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題名 法律語言之歧義及模糊性
Ambiguous Meaning and Vagueness in the Legal Discourse
作者 陳雅齡
貢獻者 陳惠馨
陳雅齡
關鍵詞 法律解釋
歧義性
模糊性
文義解釋
DS 363
子女最佳利益
Statutory interpretation
Ambiguity
Vagueness
Textualism
DS 363 of the WTO
The best interests of the child
日期 2018
上傳時間 1-Jun-2018 17:50:40 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文中，我經由一件國際法爭端及國內親屬法的條文，探討其所使用字詞包含的語言歧義及模糊性，目的在於豎立一套有利於法學界適用的法律解釋語言學。
首先，我敘述我的研究目的和方法，第二部分先定義何謂法律的模糊性與歧義性，接著討論並列舉幾種常見的法律文本，下來回顧法律解釋的起源及目的，以及法學家為了解釋法律使用的文義解釋及其他輔助方法，第三部份提出幾種有助於分析語言歧義與模糊性的語言學觀點。第四部分探討WTO架構下2007年美國與中國有關進口進口視聽服務，雙方對於多邊協議中兩個名詞(recording, distribution) 的解釋，第五部分我從語言學觀點分析中國進口視聽服務案件所涉及兩個普通名詞的歧義性，兼談兩方送交爭端小組有關中國境內法規的英文翻譯之模糊性，第五部份蒐集實務判決結果，探討台灣民法親屬篇第1055條之1有關ru04離婚時未成年子女監護權「子女最佳利益 」的解釋，及同條文衡量子女最佳利益考慮因素第七項「不同族群的傳統、文化及價值觀」的措辭問題。
WTO上訴機構當初如果考慮這種語言學觀點，可能會得到不同的見解。在涉及未成年監護權的家庭案件中，除了藉助於源自西方國家的法律解釋方法，從語言學觀點檢視相關條文的措詞有助對法律條文的理解，努力達到一般法律文本要求的精確原則，也能對修法及擬定條文解釋的指導方針等有所幫助。
In this thesis, I present two case studies and address the issue of interpreting ambiguous meaning and vagueness in the law. In a globalized society of dramatic transformations, these ambiguous and vague expressions should be brought up and examined closely so as to establish a linguistic framework for statutory interpretation to be applied by jurists tasked with interpreting such ambiguous words and vague phrases.
This study is organized into five parts. In the first part, I state the research purpose and methods. In the second part, I first define “vagueness” and “ambiguity” in the law, then exemplify the main textual types of the law, which require precision in the wording to prevent difference in legal effects. Next, I investigate the origin and purpose of statutory interpretation, and lastly review how jurists apply textualism and supplementary methods to interpret meaning. In the third part, I present several linguistic theories which can be applicable to determining the meaning of ambiguous or vague terms in a legal context. The fourth part is devoted to the interpretation of the key words “recording” and “distribution” as well as translated business measures submitted by both parties in WTO Dispute Settlement Case 363 regarding the importation of audiovisual materials from the USA to China. In the fifth part, I investigate how the key phrase “the best interests of the child” in Article 1055-1 has been interpreted in recent judgements made by the Kaohsiung Juvenile and Family Court, as well as the extent to which the phrase “traditions, culture, and values of different ethnic groups” has been taken into consideration by the Family Court.
The WTO Appellate Body might have gained numerous insights had they considered such a linguistic approach. In litigation cases involving child custody rights, re-examination of the wording of a statutory text from the linguistic viewpoint can enhance one’s understanding of its meaning. The results demonstrate that in addition to traditional interpretive canons devised and introduced from the West in the past century, a linguistic approach provides a valuable perspective for interpreting legal language, helps to ensure that the wording of a legal discourse meets the requirement of precision in the law, and can be fruitfully applied when making revisions of statutory texts in the future.
參考文獻 Books
Brinton, L.J. The structure of modern English: a linguistic introduction. Illustrated edition. (John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2000).
Cao, D., Translation law (Multilingual Matters, 2007).
Chomsky, N., Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin, and Use (Praeger, 1986).
Chen, Hweisyin, The Family Law: Theory and Practice 12-22, (Yuan Zao, 2016). 陳惠馨《民法親屬篇:理論與實務》頁12-22 (元照，2016)。
Gibbons, J. (ed.), Language and Law (Longman, 1994).
