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題名 社群商務之虛實整合經營策略-以《iFit 愛瘦身》為例
作者 周雅薇
Chou, Ya-Wei
貢獻者 黃國峯<br>傅浚映
周雅薇
Chou, Ya-Wei
關鍵詞 社群商務
虛實整合
全通路
Social commerce
Online to offline
Omni-channel
日期 2018
上傳時間 3-Jul-2018 17:40:01 (UTC+8)
摘要 隨著社群網站已逐漸滲透民眾的生活,在這個廣大的虛擬世界中也發展出許多商機,「社群」與「電子商務」變得密不可分,因而出現了一個新詞彙-「社群商務」。然而,在資訊透明的時代中,消費者在進行購買行為前,會透過各種論壇、網站查詢到商品價格與服務評價,若企業僅追隨同業發展同質化商品很快就會面臨到營運瓶頸,對於那些能夠以特定主題切入,並做出差異化的服務與商品的企業,才有機會在電子商務的紅海中生存。
     而現今不論是純電商的企業或是純實體商家,皆面臨單向通路的缺陷,例如:消費者因無法體驗產品而對網路購物感到卻步、實體企業面臨到線下經營成本過高。因此,虛實整合(O2O 策略)已成為目前火紅的營運模式。
     本研究以「《iFit 愛瘦身》」為個案公司,該公司是目前全台灣最大的健康瘦身平台,從社群網站起家,中間經歷許多商業模式的轉變,再到線下實體店面的布局。本研究將以質化個案研究方式,結合司徒達賢教授所提出之策略矩陣分析法,描繪出個案公司從經營粉絲團初期至虛實整合階段之策略轉變,並分析虛擬跨入實體之整合效益,再以策略矩陣分析《iFit 愛瘦身》全通路模式的策略形態。
     本研究沒有經過實地訪談,僅以次級資料做分析。依照本研究探討之結
     果,以虛擬跨入實體的效益分析來看,可為企業帶來以下的價值,如:提升消費者信任、差異化價值創造、目標市場擴大等。而由線上跨入線下必須加強產品知識的傳遞,降低消費者對於涉入程度較高的產品資訊搜尋成本、充分利用實體通路接觸消費者的機會,觀察消費者的行為與情報蒐集、拓展含金量高之長輩族群,最後,必須加強門市人員的專業訓練,讓實體通路的效益發揮至最大。
As social networking site has gradually be a part of people`s life, many business opportunities have popped up in this virtual world. However, in the era of information transparency, consumers will search comments through various websites before purchasing. Therefore, "Social" and "E-commerce" has become inseparable, and thus comes out a new term, “Social Commerce”. This trend implies that companies that only develop homogeneous products will face bottlenecks very soon. Those who find a specific market and make differentiated services and commodities have more chance to survive in this hyper-competition of e-commerce.
     
     Nowadays, pure e-commerce companies or pure-physical businesses are now facing the same problem. For example, some consumers are not willing to shop online because they cannot see or touch the products in person. On the other side, physical business will face cost factor for expanding or maintaining stores. Therefore, the combination of online and offline channels (O2O strategy) has become popular among many businesses.
     
     This research takes "iFit" as the case study. The company is currently the Taiwan`s largest Health & Fitness platform. It originally started from a Facebook page, then experienced many changes in business models, and finally expanded their business from virtual channels to physical stores. This research is conducted by case study method with secondary data, combined with Dr. Seetoo’s “strategic matrix analysis method” to analyze the strategies of “iFit” in different periods. It also explores the benefits and synergies through the O2O strategy, and uses the same matrix method to explain how they develop Omni-Channel strategy.
     
