017).Thomas, Huw. 2016. “EU referendum: Measuring the influence of the media.” htt p://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-36547789 (accessed November 2, 2017).Turner ,Camilla, and Michael Wilkinson. 2016. “As three million people sign a petition for a second EU referendum we ask - could it actually happen?” http:/ /www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/25/could-britain-actually-have-a-seco nd-referendum-on-brexit/ (accessed October 31, 2017).UK Electoral Commission. 2016. “Report on the 23 June 2016 referendum on the UK’s membership of the European Union.” http://www.electoralcommission.o rg.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/215279/2016-EU-referendum-report.pdf (accessed October 12, 2017). UK National Statistics. 2017. “How many people do we grant asylum or protection to?” https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/immigration- statistics-july-to-september-2017/how-many-people-do-we-grant-asylum-or- protection-to (accessed December 15, 2017).UK Statistics Authority. 2016. “UK Statistics Authority statement on the use of official statistics on contributions to the European Union.” https://www.statist icsauthority.gov.uk/news/uk-statistics-authority-statement-on-the-use-of-offi cial-statistics-on-contributions-to-the-european-union/ (accessed November 7, 2017).Vekaria, Pratiksha. 2016. “We asked the older generation why they’re voting to leave the EU.” http://thetab.com/2016/06/08/asked-older-generation-the yre-voting-leave-eu-93059 (accessed November 7, 2017).Vicario, Michela Del, Fabiana Zollo, and Guido Caldarelli. 2016. “The Anatomy of Brexit Debate on Facebook.” https://arxiv.org/pdf/1610.06809.pdf (accessed October 12, 2017).Wadsworth, Jonathan, Swati Dhingra, Gianmarco Ottaviano ,and John Van Reenen. 2016. “Brexit and the Impact of Immigration on the UK.” http://cep.ls e.ac.uk/pubs/download/brexit05.pdf (accessed November 9,2017).Watts, Joe. “Brexit Secretary David Davis says UK will stay open to migrants after leaving EU.” http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/david-davis-mi grants-brexit-workers-eu-uk-stay-open-immigration-years-latest-a7592616.h tml (accessed November 9,2017).Whitely Paul, and Harold D. Clarke. 2016. “Brexit: Why did older voters choose to Leave the EU?” http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-why- did-old-people-vote-leave-young-voters-remain-eu-referendum-a7103996.ht ml (accessed November 7, 2017). Will Straw. 2016. “Get the facts.” http://www.strongerin.co.uk/get_the_facts#VP 5KvqcbuUwoypDy.97 (accessed September 24, 2017).Wintour, Patrick. 2015. “Britain should not take more Middle East refugees, says David Cameron.” https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/02/david-c ameron-migration-crisis-will-not-be-solved-by-uk-taking-in-more-refugees (accessed November 9,2017).Wollaston, Sarah. 2016. “Leave’s health claims are shameful.” https://www.theti mes.co.uk/article/comment-leave-s-health-claims-are-shameful-x75m2hm2m (accessed November 9,2017).Wooton, Ian. 2016. “Brexit a view from north of the border.” http://voxeu.org/ article/brexit-view-north-border (accessed November 7,2017).Wright Kathryn. 2016. “Taking Back Control? Appeals to the People in the Aftermath of the UK’s Referendum on EU Membership.” http://eprints.whitero se.ac.uk/105930/1/Taking_Back_Control_FINAL_KW_Costituzionalismo_Sep_ 2016.pdf (accessed Octorber 27, 2017).YouGov. 2016. “What UK think.” http://whatukthinks.org/eu/poll/yougov-2361 6/ (accessed November 17,2017).研討會論文Lu, Chien-Yi. 2016. “Brexit and the Anti-Establishment Mood.” Presented at the Conference, “Brexit, the European Union, and Implications for the Asia-Pacific,” Institute of European and American Studies, Academia Sinica. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
政治學系
104252017資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104252017 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 盧倩儀 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林琮紘 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin, Tsung Hung en_US dc.creator (作者) 林琮紘 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Lin, Tsung Hung en_US dc.date (日期) 2018 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-Mar-2018 11:54:49 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-Mar-2018 11:54:49 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Mar-2018 11:54:49 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0104252017 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/116109 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 政治學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 104252017 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 2016年的英國脫歐公投，最終以51.89%比48.11%的差距，決定了英國脫歐的命運。各界紛紛揣測各種可能造成民眾投下脫歐一票的原因，包含個人經濟狀況、政黨認同、受民粹操控、反菁英、對歐洲認同等。本文針對既有研究中尚存在之空缺，聚焦「議題投票取向」對選民投票抉擇的影響，探究脫歐陣營對資訊的扭曲是否對選民的投票抉擇有顯著影響。論文就脫歐派針對國民健保、移民、脫歐後的英國對外經貿、失業率、勞工權益保障與是否能無條件持續享有歐盟單一市場好處這六項議題，透過「二分勝算對數模型」進行分析，從個體層次行為來瞭解資訊扭曲對選民在脫歐公投中投票行為的影響。 研究結果顯示，在移民潮來襲、民眾高喊反全球化與選民不安全感高漲的大環境背景下，脫歐陣營對選民所關心之議題的煽動與對資訊的操控使選民在做出投票抉擇時受到明顯誤導。此外，模型結果亦顯示，選民的個人社經背景與心理態度認知同樣對選民投票行為產生影響。總結而言，本研究透過微觀層次的分析，針對促使選民投下脫歐一票的因素做出深入探討，並以「資訊扭曲」作為重要變數，補充議題投票相關研究之不足。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) In the Brexit referendum held in June 2016, 51.89 per cent of the voter voted Leave and 48.11 per cent voted Remain. The result sealed the fate of the UK as an outsider of the European Union. While the reasons behind voter’s choice to leave the EU remain disputed, individual voter’s socio-economic status, party identification, populism, anti-elite mood, and identity toward European were among the most frequently listed factors. In order to fill the gap that existing researchs has left, this thesis focuses on the significance of “issue voting” in voting behavior. It discusses if the distortion of information by the Leave campaign had a significant impact on people’s voting choice. It uses the “logistic regression model” to analyse six issues brought about by the Leave campaign. They include the NHS, immigration, trading arrangements with other nations, unemployment, working conditions for British workers, and unconditional maintaining of all the benefits from the