Gardiner, R., Treaty Interpretation (Oxford University Press, 2008).
Houser, N. & Kloesel, C (Ed), The Essential Peirce: Selected Philosophical Writings, Vol. 1 (1992).
Hughes, W. and Lavery, J., Critical Thinking: An Introduction to the Basic Skills, 5th Ed. (Broadview Press, 2008).
Lakeoff, G. Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories reveal about the human mind (University of Chicago Press, 1987)
Langacker, R., Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Vol 2. (Stanford University Press, 1991).
Larnez, Karnel, Metheodenlehre der Rechtswissenchaft, 6th Ed. (Wunan Publishing, 2000).
Lefevere, A. (Ed). Translation/History/Culture: A Sourcebook (Routledge, 1992).
Linderfalk, Ulf., On the Interpretation of Treaties. (Springer Publishing Company, 2007).
Liu Xinyi, Law Corollary and Interpretation: Law Proceedings (Han lu, 2015) 劉幸義，法律推論與解釋：法學方法論文集，翰蘆，2015年11月。
Lyons, John (ed.) .New Horizons in Linguistics (Penguin, 1970).
Lyons, John. Semantics (Vols. 1 and 2) (Cambridge University Press, 1977).
Lyons, John. Language, Meaning and Context. Suffolk: Fontana (1981).
Mellinkoff, D. The language of the Law (Brown & Co, 1963).
Ogden, C.K., and Richards, I.A., Meaning of Meaning (Brace and Company, Inc, 1927).
Qiu, Pengsheng, Analysis of the Criminal Cases` History of Knowledge, p. 8 (Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica Ninth Research Symposium, 2004). 邱澎生, 〈淺析刑案彙覽的知識史〉,中研院歷史語言研究所法律史研究室 2004 年第九次研讀會，頁 8，2004。
Šarčević, S. New approach to legal translation 238 (Kluwer Law International, 1997).
Schane, S., Language and the Law (Continuum, 2006).
Tyler, A. and Evans, V., The semantics of English prepositions: Spatial scenes, cognition and the experiential basis of meaning. (Cambridge University Press, 2003).
Articles in Books
Fillmore, Charles J., and B. T. Atkins. Frame semantics, in Linguistics in the Morning Calm, ed. by The Linguistic Society of Korea, 111-137 (Hanshin, 1982).
Fillmore, Charles J., and B. T. Atkin. Towards a Frame-based organization of the lexicon: the semantics of RISK and its neighbors. In Frames, Fields, and Contrasts: New Essays in Semantics and Lexical Organization, ed. by Adrienne Lehrer and Eva Kittay, 75-102 (Lawrence Erlbaum, 1992).
Šarčević, S. The Challenges of Legal Lexicography: implications for bilingual and multilingual dictionaries in M SnellHornby (ed.), ZüriLEX `86 Proceedings, edited by M. Snell-Hornby (Francke Verlag, 307-14).
Journals
Andersen, P. B. A theory of computer semiotics: semiotic approaches to construction and assessment of computer systems, 3 Cambridge series on human-computer interaction (Cambridge University Press, 1990).
Brown, R.W., Linguistic determinism and the part of speech, 55 Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology 1-5 (1957).
Davis, Elliot M., The newer textualism: Justice Alito`s statutory interpretation, 983-1004 Harvard journal of law & public policy 30(3) (2007).
Eskridge, William N. Jr. The New Textualism 37 UCLA Law Review 621 (1990).
Golanski, A., Linguistics and Law. 66 Albany Law Review Journal 60-121. (EBSCO Publishing, 2002).
Howse, R. The World Trade Organization 20 Years On: Global Governance by Judiciary. Vol 27, No. 1 EJIL 9-77 (2016).