     The study include only second-hand information analysis without interviews. According to the results of this study, O2O strategy can create value for companies. For example, it can enhance consumer trust, makes differentiation through value-added services, and develops in different target audiences. From online to offline integration strategy, this study may found the following four points. First, firms need to strengthen delivery of product knowledge to reduce consumer’s searching costs for high-involved product information. Second, it’s important to observe consumer behaviors to let product or service meet customer needs. Third, the elderly people is a highly potential in the Health & Leisure activity industry. Finally, in order to enhance value of our physical channels, firms must give full and professional training to sales person to maximum benefits of physical channels.
參考文獻 中文部分
     論文
     1. 王嘉珮(1998),網路商店功能設計與消費者購買意願關係之研究。國立中山大學資訊管理研究所碩士論文。
     2. 杜姿穎(2016),「全通路」整合模式之個案分析。國立政治大學企業管理學系碩士學位論文。
     3. 林仁宗(2001),實體通路與虛擬通路競合關係與發展契機之研究─以網路購物市場發展為例。臺灣大學商學研究所學位論文
     
     書籍
     1. 尤傳莉(譯)(2012), 獲利世代 (原作者: Alexander Osterwalder et al.)。 台北:早安財經文化。(原著出版於 2010)
     2. 王曉鋒,張永強,吳笑一(2015)。 零售 4.0 :零售革命,邁入虛實整合的全通路時代。 台北:天下文化。
     3. 司徒達賢(2016), 策略管理新論-觀念架構與分析方法 ,三版 。台北:智勝文化。
     4. 李明軒、邱如美(譯)(1999), 《競爭優勢》 (Competitive Advantage)(原作者:
     Porter, Michael E.)。 台北:天下文化。(原著出版於 1985)
     5. 蕭富峰(2014), 行銷企劃 虛實整合新思維。 台北:智勝文化。
     
     網站及電子期刊
     1.Meet創業小聚(2017),《創業小聚#74【創業大人物】電商創業的商業模式、現金流與甘苦談:iFit 愛瘦身》,檢自:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X62i3iSAx3s
     2.WENDY H.(2017),《掌握現金流!iFit愛瘦身4年商業模式大公開》,DG Covery。檢自:https://www.dgcovery.com/2017/03/07/ifit-founder/
     3.台北市進出口同業工會(2014),運動經濟-時下最夯的健康商機。檢自:http://www.ieatpe.org.tw/magazine/ebook280/b0.pdf
     4.合和國際(2016),《「iFit 愛瘦身」如何從虛實整合,完整化社群體驗?》,動腦Brain。檢自:http://www.brain.com.tw/news/articlecontent?ID=43778&sort=
     5.朱訓麒(2014),《「全通路零售」來了,商業發展研究院-專家評析》(原文刊登於聯合報),檢自:
     http://www.cdri.org.tw/xcdoc/cont?xsmsid=0H159600281013016328&sid=0H169733543059488076
     6.李紹唐(2014),《做社群商務就對了!》,數位時代,檢自:https://www.bnext.com.tw/article/33036/BN-ARTICLE-33036
     7.邱嘉琪(2017),《打造嘉義市成為健康老化模範城市》,今日新聞,檢自:https://www.nownews.com/news/20170720/2591194
     8.段楚禎(2018),《台灣正式為高齡社會 嘉義縣全台最老縣市》,卡優新聞網,檢自:http://www.cardu.com.tw/news/detail.php?35351
     9.陳映竹(2014),《2013網路商店經營現況,資策會AISP資料庫》,檢自: https://mic.iii.org.tw/AISP/ReportS.aspx?id=CDOC20140206004
     10.陳韻如(2013),《從【iFit 愛瘦身】談社群電子商務》,檢自:https://www.slideshare.net/AliceChen1106/ifit-20131017
     11.張怡珊(2017),《產業報告-FG 2017 瘦身行為大調查》,FASHION GUIDE,檢自:https://fgblog.fashionguide.com.tw/12549/posts/250664
     12.許瓊文(2014),《把客戶當神 新秀網站「愛」的吸金術》,今周刊,檢自:
     https://www.businesstoday.com.tw/article/category/80393/post/201402060005/%E6%8A%8A%E5%AE%A2%E6%88%B6%E7%95%B6%E7%A5%9E%20%E6%96%B0%E7%A7%80%E7%B6%B2%E7%AB%99%E3%80%8C%E6%84%9B%E3%80%8D%E7%9A%84%E5%90%B8%E9%87%91%E8%A1%93
     13.曾靉(2016),《面臨虛實整合時代,全通路行銷勢在必行》,Meet創業新聞,檢自:https://meet.bnext.com.tw/articles/view/37581
     14.經濟部體育署(2017),《「105 年度我國民眾運動消費支出調查」》,檢自:https://www.sa.gov.tw/wSite/public/Data/f1502855632093.pdf
     15.鄭伊庭(2017),《2017全球電子商務報告:電商市場還在成長,3個重點掌握趨勢》,SmartM,檢自:https://www.smartm.com.tw/article/34303739cea3
     16.趙曉慧(2016),《想賺銀髮商機,先搞清楚高齡者4大特徵》,今日新聞,檢自:https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E6%83%B3%E8%B3%BA%E9%8A%80%E9%AB%AE%E6%97%8F%E5%95%86%E6%A9%9F-%E5%85%88%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A%E9%AB%98%E9%BD%A1%E8%80%854%E5%A4%A7%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5-025301589.html
     17.羅之盈(2014),《做社群商務,把生意做大!》,數位時代,檢自:https://www.bnext.com.tw/article/33366/BN-ARTICLE-33366
     