EU. By focusing on the individual level, I try to investigate how the distortion of information has impacted upon people’s voting behavior in the Brexit referendum. The study shows that against the background of an increased flow of immigrants and heightened anti-globalization mood, voters had a strong sense of insecurity. Under such circumstances, the Leave campaign exploited the opportunity to incite voters on issues they cared most about, manipulated information during the demagogic campaign, and misled people on their voting decision. In addition, the model also demonstrates that voters’ socioeconomic status and mental cognizance have the same effect on people’s voting behavior. In the nutshell, this thesis uses micro-level analysis to investigate voter behavior in the Brexit referendum. It brings in “information distortion” as a key variable in explaining voter behavior, a variable largely neglected in the existing literature on issue voting. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 目 錄第一章 緒論 1第一節 研究背景 1第二節 研究動機與研究問題 6第二章 文獻檢閱 9第一節 脫歐因素 10第二節 議題投票與議題資訊對選民的影響 29第三節 小結 38第三章 理論與假設 40第四章 研究方法與變數建構 68第一節 研究方法 68第二節 變數建構 70第五章 模型設定與分析結果 87第一節 模型設定 88第二節 分析結果 92第三節 模型穩定性之檢驗 99第六章 結論 105第一節 研究發現 106第二節 研究限制與未來研究建議 110參考書目 113附錄一 各變數編碼表（自變數為二分類） 142附錄二 各變數編碼表（自變數為有序多分） 147圖 目 次【圖1】 脫歐公投1月至6月23日之選民投票傾向 1【圖2】 2001年至2016年難民庇護申請案件數量 21【圖3】 2008年至2016年非歐盟公民之庇護申請人數 22【圖4】 脫歐公投媒體報導議題政策之篇數（時間：選前10週至選舉當週） 31【圖5-1】 脫歐後的NHS與平面媒體交叉分析直條圖 61【圖5-2】 脫歐後的移民量與平面媒體交叉分析直條圖 62【圖5-3】 脫歐後的英國與國際貿易量與平面媒體交叉分析直條圖 63【圖5-4】 脫歐後的失業率與平面媒體交叉分析直條圖 64【圖5-5】 脫歐後勞工權益保障與平面媒體交叉分析直條圖 65【圖5-6】 脫歐後英國仍無條件享有歐盟單一市場好處與平面媒體交叉分析直條圖 66【圖6】 變數建構圖 71【圖7】 人民投票選擇英國在歐盟的去留 72表 目 次【表1】 比較1975與2016之英國脫歐公投 2【表2】 英國脫歐公投之性別與年齡比例 11【表3】 英國區域與脫歐公投之交叉分析 15【表4】 英國主要支持留歐與脫歐之代表政治人物 27【表5】 英國主要政黨支持脫歐或留歐 28【表6】 英國平面媒體支持留歐或脫歐 59【表7】 英國選舉研究各波調查時間表 69【表8】 英國選舉研究各波調查時間表 70【表9-1】 脫歐後的NHS次數分配表 72【表9-2】 脫歐後的移民量次數分配表 73【表9-3】 脫歐後英國與國際貿易量次數分配表 74【表9-4】 脫歐後的失業率次數分配表 74【表9-5】 脫歐後勞工權益保障次數分配表 75【表9-6】 脫歐後英國仍無條件享有歐盟單一市場好處次數分配表 76【表9-7】 年齡次數分配表 77【表9-8】 性別次數分配表 77【表9-9】 教育程度次數分配表 78【表9-10】 居住區域次數分配表 79【表9-11】 勞工階級次數分配表 80【表9-12】 經濟狀況次數分配表 81【表9-13】 政黨認同次數分配表 81【表9-14】 反菁英情緒次數分配表 82【表9-15】 民粹程度次數分配表 84【表9-16】 歐洲認同次數分配表 84【表9-17】 對歐盟滿意度次數分配表 85【表9-18】 對歐盟民主滿意度次數分配表 86【表10】 人民投票選擇英國在歐盟的去留次數分配表 88【表11-1】 二分勝算對數模型：脫歐陣營與選民投票選擇脫歐（Model 1） 96【表11-2】 二分勝算對數模型：脫歐陣營與選民個人背景之投票選擇（Model2） 97【表12-1】 二分類自變數加總結果 100【表12-2】 有序多分自變數部分結果 102【表12-3】 實證模型穩定性檢定結果一覽表 104 zh_TW dc.format.extent 4389224 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104252017 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 英國脫歐公投 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 投票抉擇 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 議題投票行為 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 資訊扭曲 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 個體層次分析 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Brexit referendum en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Voting choice en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Issue voting behavior en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Information distortion en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Micro-level analysis en_US dc.title (題名) 資訊扭曲在英國選民脫歐抉擇之角色 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Role of Information Distortion in the Brexit Referendum en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、 中文 專書黃紀、王德育，《質變數與受限依變數的迴歸分析》，台北：五南圖書。張台麟、王啟明，2012，《歐洲聯盟推動對外政策的策略與主軸》，台北：國立 政治大學外國語文學院歐洲語文學程。張台麟、趙美盈，2010，《里斯本條約下的歐盟統合願景：持續與轉變》，台北： 國立政治大學外國語文學院歐洲語文學程。張台麟、鄭得興、胡麗燕，2013，《歐洲聯盟推動建構共同對外政策之發展：機 會與挑戰》，台北：國立政治大學外國語文學院歐洲語文學程。張台麟、羅至美、李俊毅，2008，《歐盟統合與里斯本條約》，台北：國立政治 大學外語學院。期刊陳麗娟，2012，〈Solvency II指令：歐盟保險監理趨勢之探討〉，《月旦財經法》， 28：43-74。張台麟，2016，〈英國脫歐後的歐盟政經情勢〉，《展望與探南》，14（8）：40-46。------，2017，〈英國啟動脫歐後對歐盟政經發展之影響〉，《全球政治評論》，58： 1-5。傅恆德，1996，〈決定投票選擇的結構、心理和理性因素：民國八十五年總統選 舉研究〉，《選舉研究》，3(2): 157-186。黃德福、黃靖麟，2006，〈回溯投票或議題投票：2005 年台北縣與高雄縣縣長 選舉之比較分析〉，《選舉研究》，15（1）：19-49。盧倩儀，2014，〈歐債危機之新自由主義根源〉，《政治學報》，58：37-72。網路資源劉祥航，2016，〈各國失業率升高、難民湧入...不只英國，「脫歐情緒」已在全歐 蔓延〉，商周財富網：http://wealth.businessweekly.com.tw/m/GArticle.aspx? id=ARTL000063676，檢索日期：2017年11月6日。二、 英文專書Alvarez, R.M. & Brehm, J. 2002. Hard choices, easy answers. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Baldwin, Richard E.. 2016. Brexit Beckons: Thinking aheadby leading economists. London: CEPR Press.Beyme, Klaus Van. 1985. Political Parties in Western Democracies. New York: St. Martin`s Press.Bowler, S. & Donovan, T. 1998. Demanding choices: Opinion, voting and direct democracy.Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W. E. and Stokes, D. E.. 1960. The American Voter. N. Y.: John Willey & Sons.Clarke, Stephen and Matthew Whittaker. 2016. The Importance of Place: Explaining the Characteristics Underpinning the Brexit Vote Across Different Parts of the UK. London: Resolution Foundation.Dobbs, R. A. Madgavkar, J. Manyika, J. Woetzel, J. Bughin, E. Labaye, and P.Kashyap. 2016. Poorer than their parents? A new perspective on income inequality. London: McKinsey&Company.Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper & Row.Eagly A, Chaiken S. 1993. The psychology of attitudes. FortWorth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Gabel, Matthew J. 1998. Interest and Integration: Market Liberalization, Public Opinion and European Union. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Gans, H.J. 2003. Democracy and the news. New York: Oxford University Press.Glencross, Andrew. 2016. Why the UK voted for Brexit: David Cameron’s Great Miscalculation. London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd.Goodhart, Lucy M. 2015. Industry-Level Protection. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Jolly, Seth. 2017. “Immigrants, Xenophobia, and Euroskepticism: How Population Shifts Contributed to Brexit.” Presented at the conference of the A Diversity of (European) Identities? From the Subnational to the Supranational, Pittsburgh.Key, V.O.. 1966. The Responsible Electorate. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Langella, Monica, and Alan Manning. 2016. Who Voted Leave: The Characteristics of IndividualsMattered, But So Did Those of Local Areas. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.Lazarsfeld Paul, Bernard R. Berelson, and William N. McPhee. 