Liu, Hong-en, The Practice of "Children `s Best Interests Principle" in Custodian Cases of Children after Divorce in Taiwan Courts - From the Perspective of Legal and Social Studies (Military law special issue Vol 57 No. 1, 84-106). 劉宏恩「子女最佳利益原則」在台灣法院離婚後子女監護案件中之實踐—法律與社會研究之觀點, 軍法專刊, 57卷1期，頁84-106 , 2011.年2月。
Liu, Xinyi, Exploring "Special Regulations" from the Perspective of Semantics and Principles of Criminal Law (The Taiwan Law Review199601, 84-90). 劉幸義，由語意學與刑法原理探討「特別規定」用詞，月旦法學雜誌 84-90,1996年1月。
Master’s or Doctoral Theses
Cheng, Yen-ni, An Empirical Study of Paternity Rights of Minor Children after Divorce (Master thesis of National Taiwan University Graduate School of Law, 2015). 鄭諺霓，離婚後未成年子女親權酌定之實證研究，台大法律系研究所碩士論文，2015年6月。
Hu, Pi-chan. Study of the vagueness of the language of the Criminal Law of the ROC (National Chengchi University Institute of Linguistics, 2009)
Huang Ming-hsiu. Analysis of the semantics of the provisions of the Civil Code of the late Qing dynasty (National Chengchi University Graduate School of Law 2007).
Online Resources
Child Rights International Network https://www.crin.org/en/home/rights/convention
Law and Regulations Retrieval System 全國法規資料庫 http://law.moj.gov.tw/Index.aspx
Judicial Information Retrieval System 法學資料檢索系統http://jirs.judicial.gov.tw/Index.htm
World Trade Organization Offical Website https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds363_e.htm
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
法學院碩士在職專班
104961006
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1049610061
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 陳惠馨zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳雅齡zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 陳雅齡zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2018en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Jun-2018 17:50:40 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Jun-2018 17:50:40 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Jun-2018 17:50:40 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1049610061en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/117462-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 法學院碩士在職專班zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 104961006zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文中，我經由一件國際法爭端及國內親屬法的條文，探討其所使用字詞包含的語言歧義及模糊性，目的在於豎立一套有利於法學界適用的法律解釋語言學。
首先，我敘述我的研究目的和方法，第二部分先定義何謂法律的模糊性與歧義性，接著討論並列舉幾種常見的法律文本，下來回顧法律解釋的起源及目的，以及法學家為了解釋法律使用的文義解釋及其他輔助方法，第三部份提出幾種有助於分析語言歧義與模糊性的語言學觀點。第四部分探討WTO架構下2007年美國與中國有關進口進口視聽服務，雙方對於多邊協議中兩個名詞(recording, distribution) 的解釋，第五部分我從語言學觀點分析中國進口視聽服務案件所涉及兩個普通名詞的歧義性，兼談兩方送交爭端小組有關中國境內法規的英文翻譯之模糊性，第五部份蒐集實務判決結果，探討台灣民法親屬篇第1055條之1有關ru04離婚時未成年子女監護權「子女最佳利益 」的解釋，及同條文衡量子女最佳利益考慮因素第七項「不同族群的傳統、文化及價值觀」的措辭問題。
WTO上訴機構當初如果考慮這種語言學觀點，可能會得到不同的見解。在涉及未成年監護權的家庭案件中，除了藉助於源自西方國家的法律解釋方法，從語言學觀點檢視相關條文的措詞有助對法律條文的理解，努力達到一般法律文本要求的精確原則，也能對修法及擬定條文解釋的指導方針等有所幫助。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) In this thesis, I present two case studies and address the issue of interpreting ambiguous meaning and vagueness in the law. In a globalized society of dramatic transformations, these ambiguous and vague expressions should be brought up and examined closely so as to establish a linguistic framework for statutory interpretation to be applied by jurists tasked with interpreting such ambiguous words and vague phrases.
This study is organized into five parts. In the first part, I state the research purpose and methods. In the second part, I first define “vagueness” and “ambiguity” in the law, then exemplify the main textual types of the law, which require precision in the wording to prevent difference in legal effects. Next, I investigate the origin and purpose of statutory interpretation, and lastly review how jurists apply textualism and supplementary methods to interpret meaning. In the third part, I present several linguistic theories which can be applicable to determining the meaning of ambiguous or vague terms in a legal context. The fourth part is devoted to the interpretation of the key words “recording” and “distribution” as well as translated business measures submitted by both parties in WTO Dispute Settlement Case 363 regarding the importation of audiovisual materials from the USA to China. In the fifth part, I investigate how the key phrase “the best interests of the child” in Article 1055-1 has been interpreted in recent judgements made by the Kaohsiung Juvenile and Family Court, as well as the extent to which the phrase “traditions, culture, and values of different ethnic groups” has been taken into consideration by the Family Court.
