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題名 資源可用性與互惠態度對幼兒助人行為的影響
The influence of resource availability and reciprocity attitude on prosocial behaviors of young children作者 羅奕楠
Luo, Yi-Nan貢獻者 黃啟泰
羅奕楠
Luo, Yi-Nan關鍵詞 資源可用性
互惠態度
助人行為
社會認知發展
Resource availability
Reciprocity attitude
Prosocial behaviors日期 2018 上傳時間 12-Jul-2018 13:58:57 (UTC+8) 摘要 幼兒的助人行為在過去許多研究中都十分受到關注，例如幼兒助人行為出現的年齡、目標解讀、情緒解讀能力對幼兒助人行為的影響……等等。可以發現幼兒的助人行為會受到許多因素的影響，本研究將聚焦於互惠態度和資源可用性兩點進行探究。在四種實驗情境中，三至四歲幼兒在資源可用或不可用情境分別受到實驗者幫助或不幫助態度的對待，隨後觀測幼兒是否會因此改變對實驗者的幫助行為。對照組為每組幼兒在受到實驗者態度操弄之前的前測。結果發現，在實驗者幫助態度的操弄下，兩種情境幼兒的助人傾向均顯著提高；在實驗者拒絕幫助的操弄下，資源可用組幼兒的幫助表現仍然提高，而資源不可用組幼兒的幫助表現與態度操弄之前相同。顯示當實驗者手邊資源對他不可用又不願意給幼兒時，幼兒對其中拒絕幫助的態度更為敏感。
The behaviors of young children helping people, such as the age of young children`s helping behaviors, the interpretation of goals, and the influence of emotional interpreting ability on children`s helping behaviors...etc have been paid much attention in many past types of research. It can be discovered that these behaviors can be influenced by many factors. This study will focus on researching the reciprocal attitudes and resource availability. Among the four experimental scenarios, three to four-year-old children were treated with or without help in the resource availability or unavailability scenarios, and then whether the child would change the behavior of the experimenter was observed. The control group was the pretest of each group of children before being manipulated by the experimenter. As the results, under the manipulation of the helper`s attitude, the propensity of the children in the two situations was significantly improved; under the manipulation of the experimenter`s refusal to help, the help of the children in the resource-available group still improved, while the resources were unavailable. The help performance is the same as before the attitude is manipulated. It is shown that when the experimenter`s resources are not available to him and he is not willing to give the child, the child is more sensitive to the attitude of refusing help.參考文獻 Azmitia, M., & Hesser, J. (1993). Why siblings are important agents of cognitive development: a comparison of siblings and peers. Child Development, 64, 430-444.Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley.Bian, Y. J., & Ang, S. (1997). Guanxi networks and job mobility in China and Singapore. Social Forces, 75,981–1005.Blake, P. R., & Rand, D. G. (2010). Currency value moderates equity preference among young children. Evolution & Human Behavior, 31, 210-218.Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31, 874–900.Dunfield, K. A., & Kuhlmeier, V. A. (2010). Intention-mediated selective helping in infancy. Psychological Science, 21, 523-527.Fehr, E., Fischbacher, U., & Gächter, S. (2002). Strong reciprocity, human cooperation, and the enforcement of social norms. Human Nature,13, 1-25.Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25,161–178.Hepach, R., Haberl, K., Lambert, Stéphane, & Tomasello, M. (2017). Toddlers help anonymously. Infancy, 22, 130-145.House, B., Henrich, J., Sarnecka, B., & Silk, J. B. (2013). The development of contingent reciprocity in children. Evolution & Human Behavior, 34, 86-93.Jackson M．&Tisak M．S．(2001)．Is Prosocial Behavior A Good Thing?Developmental Changes in Children’S Evaluations of Helping，Sharing，Cooperating，and Comforting．British Journal of Developmental Psychology．19,349—-367．Kenward, B., Hellmer, K., Winter, L. S., & Eriksson, M. (2015). Four-year-olds` strategic allocation of resources: attempts to elicit reciprocation correlate negatively with spontaneous helping. Cognition,136, 1–8.Levitt, M. J., Weber, R. A., Clark, M. C., & McDonnell, P. (1985). Reciprocity of exchange in toddler sharing behavior. Developmental Psychology, 21, 122–123.Liu, H. (2008). Kin selection theory:kin altruistic behavior and gene mechanism in organisms. Journal of Huazhong Normal University.Over, H., & Carpenter, M. (2009). Eighteen-month-old infants show increased helping following priming with affiliation. Psychological Science, 20, 1189-1193.Pettygrove, D. M., Hammond, S. I., Karahuta, E. L., Waugh, W. E., & Brownell, C. A. (2013). From cleaning up to helping out: parental socialization and children`s early prosocial behavior. Infant Behavior & Development, 36, 843.Staub, E., & Sherk, L. (1970). Need for approval, children`s sharing behavior, and reciprocity in sharing. Child Development, 41, 243–252.Sahlins, M. (1972). Stone age economics. New York: Aldine De Gruyter.Shore, L. M., Tetrick, L. E., Lynch, P., & Barksdale, K.