1954. Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Lupia, A. & McCubbins, M.D. 1998. The democratic dilemma: Can citizens learn what they need to know? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Nie, N. H., Verba, S. and Petrocik, J. R.. 1976. The Changing American Voter. Cambridge. Mass.: Harvard University Press.Sunstein, Cass R. 2014. Conspiracy Theories and Other Dangerous Ideas. New York: Simon & Schuster.期刊Allcott, H. and Gentzkow, M. 2017. “Social media and fake news in the 2016 election.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 31(2): 211-236.Ansolabehere, S., & Iyengar, S. 1994. “Riding the Wave and Claming the Ownership over issue.” Public opinion Quarterly 58(3): 335-337.Antonucci, Lorenza, Laszlo Horvath, Yordan Kutiyski, and Andre´ Krouwel. 2017. “The malaise of the squeezed middle: Challenging the narrative of the ‘left behind’ Brexiter.” SAGE journals 21(3): 211-229. Baker, Jessica, Rebecca Piggott, Jack Meaning, Simon Kirby, and Oriol Carreras. 2016. “Modelling events: The short-term economic impact of leaving the EU.” Economic Modelling 58: 339-350.Berinsky AJ. 2015. “Rumors and health care reform: experiments in political misinformation.” British Journal Politic Science: 1–22.Bonikowski, Bart and Noam Gidron. 2016. “The populist style in American politics: Presidential campaign discourse, 1952–1996.” Social Forces 94(4): 1593–1621.Brady, H.E. & Sniderman, P.M. 1985. “Attitude attribution: A group basis for political reasoning.” American Political Science Review 79: 1061–1078.Campbell, Angus, Gerald Gurin, Warren E. Miller. 1954. “The voter decides.” American Political Science Association 49(1): 225-228.Chappell, Sophie Grace. 2016. “Political deliberation under conditions of deception: the case of Brexit.” Cambridge University Press 15(44): 7-13.Daddow Oliver. 2015. “Interpreting the Outsider Tradition in British European Policy Speeches from Thatcher to Cameron.” Journal of Common Market Studies 53(1): 71-88.Damore, D. F. 2004. “The Dynamics of Issue Qwnership in Presidential Campaigns.” Political Research Quarterly 57(3): 391-397.Fischer, Thomas B.. 2016. “Lessons for impact assessment from the UK referendum on BREXIT.” Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 34(3): 183-185.Franklin, M. 2002. “Learning from the Danish case:A comment on Palle Svensson’s critique of the Franklin thesis.” European Journal of Political Research 41: 751–757.Franklin, M., Van der Eijk, C. & Marsh, M. 1995. “Referendum outcomes and trust in government: Public support for Europe in the wake of Maastricht.” West European Politics 18(3): 101–117.Franklin, M., Marsh, M. & Wlezien, C. 1994. “Attitudes toward Europe and referéndum votes:A response to Siune and Svensson.” Electoral Studies 13(2): 117–121.Freeden, Michael. 2017. “After the Brexit referendum: revisiting populism as an ideology.” Journal of Political Ideologies 22(1): 1-11.Gaines BJ, Kuklinski JH, Quirk PJ, Peyton B, Verkuilen J. 2007. “Same facts, different interpretations: partisan motivation and opinion on Iraq.” Journal Politic 69: 957–974.Gabel, M.J., and Palmer, H.D., 1995, “Understanding variation in public support for European integration.” European Journal of Political Research 27: 3–19.Gabel, Matthew. 1998. “Public Support for European Integration: An Empirical Test of Five Theories.” The Journal of Politics 60(2): 333-354.Gerber, A. S., Karlan, D., and Bergan, D. 2009. “Does the media matter? a field experiment measuring the effect of newspapers on voting behavior and political opinions.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 1(2):35– 52.Goldberg, Authur S.. 1966. “Discerning a Causal Pattern Among Data in Voting Behavior.” American Political Science Association 60:913-22.Golder, Matt, and Sona N. Golder. 2016. “Brexit and Beyond: Euroscepticism in a Comparative Perspective.” Comparative Politics Newsletter 26(2): 1-131. Goodwin, Matthew J., and Oliver Heath. 2016b. “The 2016 Referendum, Brexit and the Left Behind: An Aggregate-level Analysis of the Result.” The Political Quarterly 87(3): 323–332.Goodwin, Matthew, and Caitlin Milazzo. 2017. “Taking back control? Investigating the role of immigration in the 2016 vote for Brexit.” Special Issue Article 19(3): 450-464.Goodwin, Matthew, Harold D. Clarke, and Paul Whiteley. 2017. “Why Britain Voted for Brexit: An Individual-Level Analysis of the 2016 Referendum Vote.” Parliamentary Affairs 70: 439-464.Haesly, R.. 2001. “Euroskeptics, Europhiles and Instrumental Europeans: European Attachment in Scotland and Wales.” European Union Politics 2: 81– 102.Hakhverdian, A., Van Elsas, E., Van Der Brug, W., and Kuhn, T.. 2013. “Euroscepticism and education: a longitudinal study of 12 EU member states.” European Union Politics 14(4): 522–41.Harding, Pbil. 2017. “Remember that facts are scared.” British Journalism Review 28(1): 17-22.Hartwig et al.. 1980. "Variability in Electoral Behavior: The 1960,1968 and 1976 Elections." American Journal of Political Science 24:553-558.Hobolt, Sara Binzer. 2005. “When Europe matters: The impact of political information on voting behaviour in EU referéndums.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 15(1): 85-109.------. 2007. “Taking Cues on Europe? Voter competence and party endorsements in referendums on European integration.” European Journal of Political Reasearch 46: 15-182.------. 2016. “The Brexit vote: a divided nation, a divided continent.” Journal of European Public Policy 23(9): 1259-1277.Hooghe Liesbet, and Gary Marks. 2004. “Does Identity or Economic Rationality Drive Public Opinion on European Integration?” Political Science and Politics 37: 415–420.------. 2005. “Calculation, community and cues: Public opinion on European integration.” European Union Politics 6(4): 419-443.Ivarsflaten, Elisabeth. 2016. “Siren Songs: Reflections on Contemporary Populism in Europe’s Old Democracies.” APSA Comparative Politics Newsletter 2(2): 50-52.Jensen Mads Dagnis, and Snaith Holly. 2016. “When politics prevails: the political economy of a Brexit.” Journal of European Public Policy 23(9): 1302-1310.Keen, Steve. 