     英文部分
     1.A. Osterwalder & Y. Pigneur (2010). Business model generation: a handbook for visionaries, game changers, and challengers. John Wiley & Sons Inc, 15-44.
     2.Bucklin, L.P.,Ramaswamy, V.,& Majumdar, S.K.(1996). Analyzing channel structures of business markets via the structure-output paradigm. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13, 73-87.
     3.Chan, P. S., & Pollard, D. (2003). Succeeding in the dotcom economy: Challenges for brick & mortar companies. International Journal of Management,20(1), 11.
     4.Coughlan, A., Anderson E., Stern L. W. & El-Ansary A. (2008). Marketing Channels, 7th ed., Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
     5.D. Rigby (2011). the future of shopping. December, Harvard Business Review, December 2011, 5.
     6.eMarketer(2016). Worldwide Retail Ecommerce Sales Will Reach $1.915 Trillion This Year. Retrieved from:https://www.emarketer.com/Article/Worldwide-Retail-Ecommerce-Sales-Will-Reach-1915-trillion-This-Year/1014369
     7.Josh Constine (2017). Facebook now has 2 billion monthly users…and responsibility, Tech Crunch, Retrieved from:https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/27/facebook-2-billion-users/
     8.Kotler, P. (2003). Marketing Management, 11th ed., Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
     9.TP Liang, YT Ho, YW Li, & E Turban (2011). “What drives social commerce: The role of social support and relationship quality.“ International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 16(2), 69-90.
     10.Rangaswamny, A., & Van Bruggen, G.H.(2005). Opportunities and challenges in multichannel marketing: An introduction to the special issue. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 19(2), 5-11.
     11.Steinfield, C., Bouwman, H., & Adelaar, T. (2002). The dynamics of click-and-mortar electronic commerce: Opportunities and management strategies.International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 7(1), 93-119.
     12.Yin, R. K.,(2009). Case study research: Design and methods, 4th ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
企業管理研究所(MBA學位學程)
106363057
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106363057
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 黃國峯<br>傅浚映zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 周雅薇zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chou, Ya-Weien_US
dc.creator (作者) 周雅薇zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chou, Ya-Weien_US
dc.date (日期) 2018en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-Jul-2018 17:40:01 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-Jul-2018 17:40:01 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Jul-2018 17:40:01 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0106363057en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/118328-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 企業管理研究所(MBA學位學程)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 106363057zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 隨著社群網站已逐漸滲透民眾的生活,在這個廣大的虛擬世界中也發展出許多商機,「社群」與「電子商務」變得密不可分,因而出現了一個新詞彙-「社群商務」。然而,在資訊透明的時代中,消費者在進行購買行為前,會透過各種論壇、網站查詢到商品價格與服務評價,若企業僅追隨同業發展同質化商品很快就會面臨到營運瓶頸,對於那些能夠以特定主題切入,並做出差異化的服務與商品的企業,才有機會在電子商務的紅海中生存。
     而現今不論是純電商的企業或是純實體商家,皆面臨單向通路的缺陷,例如:消費者因無法體驗產品而對網路購物感到卻步、實體企業面臨到線下經營成本過高。因此,虛實整合(O2O 策略)已成為目前火紅的營運模式。
     本研究以「《iFit 愛瘦身》」為個案公司,該公司是目前全台灣最大的健康瘦身平台,從社群網站起家,中間經歷許多商業模式的轉變,再到線下實體店面的布局。本研究將以質化個案研究方式,結合司徒達賢教授所提出之策略矩陣分析法,描繪出個案公司從經營粉絲團初期至虛實整合階段之策略轉變,並分析虛擬跨入實體之整合效益,再以策略矩陣分析《iFit 愛瘦身》全通路模式的策略形態。
     本研究沒有經過實地訪談,僅以次級資料做分析。依照本研究探討之結
     果,以虛擬跨入實體的效益分析來看,可為企業帶來以下的價值,如:提升消費者信任、差異化價值創造、目標市場擴大等。而由線上跨入線下必須加強產品知識的傳遞,降低消費者對於涉入程度較高的產品資訊搜尋成本、充分利用實體通路接觸消費者的機會,觀察消費者的行為與情報蒐集、拓展含金量高之長輩族群,最後,必須加強門市人員的專業訓練,讓實體通路的效益發揮至最大。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) As social networking site has gradually be a part of people`s life, many business opportunities have popped up in this virtual world. However, in the era of information transparency, consumers will search comments through various websites before purchasing. Therefore, "Social" and "E-commerce" has become inseparable, and thus comes out a new term, “Social Commerce”. This trend implies that companies that only develop homogeneous products will face bottlenecks very soon. Those who find a specific market and make differentiated services and commodities have more chance to survive in this hyper-competition of e-commerce.
     