(2006). Social and economic exchange: Construct development and validation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 837–867.Song, J. W., Tusi, A. S., & Law, S. K. (2009). Unpacking employee responses to organizational exchange mechanisms: The role of social and economic exchange perceptions. Journal of Management, 35, 56–93.Svetlova, M., Nichols, S. R., & Brownell, C. A. (2010). Toddlers` prosocial behavior: from instrumental to empathic to altruistic helping. Child Development, 81, 1814–1827.Sebastián-Enesco, C., Hernández-Lloreda, M. V., & Colmenares, F. (2013). Two and a half-year-old children are prosocial even when their partners are not. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 116, 186-198.Sommerville, J. A., Schmidt, M. F. H., Yun, J. E., & Burns, M. (2013). The development of fairness expectations and prosocial behavior in the second year of life. Infancy, 18, 40–66.Thompson, R. A., & Newton, E. K. (2013). Baby altruists? examining the complexity of prosocial motivation in young children. Infancy, 18, 120–133.Vaish, A., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2010). Young children selectively avoid helping people with harmful intentions. Child Development, 81, 1661-9.Vaish, A., Hepach, R., & Tomasello, M. (2018). The specificity of reciprocity: young children reciprocate more generously to those who intentionally benefit them. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,167, 336-353.Wu, J. B., Hom, P. W., Tetrick, L. E., Shore, L. M., Jia, L. D.,Li, C. P., et al. (2006). The norm of reciprocity: Scale development and validation in the Chinese context. Management and Organization Review, 2, 377–402.Warneken, F., Hare, B., Melis, A. P., Hanus, D., & Tomasello, M. (2007). Spontaneous altruism by chimpanzees and young children. Plos Biology, 5, e184.Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2006). Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees. Science, 311, 1301–1303.Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2007). Helping and cooperation at 14 months of age. Infancy, 11, 271–294.Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2008). Extrinsic rewards undermine altruistic tendencies in 20-month-olds. Dev Psychol, 44, 1785-8Warneken, F., & Tomasello, A. M. (2009). Varieties of altruism in children and chimpanzees. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 397.Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2013). The emergence of contingent reciprocity in young children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,116, 338-350.Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2013). Parental presence and encouragement do not influence helping in young children. Infancy, 18, 345-368.Warneken, F. (2013). Young children proactively remedy unnoticed ccidents. Cognition, 126, 101-108.Yeung, I. Y. M., & Tung, R. L. (1996). Achieving business success in Confucian societies: The importance of Guanxi(connections). Organization Dynamics, 25, 54–65.Yum, J. (1988). The impact of confucianism on interpersonal relationships and communication patterns in East Asia. Communication Monographs, 55, 374–388. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學系
104752028資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104752028 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 黃啟泰 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) 羅奕楠 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Luo, Yi-Nan en_US dc.creator (作者) 羅奕楠 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Luo, Yi-Nan en_US dc.date (日期) 2018 en_US dc.date.accessioned 12-Jul-2018 13:58:57 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 12-Jul-2018 13:58:57 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 12-Jul-2018 13:58:57 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0104752028 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/118614 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 心理學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 104752028 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 幼兒的助人行為在過去許多研究中都十分受到關注，例如幼兒助人行為出現的年齡、目標解讀、情緒解讀能力對幼兒助人行為的影響……等等。可以發現幼兒的助人行為會受到許多因素的影響，本研究將聚焦於互惠態度和資源可用性兩點進行探究。在四種實驗情境中，三至四歲幼兒在資源可用或不可用情境分別受到實驗者幫助或不幫助態度的對待，隨後觀測幼兒是否會因此改變對實驗者的幫助行為。