The WTO Appellate Body might have gained numerous insights had they considered such a linguistic approach. In litigation cases involving child custody rights, re-examination of the wording of a statutory text from the linguistic viewpoint can enhance one’s understanding of its meaning. The results demonstrate that in addition to traditional interpretive canons devised and introduced from the West in the past century, a linguistic approach provides a valuable perspective for interpreting legal language, helps to ensure that the wording of a legal discourse meets the requirement of precision in the law, and can be fruitfully applied when making revisions of statutory texts in the future.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Abstract i
1. Introduction p.1
1.1 Purpose of Study p.1
1.2 Research Methodology p.3
1.3 Outline of Study p.6
2. Interpreting Meaning from the Perspective of Jurisprudence p.8
2.1 Defining Ambiguity and Vagueness in the Legal Discourse p.8
2.1.1 Types of Ambiguity p.8
2.1.2 Three Cases of Ambiguity p.9
2.1.3 Vagueness in Daily Expressions p.12
2.1.4 Vagueness in the Language of Law p.13
2.1.5 Vagueness as an intentional act p.15
2.1.6 Vagueness as a form of negligence p.17
2.1.7 Vagueness as an unpredicted act p.18
2.1.8 Vagueness Doctrine p.21
2.2 Textual Types in the Legal Discourse p.22
2.2.1 Strict Legal Texts p.22
2.2.2 Quasi Legal Texts p.27
2.3 Statutory Interpretation: An Overview p.33
2.4 Textualism as the Primary Canon p.39
2.5 Supplementary Interpretive Methods p.43
2.6 Summary p.46
3. Interpreting Meaning from the Linguistic Perspective p.47
3.1 Some Preliminaries on Linguistics p.47
3.2 Analyzing Adjective-Noun Combinations p.50
3.3 Odgen & Richards’ Semantic Triangle Theory p.51
3.4 Chomsky’s Syntactic Phrase Structure Theory p.56
3.5 Fillmore’s Frame Semantics Theory p.60
3.6 Lyon’s Semantic Field Theory p.62
3.7 Summary p.63
4. WTO Dispute Settlement Case 363 p.65
4.1 Background and Review of the Case p.65
4.2 Interpretation of the Appellate Body p.71
4.3 Ambiguity in the Two Disputed Words p.74
4.4 Ambiguity in the Translated Trade Measures p.76
4.5 Summary p.81
5. Article 105 Section 1 in the Family Chapter of the ROC Civil Code p.82
5.1 Background and Revision of the Provisions Relating to “the Best Interests of the Child” p.82
5.2 The Ministry of Justice Guidelines for Interpreting “the Best Interests of the Child” p.87
5.3. Factors Considered in Determining Child Custody in Practice p.88
5.4 Analysis from the Linguistic Point of View p.98
5.4.1 The Term “the Best Interests of the Child” p.98
5.4.2 The Common Phrase “Traditions, Culture, and Values of Different Ethnic Groups” p.100
5.5 Summary p.105
6. Conclusion p.107
References p. 110
Appendix p. 115

Tables and Figures
Table 3.3.1. Comparison of French Law Hypothèque and English Law Mortgage p.53
Table 3.2. Lexical items within the same semantic field p.61
Table 4.3.1. The semantic field of “recording” added to the previous chart…p.73
Table 4.4.1. Audiovisual Products Regulation Article 27…p.73
Table 4.4.2. Film Regulation Article 30 p.77
Table 5.3.1. Who gets the custodian right p.87
Table 5.3.2. Foreign litigants involved in child custody cases p.88
Table 5.3.3. Descriptive statistics of the factors determining custody p.89
Table 6.1. Ambiguity and Vagueness in the Law p.105
Figure 2.1.2.1. Dressed & Eviscerated Chicken stands between two classes of commercial goods and therefore becomes ambiguous p.13
Figure 2.2.1.1 Hierarchy of the ROC law with the Constitution on the top p.25
Figure 2.2.1.2. Statutes codified in the ROC Civil Law p.26
Figure 2.5.1. Traditional interpretive canons p.44
Figure 3.3.1. Example of a semantic triangle p.50
Figure 3.3.2. Near equivalence p.52
Figure 3.3.3. Partial equivalence p.53
Figure 3.4.1. Sample diagram in Chomsky’s theory of generative grammar: “The man hit the ball p.54
Figure 3.4.2. Phrasal structure for "the court shall revoke the sentence of probation and sentence the defendant to not less than one third of the original sentence." P.57
Figure 3.5.1. Frame relations around the transfer of commercial goods p.59