     Nowadays, pure e-commerce companies or pure-physical businesses are now facing the same problem. For example, some consumers are not willing to shop online because they cannot see or touch the products in person. On the other side, physical business will face cost factor for expanding or maintaining stores. Therefore, the combination of online and offline channels (O2O strategy) has become popular among many businesses.
     
     This research takes "iFit" as the case study. The company is currently the Taiwan`s largest Health & Fitness platform. It originally started from a Facebook page, then experienced many changes in business models, and finally expanded their business from virtual channels to physical stores. This research is conducted by case study method with secondary data, combined with Dr. Seetoo’s “strategic matrix analysis method” to analyze the strategies of “iFit” in different periods. It also explores the benefits and synergies through the O2O strategy, and uses the same matrix method to explain how they develop Omni-Channel strategy.
     
     The study include only second-hand information analysis without interviews. According to the results of this study, O2O strategy can create value for companies. For example, it can enhance consumer trust, makes differentiation through value-added services, and develops in different target audiences. From online to offline integration strategy, this study may found the following four points. First, firms need to strengthen delivery of product knowledge to reduce consumer’s searching costs for high-involved product information. Second, it’s important to observe consumer behaviors to let product or service meet customer needs. Third, the elderly people is a highly potential in the Health & Leisure activity industry. Finally, in order to enhance value of our physical channels, firms must give full and professional training to sales person to maximum benefits of physical channels.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 目次
     中文摘要 I
     Abstract II
     第一章 緒論 1
     第一節 研究背景 1
     第二節 研究動機 3
     第三節 研究目的 4
     第二章 文獻探討 5
     第一節 策略形態分析法 5
     第二節 策略矩陣分析法 12
     第三節 Osterwalder 與 Pigneur 的商業模式圖 15
     第四節 虛實整合與效益衡量 18
     第五節 多通路與全通路 23
     第三章 研究方法與流程 28
     第一節 研究方法 28
     第二節 研究流程 30
     第三節 研究對象的選擇 31
     第四章 研究分析與討論 33
     第一節 個案產業簡介 33
     第二節 個案公司介紹 36
     第三節 各商業模式轉變與優劣 37
     第四節 各階段的策略形態轉變 44
     第五節《iFit》未來的策略形態 73
     第六節 虛實整合效益分析 82
     第七節 全通路策略發展 84
     第五章 研究結論與建議 87
     第一節 研究結論 87
     第二節 研究限制 91
     第三節 研究建議 92
     第四節 實務貢獻 93
     第五節 後續研究建議 93
     參考文獻 95
zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106363057en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社群商務zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 虛實整合zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 全通路zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Social commerceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Online to offlineen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Omni-channelen_US
dc.title (題名) 社群商務之虛實整合經營策略-以《iFit 愛瘦身》為例zh_TW
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文部分
     論文
     1. 王嘉珮(1998),網路商店功能設計與消費者購買意願關係之研究。國立中山大學資訊管理研究所碩士論文。
     2. 杜姿穎(2016),「全通路」整合模式之個案分析。國立政治大學企業管理學系碩士學位論文。
     3. 林仁宗(2001),實體通路與虛擬通路競合關係與發展契機之研究─以網路購物市場發展為例。臺灣大學商學研究所學位論文
     
     書籍
     1. 尤傳莉(譯)(2012), 獲利世代 (原作者: Alexander Osterwalder et al.)。 台北:早安財經文化。(原著出版於 2010)
     2. 王曉鋒,張永強,吳笑一(2015)。 零售 4.0 :零售革命,邁入虛實整合的全通路時代。 台北:天下文化。
     3. 司徒達賢(2016), 策略管理新論-觀念架構與分析方法 ,三版 。台北:智勝文化。
     4. 李明軒、邱如美(譯)(1999), 《競爭優勢》 (Competitive Advantage)(原作者:
     Porter, Michael E.)。 台北:天下文化。(原著出版於 1985)
     5. 蕭富峰(2014), 行銷企劃 虛實整合新思維。 台北:智勝文化。
     