2017. “Trade and the Gains from Diversity: Why Economists Failed to Predict the Consequences of Brexit.” Globolizations 14(6): 803-809.Koch, Insa. 2017. “What`s in a vote? Brexit beyond culture wars.” Journal of the American Ethnological Society 44(2): 225-230.Kuklinski JH, Quirk PJ, Jerit J, Schwieder D, Rich RF. 2000. “Misinformation and the currency of democratic citizenship.” Journal of Politic 62: 790–816.Lau, R.R. & Redlawsk,D.P. 2001. “Advantages and disadvantages of cognitive heuristics in political decision making.” American Journal of Political Science 45(4): 951–971.Li, Quan, and Rafael Reuveny, 2003,” Economic Globalization and Democracy: An Empirical Analysis.” British Journal of Political Science 33(1): 29-54.Meffert MF, Chung S, Joiner AJ,Waks L, Garst J.. 2006. “The effects of negativity and motivated information processing during a political campaign.” Journal Commun 56: 27–51.Morgan, Jamie. 2016. “Brexit: Be Careful What You Wish For?” Globalizations 14(1): 118-126.Nam HH, Jost JT, Bavel JV. 2013. “Not for all the tea in china!’ Political ideology and the avoidance of dissonance-arousing situations.” PLOS ONE 8(4): 1-8.Norpoth, Helmut. 1996. “Presidents and the Prospective Voter.” Journal of Politics 58(3):776-792.Pornpitakpan C.. 2004. “The persuasiveness of source credibility: a critical review of five decades’ evidence.” Journal of Applied Socical Psychology 34: 243–281.Redlawsk DP. 2002. “Hot cognition or cool consideration? Testing the effects of motivated reasoning on political decision making.” Journal of Politic 64: 1021– 1044.Seaton, Jean. 2016. “Brexit and th Media.” The Political Quarterly 87(3): 333-337.Sunstein, Cass R. 2002. “The Law of Group Polarization.” The Journal of Political Philosophy 10(2): 175-195.Swire, B., Berinsky, A., Lewandowsky, and Ecker, U. 2017. “Processing political misinformation: comprehending the trump phenomenon.” Royal Society Open Science 4: 1-21.Tsfati, Yariv. 2010. “Online News Exposure and Trust in the Mainstream Media: Exploring Possible Associations.” SAGE Journals 54(1): 22-42.Tsfati, Yariv, and Joseph N. Cappella. 2003. “Do People watch what they do not trust? Exploring the Association between News Media Skepticism and Exposure” SAGE Journals 30(5): 504-529.Tucker, J.A., Pacek, A.C., and Berinsky, A.J,. 2002. “Transitional winners and losers: attitudes toward EU membership in post-communist countries.” American Journal of Political Science 46(3): 557–571.Vicario, Michela Del, Alessandro Bessi, Fabiana Zollo, Fabio Petroni, Antonio Scala, Guido Caldarelli, H. Eugene Stanley, and Walter Quattrociocchi. 2015. “The spreading of misinformation online.” Current Issue 113(3): 554-559.Vicario, Michela Del, Fabiana Zollo, and Guido Caldarelli, Antonio Scala, and Walter Quattrociocchi. 2017. “Mapping social dynamics on Facebook: The Brexit debate.” Social Networks 50: 6-16.Wells ,Chris, Justin Reedy, John Gastil, and Carolyn Lee. 2009. “Information Distortion and Voting Choices: The Origins and Effects of Factual Beliefs in Initiative Elections.” Political Psychology 30(6): 953-969. Weyland, Kurt. 2001. “Clarifying a contested concept: Populism in the study of Latin American politics.” Comparative Politics 34(1):1–22.網路資源Ashcroft, Lord. 2016. “How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday… and why.” http://lordashcroftpolls.com/2016/06/how-the-united-kingdom-voted-and- why/ (accessed November 7, 2017).Ball James, and Siraj Datoo. 2016. “We Fact-Checked 17 EU Referendum Claims So You Don`t Have To.” https://www.buzzfeed.com/jamesball/are-eu-telling-p orkies?utm_term=.viYVXokk0#.veBjMVAAd (accessed November 9, 2017).Barbara Petrongolo. 2016. “Brexit and the UK labour market.” http://cep.lse.ac. uk/pubs/download/cp478.pdf (accessed September 10, 2017).Barnett, Steven. 2016. “The Tragic Downfall of British Media.” http://foreignpol icy.com/2016/07/08/the-tragic-downfall-of-british-media-tabloids-brexit/ (accessed September 10, 2017).Baron, Martin. 2016. “Martin Baron addresses Temple University graduates.” htt ps://www.washingtonpost.com/pr/wp/2016/05/06/martin-baron-adresses- temple-university-graduates/?utm_term=.326dd4279318 (accessed Octorber 20,2017).Barrera Oscar, Sergei Guriev, Emeric Henry, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya. 2017. “Facts, Alternative Facts, and Fact Checkingin Times of Post-Truth Politics.” https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3004631 (accessed Octorber 20, 2017).BBC. 2013. “Thatcher and her tussles with Europe.” http://www.bbc.com/news/ uk-politics-11598879 (accessed November 9, 2017).------. 2016. “Reality Check: Does the EU protect workers` rights?.” http://www.b bc.com/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36434855 (accessed November 4, 2017).------. 2017a. “Post-Brexit trade deals ‘to créate 400,000 jobs’.” http://www.bbc.c om/news/uk-politics-38495177 (accessed September 23, 2017).------. 2017b. “Brexit: Article 50 has been triggered - what now?.” http://www.bb c.com/news/uk-politics-39143978 (accessed Octorber 25, 2017).Becker, Sascha O., Thiemo Fetzer, and Dennis Novy. 2016. “Who Voted for Brexit? A Comprehensive District-Level Analysis.” http://ukandeu.ac.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2016/10/Who-voted-for-Brexit.pdf (accessed November 4, 2017).Bell, Brian, and Stephen Machin. 2016. “Brexit and Wage Inequality.” http://voxe u.org/article/brexit-and-wage-inequality (accessed November 14, 2017).Boswell, Christina. 2016. “Immigration:would limiting the free movement of labour be good or bad?” http://www.davidhumeinstitute.com/immigration would-limiting-free-movement-labour-good-bad/ (accessed November 7, 2017).Bruckner, Till, Hans Gutbrod, Dustin Gilbreath, Tiko Ambroladze, Ian Goodrich. 2017. “Think Tanks in the UK 2017: Transparency, Lobbying and Fake News in Brexit Britain.” https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52e1f399e4b06a94c0 cdaa41/t/58996330b8a79b6ede1c9891/1486447414103/Transparify+-++T hink+Tank+Transparency+in+the+UK+2017.pdf (accessed Octorber 20,2017). Brüggemann, Thomas Ulrich. 2016. “Newspaper influences on voters in the brexit referéndum.”http://essay.utwente.nl/70813/1/Bruggemann_BA_BMS.p df (accessed Octorber 25,2017).Chaplain, Chloe. 