Figure 4.1. WTO Law as a subset of international law p.63
Figure 4.1.1. Phrasal structure no.1 for the sentence of “no entity or individual may operate the importation of finished audiovisual products without being designated p.76
Figure 4.1.2. Phrasal structure no.2 for the sentence of “no entity or individual may operate the importation of finished audiovisual products without being designated p.76
Figure 4.2.1. China’s GATS Schedule p.70
Figure 4.3.1 Dressed & Eviscerated Chicken stands between two classes of commercial goods and therefore becomes ambiguous p.76
Figure 5.3.1. Child custody judgments by the Kaohsiung Juvenile and Family Court p.87
Figure 5.3.2. A pie chart look at child custody judgments by the Kaohsiung Juvenile and Family Court p.88
Figure 5.3.3. Custody judgments in 2017 p.89
Figure 5.3.4. Custody judgments in 2016 p.90
Figure 5.3.5. Custody judgments in 2015 p.90
Figure 5.3.6. Number of child custody cases involving foreign litigants between 2015 Oct. and 2017 Oct. 1 p.92
Figure 5.3.7. Proportion of child custody cases involving foreign litigants p.92
Figure 5.4.2.1. A semantic triangle for the concept “Custom” p.98
Figure 5.4.2.2. A semantic triangle for the concept “Value” p.98
Figure 5.5.1. Vague core meaning of “The Best Interests of the Child” with a restricted extension from the list of factors in Article 1055, Section 1 and the interpreting guidelines prescribed by the Ministry of Justice p.102		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2730004 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1049610061en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 法律解釋zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 歧義性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 模糊性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 文義解釋zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) DS 363zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 子女最佳利益zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Statutory interpretationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Ambiguityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Vaguenessen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Textualismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) DS 363 of the WTOen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) The best interests of the childen_US
dc.title (題名) 法律語言之歧義及模糊性zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Ambiguous Meaning and Vagueness in the Legal Discourseen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Books
Brinton, L.J. The structure of modern English: a linguistic introduction. Illustrated edition. (John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2000).
Cao, D., Translation law (Multilingual Matters, 2007).
Chomsky, N., Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin, and Use (Praeger, 1986).
Chen, Hweisyin, The Family Law: Theory and Practice 12-22, (Yuan Zao, 2016). 陳惠馨《民法親屬篇:理論與實務》頁12-22 (元照，2016)。
Gibbons, J. (ed.), Language and Law (Longman, 1994).
Gardiner, R., Treaty Interpretation (Oxford University Press, 2008).
Houser, N. & Kloesel, C (Ed), The Essential Peirce: Selected Philosophical Writings, Vol. 1 (1992).
Hughes, W. and Lavery, J., Critical Thinking: An Introduction to the Basic Skills, 5th Ed. (Broadview Press, 2008).
Lakeoff, G. Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories reveal about the human mind (University of Chicago Press, 1987)
Langacker, R., Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Vol 2. (Stanford University Press, 1991).
Larnez, Karnel, Metheodenlehre der Rechtswissenchaft, 6th Ed. (Wunan Publishing, 2000).
Lefevere, A. (Ed). Translation/History/Culture: A Sourcebook (Routledge, 1992).
Linderfalk, Ulf., On the Interpretation of Treaties. (Springer Publishing Company, 2007).
Liu Xinyi, Law Corollary and Interpretation: Law Proceedings (Han lu, 2015) 劉幸義，法律推論與解釋：法學方法論文集，翰蘆，2015年11月。
Lyons, John (ed.) .New Horizons in Linguistics (Penguin, 1970).
Lyons, John. Semantics (Vols. 1 and 2) (Cambridge University Press, 1977).