     網站及電子期刊
     1.Meet創業小聚(2017),《創業小聚#74【創業大人物】電商創業的商業模式、現金流與甘苦談:iFit 愛瘦身》,檢自:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X62i3iSAx3s
     2.WENDY H.(2017),《掌握現金流!iFit愛瘦身4年商業模式大公開》,DG Covery。檢自:https://www.dgcovery.com/2017/03/07/ifit-founder/
     3.台北市進出口同業工會(2014),運動經濟-時下最夯的健康商機。檢自:http://www.ieatpe.org.tw/magazine/ebook280/b0.pdf
     4.合和國際(2016),《「iFit 愛瘦身」如何從虛實整合,完整化社群體驗?》,動腦Brain。檢自:http://www.brain.com.tw/news/articlecontent?ID=43778&sort=
     5.朱訓麒(2014),《「全通路零售」來了,商業發展研究院-專家評析》(原文刊登於聯合報),檢自:
     http://www.cdri.org.tw/xcdoc/cont?xsmsid=0H159600281013016328&sid=0H169733543059488076
     6.李紹唐(2014),《做社群商務就對了!》,數位時代,檢自:https://www.bnext.com.tw/article/33036/BN-ARTICLE-33036
     7.邱嘉琪(2017),《打造嘉義市成為健康老化模範城市》,今日新聞,檢自:https://www.nownews.com/news/20170720/2591194
     8.段楚禎(2018),《台灣正式為高齡社會 嘉義縣全台最老縣市》,卡優新聞網,檢自:http://www.cardu.com.tw/news/detail.php?35351
     9.陳映竹(2014),《2013網路商店經營現況,資策會AISP資料庫》,檢自: https://mic.iii.org.tw/AISP/ReportS.aspx?id=CDOC20140206004
     10.陳韻如(2013),《從【iFit 愛瘦身】談社群電子商務》,檢自:https://www.slideshare.net/AliceChen1106/ifit-20131017
     11.張怡珊(2017),《產業報告-FG 2017 瘦身行為大調查》,FASHION GUIDE,檢自:https://fgblog.fashionguide.com.tw/12549/posts/250664
     12.許瓊文(2014),《把客戶當神 新秀網站「愛」的吸金術》,今周刊,檢自:
     https://www.businesstoday.com.tw/article/category/80393/post/201402060005/%E6%8A%8A%E5%AE%A2%E6%88%B6%E7%95%B6%E7%A5%9E%20%E6%96%B0%E7%A7%80%E7%B6%B2%E7%AB%99%E3%80%8C%E6%84%9B%E3%80%8D%E7%9A%84%E5%90%B8%E9%87%91%E8%A1%93
     13.曾靉(2016),《面臨虛實整合時代,全通路行銷勢在必行》,Meet創業新聞,檢自:https://meet.bnext.com.tw/articles/view/37581
     14.經濟部體育署(2017),《「105 年度我國民眾運動消費支出調查」》,檢自:https://www.sa.gov.tw/wSite/public/Data/f1502855632093.pdf
     15.鄭伊庭(2017),《2017全球電子商務報告:電商市場還在成長,3個重點掌握趨勢》,SmartM,檢自:https://www.smartm.com.tw/article/34303739cea3
     16.趙曉慧(2016),《想賺銀髮商機,先搞清楚高齡者4大特徵》,今日新聞,檢自:https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E6%83%B3%E8%B3%BA%E9%8A%80%E9%AB%AE%E6%97%8F%E5%95%86%E6%A9%9F-%E5%85%88%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A%E9%AB%98%E9%BD%A1%E8%80%854%E5%A4%A7%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5-025301589.html
     17.羅之盈(2014),《做社群商務,把生意做大!》,數位時代,檢自:https://www.bnext.com.tw/article/33366/BN-ARTICLE-33366
     