2017. “Brexit: Why I regret voting to leave the European Union and now want the UK to remain.” https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics /brexit-why-i-regret-voting-to-leave-the-european-union-and-now-want-the- uk-to-remain-a3571276.html (accessed November 3, 2017).Charter, David. 2016. “Brexit vote could destroy western political civilisation: Donald Tusk.” http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/the-times/ brexit-vote-could-destroy-western-political-civilisation-donald-tusk/news -story/6bef9d69ce75f3b592aa7f1e92a59f27 (accessed September 24, 2017).Colson, Tomas. 2017. “A report which claimed that a ‘Hard Brexit’ would créate 400,000 jobs was based on ‘entirely fictional statistics’.” http://uk.businessinsi der.com/jonathan-portes-hard-brexit-job-creation-claims-entirely-fictional-2 017-1 (accessed September 22, 2017).Coolbaugh, Jack . 2017. “Voting Determinants of Brexit: How Trade and Immigration Affected the Vote Share for Brexit across the UK.” https://econom ics.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/publications/coolbaugh_honors_thesis_fin al_5-4-17.pdf (accessed November 14, 2017).Coyle, Diane. 2016. “Brexit and globalisation.” http://voxeu.org/article/brexit-an d-globalisation (accessed November 5, 2017).Culbertson, Alix. 2017. “Brexit regret? Latest poll dispels remorse claims as HALF of Britons STILL want to leave.” https://www.express.co.uk/news/politics/82 9147/Brexit-news-poll-Survation-half-Britons-leave-EU (accessed December 19, 2017).D’ambrigio, Enrico, and Giulio Sabbati. 2017. “South Korea: Economic indicators and trad with EU.” http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/search.html ?authors=6070 (accessed September 21, 2017).Darvas, Zsolt. 2016. “Brexit should be a wake up call in the fight against inequality.”http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2016/08/06/brexit-should-be- a-wake-up-call-in-the-fight-against-inequality/ (accessed November 14, 2017).Davis, Charlotte. 2017. ” ‘They are stubborn!` Remainer claims Brexiteers regret Brexit vote but WILL NOT admit it.” https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/880 817/Brexit-News-Theresa-May-Brexit-Latest-EU-News-European-Union-Brex it-Referendum-UK (accessed December 19, 2017).Demianyk, Graeme. 2017. “EU`s Michel Barnier Signals Slow Progress Over Brexit Talks.” http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/michel-barnier-brexit-serious ly_uk_59a44094e4b06d67e33941cb (accessed November 18, 2017).Dennison, Susi, and Dina Pardijs. 2016. “The World According to Europe’s Insurgent Parties: Putin, Migration and People Power.” http://www.ecfr.eu/p age/-/ECFR_181_-_THE_WORLD_ACCORDING_TO_EUROPES_INSURGENT_PAR TIES.pdf (accessed Octorber 25, 2017).DesmogUK. 2016. “Brexit Climate Deniers.” https://www.desmog.uk/brexit-clim ate-deniers (accessed January 1, 2018).Destatis. 2017. “2.9% increase in naturalisations - especially of Britons - in 2016.” https://www.destatis.de/EN/PressServices/Press/pr/2017/06/PE17_195_12 511.html (accessed Octorber 31, 2017).Dewey, Caitlin. 2016. “Facebook fake-news writer: I think Donald Trump is in the White House because of me.” https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/ wp/2016/11/17/facebook-fake-news-writer-i-think-donald-trump-is-in-the-white-ho use-because-of-me/ (accessed Octorber 14, 2017).Diamond Jeremy. 2017. “Trump falsely claims US murder rate is “highest” in 47 years.” http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/07/politics/donald-trump-murder-rate-fact- check/index.html (accessed Octorber 14, 2017). Dorling, Danny. 2016. “Brexit: the decision of a divided country.” http://www. dannydorling.org/wp-content/files/dannydorling_publication_id5564.pdf (accessed November 6, 2017).Edwards, Jim. 2016. “The number of people who regret voting for Brexit is now greater than the margin of victory for Leave.” http://uk.businessinsider.com/ brexit-vote-regret-leave-margin-victory-2016-10 (accessed Octorber 14, 2017).Elgot, Jessica. 2016. “Brexit: CPS considers complaint that leave campaigns misled voters.” https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/nov/07/brexit- cps-considers-complaint-that-leave-campaigns-misled-voters (accessed November 1, 2017).------. 2017. “Economists dispute claim that brexit could create 400,000 Jobs.” https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jan/03/economists-dispute -claim-that-brexit-could-create-400000-jobs (accessed September 23, 2017).Elgot, Jessica, Severin Carrell, and Jennifer Rankin. 2016. “David Davis suggests UK could pay for single market access.” https://www.theguardian.com/politic s/2016/dec/01/brexit-secretary-suggests-uk-would-consider-paying-for-sing le-market-access (accessed November 8, 2017).Elliott, Matthew. 2015. “Seven lessons from Britain`s 1975 EEC referéndum.” http: //www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/eureferendum/11652504/Seven-l essons-from-Britains-1975-EEC-referendum.html (accessed Octorber 25, 2017).------. 2016. “Why vote leave.” http://www.voteleavetakecontrol.org/why_vot e_leave.html (accessed September 24, 2017).Eurostat. 2017. “File:Asylum applications (non-EU) in the EU-28 Member States, 2006–2016 (thousands) YB17.png.” http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show .do?dataset=migr_asyappctza&lang=en (accessed December 15, 2017).Evans,G., E. Fieldhouse, J. Green., H. Schmitt, C. van der Eijk, J. Mellon, and C. Prosser. 2016. “Wave 10 of the 2014-2018 British Election Study Internet Panel.http://www.britishelectionstudy.com/data-object/wave-10-of-the-201 4-2017-british-election-study-internet-panel/ (accessed November 13, 2017).Evlogias, Eleftherios. 2017. “An exploration into voting behaviour: A thematic analysis on what drove voting on the Brexit Referendum on a University simple.” https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/619194/ (accessed Octorber 31, 2017).Fisher, Max. 2016. “Russia and the U.S. Election: What We Know and Don’t Know.”https://cn.nytstyle.com/international/20161213/russia-trump-electio n-cia-fbi/en-us/ (accessed Octorber 24, 2017).Gerald, John Fitz, and Patrick Honohan. 