對照組為每組幼兒在受到實驗者態度操弄之前的前測。結果發現，在實驗者幫助態度的操弄下，兩種情境幼兒的助人傾向均顯著提高；在實驗者拒絕幫助的操弄下，資源可用組幼兒的幫助表現仍然提高，而資源不可用組幼兒的幫助表現與態度操弄之前相同。顯示當實驗者手邊資源對他不可用又不願意給幼兒時，幼兒對其中拒絕幫助的態度更為敏感。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The behaviors of young children helping people, such as the age of young children`s helping behaviors, the interpretation of goals, and the influence of emotional interpreting ability on children`s helping behaviors...etc have been paid much attention in many past types of research. It can be discovered that these behaviors can be influenced by many factors. This study will focus on researching the reciprocal attitudes and resource availability. Among the four experimental scenarios, three to four-year-old children were treated with or without help in the resource availability or unavailability scenarios, and then whether the child would change the behavior of the experimenter was observed. The control group was the pretest of each group of children before being manipulated by the experimenter. As the results, under the manipulation of the helper`s attitude, the propensity of the children in the two situations was significantly improved; under the manipulation of the experimenter`s refusal to help, the help of the children in the resource-available group still improved, while the resources were unavailable. The help performance is the same as before the attitude is manipulated. It is shown that when the experimenter`s resources are not available to him and he is not willing to give the child, the child is more sensitive to the attitude of refusing help. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 目次第一章、緒論……………………………………………………………………………………1第一節 研究動機與目的…………………………………………………………1第二章、文獻回顧……………………………………………………………………………3第一節 助人行為………………………………………………………………………3第二節 互惠 ……………………………………………………………………………4第三節 資源可用性…………………………………………………………………7第四節 研究問題與假設…………………………………………………………8第三章、研究方法 ………………………………………………………………………10第一節 參與者…………………………………………………………………………10第二節 研究工具……………………………………………………………………10第三節 實驗程序……………………………………………………………………11第四節 計分與統計分析………………………………………………………17第五節 研究結果……………………………………………………………………18第四章、討論 …………………………………………………………………………………25第一節 綜合討論 …………………………………………………………………27第二節 本研究的限制與未來方向………………………………………28參考文獻 ………………………………………………………………………………………29 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1425029 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104752028 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 資源可用性 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 互惠態度 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 助人行為 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會認知發展 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Resource availability en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Reciprocity attitude en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Prosocial behaviors en_US dc.title (題名) 資源可用性與互惠態度對幼兒助人行為的影響 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The influence of resource availability and reciprocity attitude on prosocial behaviors of young children en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Azmitia, M., & Hesser, J. (1993). Why siblings are important agents of cognitive development: a comparison of siblings and peers. Child Development, 64, 430-444.Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley.Bian, Y. J., & Ang, S. (1997). Guanxi networks and job mobility in China and Singapore. Social Forces, 75,981–1005.Blake, P. R., & Rand, D. G. (2010). Currency value moderates equity preference among young children. Evolution & Human Behavior, 31, 210-218.Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31, 874–900.Dunfield, K. A., & Kuhlmeier, V. A. (2010). Intention-mediated selective helping in infancy. Psychological Science, 21, 523-527.Fehr, E., Fischbacher, U., & Gächter, S. (2002). Strong reciprocity, human cooperation, and the enforcement of social norms. Human Nature,13, 1-25.Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25,161–178.Hepach, R., Haberl, K., Lambert, Stéphane, & Tomasello, M. (2017). Toddlers help anonymously. Infancy, 22, 130-145.House, B., Henrich, J., Sarnecka, B., & Silk, J. B. (2013). The development of contingent reciprocity in children. Evolution & Human Behavior, 34, 86-93.Jackson M．&Tisak M．S．(2001)．Is Prosocial Behavior A Good Thing?Developmental Changes in Children’S Evaluations of Helping，Sharing，Cooperating，and Comforting．