     英文部分
     1.A. Osterwalder & Y. Pigneur (2010). Business model generation: a handbook for visionaries, game changers, and challengers. John Wiley & Sons Inc, 15-44.
     2.Bucklin, L.P.,Ramaswamy, V.,& Majumdar, S.K.(1996). Analyzing channel structures of business markets via the structure-output paradigm. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13, 73-87.
     3.Chan, P. S., & Pollard, D. (2003). Succeeding in the dotcom economy: Challenges for brick & mortar companies. International Journal of Management,20(1), 11.
     4.Coughlan, A., Anderson E., Stern L. W. & El-Ansary A. (2008). Marketing Channels, 7th ed., Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
     5.D. Rigby (2011). the future of shopping. December, Harvard Business Review, December 2011, 5.
     6.eMarketer(2016). Worldwide Retail Ecommerce Sales Will Reach $1.915 Trillion This Year. Retrieved from:https://www.emarketer.com/Article/Worldwide-Retail-Ecommerce-Sales-Will-Reach-1915-trillion-This-Year/1014369
     7.Josh Constine (2017). Facebook now has 2 billion monthly users…and responsibility, Tech Crunch, Retrieved from:https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/27/facebook-2-billion-users/
     8.Kotler, P. (2003). Marketing Management, 11th ed., Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
     9.TP Liang, YT Ho, YW Li, & E Turban (2011). “What drives social commerce: The role of social support and relationship quality.“ International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 16(2), 69-90.
     10.Rangaswamny, A., & Van Bruggen, G.H.(2005). Opportunities and challenges in multichannel marketing: An introduction to the special issue. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 19(2), 5-11.
     11.Steinfield, C., Bouwman, H., & Adelaar, T. (2002). The dynamics of click-and-mortar electronic commerce: Opportunities and management strategies.International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 7(1), 93-119.
     12.Yin, R. K.,(2009). Case study research: Design and methods, 4th ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
zh_TW
dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/THE.NCCU.MBA.017.2018.F08-