2016. “Ireland and Brexit.” http://voxeu. org/article/ireland-and-brexit (accessed November 7,2017).Goodwin, Matthew J., and Oliver Heath. 2016a. “Brexit vote explained: poverty, low skills and lack of opportunities.” https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vo te-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunities (accessed november 5, 2017).Green, Lord, Daniel Hannan, and Patrick Minford. 2016. “BREXIT FACTOR 10 reasons why choosing Brexit on June 23 is a vote for a stronger, better Britain.” https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/1278140/why-voting-to-leave-the- eu-will-save-our-sovereignty-rein-in-migration-and-boost-our-economy/ (accessed november 3, 2017).Grice, Andrew. 2016. “Reduced immigration after Brexit will not mean higher wages, think tank warns.” http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/b rexit-immigration-migrant-workers-wages-resolution-foundation-a7192121. html (accessed november 8, 2017).Gutteridge, Nick. 2017. “Brexit divorce bill REVEALED: Barnier confirms UK will have to pay £40BILLION - in EUROS.” https://www.express.co.uk/news/politi cs/889739/Brexit-news-Britain-final-EU-divorce-bill-estimated-at-just-unde r-40-billion (accessed December 15, 2017).Helm, Toby. 2016a. “Poll reveals young remain voters reduced to tears by Brexit result.” https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jul/02/brexit-refer endum-voters-survey (accessed November 7, 2017).------. 2016b. “EU referendum: youth turnout almost twice as high as first thought.” https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jul/09/young-people- referendum-turnout-brexit-twice-as-high (accessed November 7, 2017).Hickey, Shane. 2016. “Brexit fact check: The truth about the immigration debate.” https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/uk/brexit-fact-check-the-truth-abo ut-the-immigration-debate-1.2693216 (accessed November 9, 2017).Hobolt, Sara Binzer, and Christopher Wratil. 2016. “Which argument will win the referendum – immigration,or the economy?” http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsand policy/which-argument-will-win-the-referendum-immigration-or-the-econom y/ (accessed Octorber 27, 2017).Hope, Christopher. 2017. “France and Germany are blocking EU deal, suggests David Davis as he lists countries that want Brexit deal.” http://www.telegraph. co.uk/news/2017/11/17/france-germany-blocking-eu-deal-suggests-david-d avis/ (accessed November 18, 2017).Howard, Philip N., and Bence Kollanyi. 2016. “Bots, #StrongerIn, and #Brexit: Computational Propaganda during the UK-EU Referendum.” https://papers.ss rn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2798311 (accessed Octorber 24, 2017).Hubs, Greensleeves. 2017. “Brexit: Was It an Anti-Establishment Vote? - Comparisons with the U.S. Election.” https://soapboxie.com/world-politics/Br exit-Anti-Establishment (accessed November 1, 2017).Inglehart, Ronald F., and Pippa Norris. 2016. “Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash.” https://research.hks. harvard.edu/publications/getFile.aspx?Id=1401 (accessed November 4, 2017).Ipsos MORI. 2016. “Politicians are still trusted less than estate agents, journalists and bankers.” https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/politicians-are-still- trusted-less-estate-agents-journalists-and-bankers (accessed November 1, 2017).James, Mike. 2016. “We’ll bat for Brexit: cricket legend Botham picks his EU side.” https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/latest-news/508809/Brexit-EU-referend um-Leave-Remain-David-Cameron-Boris-Johnson-Sir-Ian-Botham (accessed Octorber 24, 2017).King, Gary, Michael Tomz, and Jason Wittenberg. 2003. “CLARIFY: Software for Interpreting and Presenting Statistical Results.” https://gking.harvard.edu/publicat ions/clarify-software-interpreting-and-presenting-statistical-results (accessed February 1, 2018).Lizzie Stromme and Darren Hunt. 2017. “No UK single market access WITHOUT accepting EU court, MEP says ahead of Brexit talks.” http://www.express.co.uk /news/world/789245/Brexit-Polish-MEP-rules-out-single-market-access-UK- without-EU-court (accessed September 18, 2017).Loughborough University. 2016. “EU referendum 2016. Media analysis from Loughborough University Centre for Research in Communication and Culture.” https://blog.lboro.ac.uk/crcc/eu-referendum/uk-news-coverage-2016-eurefe rendum-report-5-6-may-22-june-2016/ (accessed Octorber 12, 2017).Loughborough University. 2016. “Devolution implications were ignored in pre-EU Referendum media coverage.” http://blog.lboro.ac.uk/crcc/eu-referen dum/indyref-2-implications-ignored-pre-eu-referendum-media-coverage/ (accessed Octorber 27, 2017).Lynskey, Dorian. 2017. “‘I thought I’d put in a protest vote’: the people who regret voting leave.” https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/nov/25/pr otest-vote-regret-voting-leave-brexit (accessed December 19, 2017).MailOnline. 2017. “UK ’could gain nearly 400,000 jobs through trade deals by leaving custom union’.” http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/pa/article-4083 792/UK-gain-nearly-400-000-jobs-trade-deals-leaving-customs-union.html (accessed September 22, 2017).Mance, Henry. 2016. “Britain has had enough of experts, says Gove.” https://ww w.ft.com/content/3be49734-29cb-11e6-83e4-abc22d5d108c (accessed November 1, 2017).Matthews, A. 2015. “Implications of British Exit from the EU for the Irish Agri-food Sector.” https://www.tcd.ie/Economics/TEP/2015/TEP0215.pdf (accessed November 7, 2017).Mays, Alex. 2016. “Sorry Everyone, These Five Brexit Promises Probably Aren’t Going To Happen.” https://www.unilad.co.uk/politics/sorry-everyone-these -five-brexit-promises-probably-arent-going-to-happen/ (accessed September 20, 2017).McGrory, James. 2016. “Leave campaignners try to drop their false promises.” http://www.open-britain.co.uk/leave_campaigners_try_to_drop_their_false_ promises (accessed September 26, 2017).Mckenzie, Lisa. 2016. “Brexit is the only way the working class can change anything.” https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jun/15/brex it-working-class-sick-racist-eu-referendum (accessed 5 November, 2017).Menczer, Filippo. 