British Journal of Developmental Psychology．19,349—-367．Kenward, B., Hellmer, K., Winter, L. S., & Eriksson, M. (2015). Four-year-olds` strategic allocation of resources: attempts to elicit reciprocation correlate negatively with spontaneous helping. Cognition,136, 1–8.Levitt, M. J., Weber, R. A., Clark, M. C., & McDonnell, P. (1985). Reciprocity of exchange in toddler sharing behavior. Developmental Psychology, 21, 122–123.Liu, H. (2008). Kin selection theory:kin altruistic behavior and gene mechanism in organisms. Journal of Huazhong Normal University.Over, H., & Carpenter, M. (2009). Eighteen-month-old infants show increased helping following priming with affiliation. Psychological Science, 20, 1189-1193.Pettygrove, D. M., Hammond, S. I., Karahuta, E. L., Waugh, W. E., & Brownell, C. A. (2013). From cleaning up to helping out: parental socialization and children`s early prosocial behavior. Infant Behavior & Development, 36, 843.Staub, E., & Sherk, L. (1970). Need for approval, children`s sharing behavior, and reciprocity in sharing. Child Development, 41, 243–252.Sahlins, M. (1972). Stone age economics. New York: Aldine De Gruyter.Shore, L. M., Tetrick, L. E., Lynch, P., & Barksdale, K.(2006). Social and economic exchange: Construct development and validation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 837–867.Song, J. W., Tusi, A. S., & Law, S. K. (2009). Unpacking employee responses to organizational exchange mechanisms: The role of social and economic exchange perceptions. Journal of Management, 35, 56–93.Svetlova, M., Nichols, S. R., & Brownell, C. A. (2010). Toddlers` prosocial behavior: from instrumental to empathic to altruistic helping. Child Development, 81, 1814–1827.Sebastián-Enesco, C., Hernández-Lloreda, M. V., & Colmenares, F. (2013). Two and a half-year-old children are prosocial even when their partners are not. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 116, 186-198.Sommerville, J. A., Schmidt, M. F. H., Yun, J. E., & Burns, M. (2013). The development of fairness expectations and prosocial behavior in the second year of life. Infancy, 18, 40–66.Thompson, R. A., & Newton, E. K. (2013). Baby altruists? examining the complexity of prosocial motivation in young children. Infancy, 18, 120–133.Vaish, A., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2010). Young children selectively avoid helping people with harmful intentions. Child Development, 81, 1661-9.Vaish, A., Hepach, R., & Tomasello, M. (2018). The specificity of reciprocity: young children reciprocate more generously to those who intentionally benefit them. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,167, 336-353.Wu, J. B., Hom, P. W., Tetrick, L. E., Shore, L. M., Jia, L. D.,Li, C. P., et al. (2006). The norm of reciprocity: Scale development and validation in the Chinese context. Management and Organization Review, 2, 377–402.Warneken, F., Hare, B., Melis, A. P., Hanus, D., & Tomasello, M. (2007). Spontaneous altruism by chimpanzees and young children. Plos Biology, 5, e184.Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2006). Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees. Science, 311, 1301–1303.Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2007). Helping and cooperation at 14 months of age. Infancy, 11, 271–294.Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2008). Extrinsic rewards undermine altruistic tendencies in 20-month-olds. Dev Psychol, 44, 1785-8Warneken, F., & Tomasello, A. M. (2009). Varieties of altruism in children and chimpanzees. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 397.Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2013). The emergence of contingent reciprocity in young children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,116, 338-350.Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2013). Parental presence and encouragement do not influence helping in young children. Infancy, 18, 345-368.Warneken, F. (2013). Young children proactively remedy unnoticed ccidents. Cognition, 126, 101-108.Yeung, I. Y. M., & Tung, R. L. (1996). Achieving business success in Confucian societies: The importance of Guanxi(connections). Organization Dynamics, 25, 54–65.Yum, J. (1988). The impact of confucianism on interpersonal relationships and communication patterns in East Asia. Communication Monographs, 55, 374–388. zh_TW dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.003.2018.C01 -