Lyons, John. Language, Meaning and Context. Suffolk: Fontana (1981).
Mellinkoff, D. The language of the Law (Brown & Co, 1963).
Ogden, C.K., and Richards, I.A., Meaning of Meaning (Brace and Company, Inc, 1927).
Qiu, Pengsheng, Analysis of the Criminal Cases` History of Knowledge, p. 8 (Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica Ninth Research Symposium, 2004). 邱澎生, 〈淺析刑案彙覽的知識史〉,中研院歷史語言研究所法律史研究室 2004 年第九次研讀會，頁 8，2004。
Šarčević, S. New approach to legal translation 238 (Kluwer Law International, 1997).
Schane, S., Language and the Law (Continuum, 2006).
Tyler, A. and Evans, V., The semantics of English prepositions: Spatial scenes, cognition and the experiential basis of meaning. (Cambridge University Press, 2003).
Articles in Books
Fillmore, Charles J., and B. T. Atkins. Frame semantics, in Linguistics in the Morning Calm, ed. by The Linguistic Society of Korea, 111-137 (Hanshin, 1982).
Fillmore, Charles J., and B. T. Atkin. Towards a Frame-based organization of the lexicon: the semantics of RISK and its neighbors. In Frames, Fields, and Contrasts: New Essays in Semantics and Lexical Organization, ed. by Adrienne Lehrer and Eva Kittay, 75-102 (Lawrence Erlbaum, 1992).
Šarčević, S. The Challenges of Legal Lexicography: implications for bilingual and multilingual dictionaries in M SnellHornby (ed.), ZüriLEX `86 Proceedings, edited by M. Snell-Hornby (Francke Verlag, 307-14).
Journals
Andersen, P. B. A theory of computer semiotics: semiotic approaches to construction and assessment of computer systems, 3 Cambridge series on human-computer interaction (Cambridge University Press, 1990).
Brown, R.W., Linguistic determinism and the part of speech, 55 Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology 1-5 (1957).
Davis, Elliot M., The newer textualism: Justice Alito`s statutory interpretation, 983-1004 Harvard journal of law & public policy 30(3) (2007).
Eskridge, William N. Jr. The New Textualism 37 UCLA Law Review 621 (1990).
Golanski, A., Linguistics and Law. 66 Albany Law Review Journal 60-121. (EBSCO Publishing, 2002).
Howse, R. The World Trade Organization 20 Years On: Global Governance by Judiciary. Vol 27, No. 1 EJIL 9-77 (2016).
Liu, Hong-en, The Practice of "Children `s Best Interests Principle" in Custodian Cases of Children after Divorce in Taiwan Courts - From the Perspective of Legal and Social Studies (Military law special issue Vol 57 No. 1, 84-106). 劉宏恩「子女最佳利益原則」在台灣法院離婚後子女監護案件中之實踐—法律與社會研究之觀點, 軍法專刊, 57卷1期，頁84-106 , 2011.年2月。
Liu, Xinyi, Exploring "Special Regulations" from the Perspective of Semantics and Principles of Criminal Law (The Taiwan Law Review199601, 84-90). 劉幸義，由語意學與刑法原理探討「特別規定」用詞，月旦法學雜誌 84-90,1996年1月。
Master’s or Doctoral Theses
Cheng, Yen-ni, An Empirical Study of Paternity Rights of Minor Children after Divorce (Master thesis of National Taiwan University Graduate School of Law, 2015). 鄭諺霓，離婚後未成年子女親權酌定之實證研究，台大法律系研究所碩士論文，2015年6月。
Hu, Pi-chan. Study of the vagueness of the language of the Criminal Law of the ROC (National Chengchi University Institute of Linguistics, 2009)
Huang Ming-hsiu. Analysis of the semantics of the provisions of the Civil Code of the late Qing dynasty (National Chengchi University Graduate School of Law 2007).
Online Resources
Child Rights International Network https://www.crin.org/en/home/rights/convention
Law and Regulations Retrieval System 全國法規資料庫 http://law.moj.gov.tw/Index.aspx
Judicial Information Retrieval System 法學資料檢索系統http://jirs.judicial.gov.tw/Index.htm
World Trade Organization Offical Website https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds363_e.htm		zh_TW