2016. “Misinformation on social media: Can technology save us?” https://theconversation.com/misinformation-on-social-media-can- technology-save-us-69264 (accessed November 1, 2017).Merrick, Rob. 2017. “UK is paying the EU less than half the sum claimed by Brexit campaigners, reveal new figures.” http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/p olitics/uk-eu-divorce-bill-half-pay-brexit-leave-campaign-referendum-350-mi llion-brussels-a7881286.html (accessed November 6, 2017).Milanovic, B. 2016. “The greatest reshuffle of individual incomes since the Industrial Revolution.” http://voxeu.org/article/greatest-reshuffle-indivi dual-incomes-industrial-revolution (accessed November 5, 2017).Moore, Martin, and Gordon Ramsay. 2017. “UK media coverage of the 2016 EU Referendum campaign.” https://www.kcl.ac.uk/sspp/policy-institute/CMCP/ UK-media-coverage-of-the-2016-EU-Referendum-campaign.pdf (accessed September 26, 2017).NatCen Social Research. 2014. “More than 3 in 4 want reduction in immigration.” http://www.natcen.ac.uk/news-media/press-releases/2014/january/more-t han-3-in-4-want-reduction-in-immigration/ (accessed November 1, 2017).------. 2017. “In hindsight, do you think Britain was right or wrong to vote to leave the EU?” https://whatukthinks.org/eu/questions/in-highsight-do-you-t hink-britain-was-right-or-wrong-to-vote-to-leave-the-eu/ (accessed November 3, 2017).Newman, Nick, David A. L. Levy, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen. 2015. “Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2015.” https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cf m?abstract_id=2619576 (accessed Ocotrber 20, 2017).Noyer, Christian. 2017. “Brexit means the end of single market Access for London.” https://www.ft.com/content/4a7e49b2-042b-11e7-aa5b-6bb07f5c 8e12 (accessed September 21, 2017).Nyhan, B., Porter, E., Reifler, J., and Wood, T. 2017. “Taking corrections literally but not seriously? the effects of information on factual beliefs and candidate favorability.” https://www.dartmouth.edu/~nyhan/trump-corrections.pdf (accessed October 15, 2017).Open Britain. 2016. “Leave campaigners try to drop their false promises.” http:// www.open-britain.co.uk/leave_campaigners_try_to_drop_their_false_promises (accessed November 1, 2017).Owen, Erica, and Stefanie Walter. 2016. “Open economy politics and brexit: insights, puzzles and ways forward.” https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9HM OuqRxIsNMlN3R2pIZlZjMzA/view (accessed November 1, 2017).Oxdord University Press. 2016. “Word of the Year is….” https://en.oxforddictiona ries.com/word-of-the-year/word-of-the-year-2016 (accessed Octorber 14, 2017). Papazoglou, Alexis. 2016. “Brexit voters: misled victims or conscious agents?” ht tp://eprints.lse.ac.uk/71562/ (accessed October 24, 2017).Parkinson, Hannah Jane. 2016. “Click and elect: how fake news helped Donald Trump win a real election.” https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov /14/fake-news-donaldtrump-election-alt-right-social-media-tech-companies. (accessed Octorber 14, 2017).Petroff, Alanna. 2017. “Britain crashes out of world`s top 5 economies.” http://m oney.cnn.com/2017/11/22/news/economy/uk-france-biggest-economies-in- the-world/index.html (accessed December 4, 2017).Pomerantsev Peter, Weiss Michael. 2014. “The Menace of Unreality: How the Kremlin Weaponizes Information, Culture and Money.” https://cdn.mashregh news.ir/old/files/fa/news/1393/12/26/950303_869.pdf (accessed November 1, 2017).Proudman, Charlotte, and Mary Honeyball. 2016. “Six big reasons for women to vote Remain in the EU referéndum.” http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/ eu-referendum-brexit-nigel-farage-david-cameron-women-reasons-vote-rem ain-a7097271.html (accessed December 12, 2017).Rankin, Jennifer, and Philip Oltermann. 2016. “Brussels rejects Boris Johnson `pipe dream` over single market access.” https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/ju n/27/brussels-rejects-boris-johnson-pipe-dream-over-single-market-access (accessed Octorber 27, 2017).Read, Max. 2016. “Donald Trump won because of Facebook.” http://nymag.com/sele ctall/2016/11/donald-trump-won-because-of-facebook.html (accessed September 26, 2017).Reif, Karlheinz, and Hermann Schmitt. 1980. “Nine Second-Order National Elections: A Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of European Election Results.” European Journal of Political Research 8(1): 3-44.Rovnick , Naomi, and Federica Cocco. 2017. “Brexit prompts skilled European workers to leave the UK.” https://www.ft.com/content/a37c2aee-565f-11e7- 80b6-9bfa4c1f83d2 (accessed November 9, 2017).Skinner, Gideon, and Glenn Gottfried . 2016. “How Britain voted in the 2016 EU referendum.” https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/how-britain-voted- 2016-eu-referendum (accessed December 12, 2017).Sky News. 2016. “`Fantasy` And `Fear` Claims As EU Battle Begins.” http://news. sky.com/story/fantasy-and-fear-claims-as-eu-battle-begins-10243254 (accessed October 24, 2017).Smith, Matthew. 2017. “Leave voters are less likely to trust any experts – even weather forecasters.” https://yougov.co.uk/news/2017/02/17/leave-voters- are-less-likely-trust-any-experts-eve/ (accessed November 1, 2017).Statista. 2016. “Distribution of EU Referendum votes in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2016, by age group and gender.” https://www.statista.com/statistics/5679 22/distribution-of-eu-referendum-votes-by-age-and-gender-uk/ (accessed December 12, 2017).Stewart, Amelia. 2017. “Change Britain’s claims about post-Brexit trade deals are “basically junk” says Sam Bowman.” https://www.adamsmith.org/news/chan ge-britains-claims-about-post-brexit-trade-deals-are-basically-junk-says-sam- bowman (accessed September 23, 2017).Stewart, Heather. 2017. “Brexit: workers` rights best secured by staying in single market, says TUC chief.” https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/sep/11 /brexit-workers-rights-best-secured-by-staying-in-single-market-says-tuc-chi ef (accessed November 10, 2017).Stone, Jon. 2016a. “Video evidence emerges of Nigel Farage pledging EU millions for NHS weeks before Brexit vote.” http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/ politics/brexit-eu-referendum-nigel-farage-nhs-350-million-pounds-live-heal th-service-u-turn-a7102831.html (accessed November 9, 2017).Stone, Jon. 2016b. “Vote Leave`s £350m for the NHS pledge was ‘just an example’, says group`s chair.” http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/gisela-s tuart-vote-leaves-350m-for-the-nhs-pledge-was-just-an-example-the-groups- chair-says-a7238451.html (accessed November 8, 2017).Swales, Kirby. 2016. “Understanding the Leave Vote. UK in a Changing Europe.” http://natcen.ac.uk/media/1319222/natcen_brexplanations-report-final-web2.pdf (accessed November 6, 2017).Tilford, Simon. 2017a. “Economists dispute claim that brexit could create 400,000 Jobs.” http://www.cer.eu/in-the-press/economists-dispute-claim-bre xit-could-create-400000-jobs (accessed September 23, 2017).------. 2017b. “The British and their exceptionalism.” http://www.cer.eu/insights /british-and-their-exceptionalism (accessed November 9, 2017).The British Election Study Team. 2016. “Brexit Britain: British Election Study Insights from the post-EU Referendum wave of the BES internet panel.” http:// www.britishelectionstudy.com/bes-resources/brexit-britain-british-election-s tudy-insights-from-the-post-eu-referendum-wave-of-the-bes-internet-panel/ #.WfdbmFIrxE4 (accessed Octorber 31, 2017).The Economist. 2016a. “Yes, I’d lie to you.” https://www.economist.com/news/b riefing/21706498-dishonesty-politics-nothing-new-manner-which-some-polit icians-now-lie-and (accessed Octorber 31, 2017).The Economist. 2016b. “Art of the lie.” https://www.economist.com/news/leade rs/21706525-politicians-have-always-lied-does-it-matter-if-they-leave-truth- behind-entirely-art (accessed November 2, 2017).The Economist. 2016c. “Dreaming of sovereignty.” https://www.economist.com/ news/britain/21695056-talk-taking-back-power-may-be-delusional-more-de mocracy-not-dreaming-sovereignty (accessed November 3, 2017).The Electoral Commission. 2012. “Summary of electoral offences.” https://www. electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/149729/List-of-elec toral-offences.pdf (accessed November 1, 2017).The Guardian. 2017. “The Guardian view on political lies: only the sword of truth can vanquish them Editorial.” https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/ 2017/jan/29/the-guardian-view-on-political-lies-only-the-sword-of-truth-ca n-vanquish-them (accessed November 2, 2017).Thomas, Huw. 2016. “EU referendum: Measuring the influence of the media.” htt p://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-36547789 (accessed November 2, 2017).Turner ,Camilla, and Michael Wilkinson. 2016. “As three million people sign a petition for a second EU referendum we ask - could it actually happen?” http:/ /www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/25/could-britain-actually-have-a-seco nd-referendum-on-brexit/ (accessed October 31, 2017).UK Electoral Commission. 2016. “Report on the 23 June 2016 referendum on the UK’s membership of the European Union.” http://www.electoralcommission.o rg.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/215279/2016-EU-referendum-report.pdf (accessed October 12, 2017). UK National Statistics. 2017. “How many people do we grant asylum or protection to?” https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/immigration- statistics-july-to-september-2017/how-many-people-do-we-grant-asylum-or- protection-to (accessed December 15, 2017).UK Statistics Authority. 2016. “UK Statistics Authority statement on the use of official statistics on contributions to the European Union.” https://www.statist icsauthority.gov.uk/news/uk-statistics-authority-statement-on-the-use-of-offi cial-statistics-on-contributions-to-the-european-union/ (accessed November 7, 2017).Vekaria, Pratiksha. 2016. “We asked the older generation why they’re voting to leave the EU.” http://thetab.com/2016/06/08/asked-older-generation-the yre-voting-leave-eu-93059 (accessed November 7, 2017).Vicario, Michela Del, Fabiana Zollo, and Guido Caldarelli. 2016. “The Anatomy of Brexit Debate on Facebook.” https://arxiv.org/pdf/1610.06809.pdf (accessed October 12, 2017).Wadsworth, Jonathan, Swati Dhingra, Gianmarco Ottaviano ,and John Van Reenen. 2016. “Brexit and the Impact of Immigration on the UK.” http://cep.ls e.ac.uk/pubs/download/brexit05.pdf (accessed November 9,2017).Watts, Joe. “Brexit Secretary David Davis says UK will stay open to migrants after leaving EU.” http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/david-davis-mi grants-brexit-workers-eu-uk-stay-open-immigration-years-latest-a7592616.h tml (accessed November 9,2017).Whitely Paul, and Harold D. Clarke. 2016. “Brexit: Why did older voters choose to Leave the EU?” http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-why- did-old-people-vote-leave-young-voters-remain-eu-referendum-a7103996.ht ml (accessed November 7, 2017). Will Straw. 2016. “Get the facts.” http://www.strongerin.co.uk/get_the_facts#VP 5KvqcbuUwoypDy.97 (accessed September 24, 2017).Wintour, Patrick. 2015. “Britain should not take more Middle East refugees, says David Cameron.” https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/02/david-c ameron-migration-crisis-will-not-be-solved-by-uk-taking-in-more-refugees (accessed November 9,2017).Wollaston, Sarah. 2016. “Leave’s health claims are shameful.” https://www.theti mes.co.uk/article/comment-leave-s-health-claims-are-shameful-x75m2hm2m (accessed November 9,2017).Wooton, Ian. 2016. “Brexit a view from north of the border.” http://voxeu.org/ article/brexit-view-north-border (accessed November 7,2017).Wright Kathryn. 2016. “Taking Back Control? Appeals to the People in the Aftermath of the UK’s Referendum on EU Membership.” http://eprints.whitero se.ac.uk/105930/1/Taking_Back_Control_FINAL_KW_Costituzionalismo_Sep_ 2016.pdf (accessed Octorber 27, 2017).YouGov. 2016. “What UK think.” http://whatukthinks.org/eu/poll/yougov-2361 6/ (accessed November 17,2017).研討會論文Lu, Chien-Yi. 2016. “Brexit and the Anti-Establishment Mood.” Presented at the Conference, “Brexit, the European Union, and Implications for the Asia-Pacific,” Institute of European and American Studies, Academia Sinica. zh_TW
