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題名 探討「給」的語法功能與教學語法
The Grammatical Fuction and a Pedagogical Grammar for Mandarin gei
作者 郭玫君
Kuo, Mei-Chun
貢獻者 張莉萍
Chang, Li-Ping
郭玫君
Kuo, Mei-Chun
關鍵詞 
雙賓動詞
與格轉換
教學語法
教學排序
Mandarin gei
Double object verb
Dative alternation
Teaching order
A pedagogical grammar
日期 2018
上傳時間 20-Jul-2018 17:54:54 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文探討「給」的語法功能,並檢視學習者語料庫中學習者使用「給」的偏誤情形,最後根據語言學理論、學習者語料和教學語法架構,排序出「給」的教學順序。本研究首先整理出華語教材和工具書中對於「給」的描述;再整理目前語言學理論中,對於不同位置「給」的詞類和功能的討論,並與教材對照。再利用學習者語料庫分類學生對於不同結構「給」的使用情形,並提出教學建議。最後分析不同結構「給」的難易度,作為「給」的教學排序依據。本研究的研究發現和建議如下:
     1. 我們認為,動詞的性質和「給」的功能與句法有很大的關係,特別是雙賓動詞因為有與格轉換性質,和V後gei結構可相互連結,我們建議,雙賓動詞應獨立為一個語法點和V後gei共同介紹。
     2. V前gei的偏誤率為第二高,且該用「跟、對」卻用「給」的偏誤語料數量最多。我們認為原因可能有二:第一,學習者不清楚V前gei和不同性質動詞的搭配會影響句意;第二,V前gei的英譯為to/for,此英譯和介詞「跟、對」相同,造成學習者的混淆。因此,我們建議在教學語法中,應該增加V前gei功能和不同動詞性質的搭配規則。在V前gei和「跟、對」的區辨上,我們根據Tsao (1988)、張寶林(2014)等人的研究,認為「跟、對」和「給」的差異在於,當說話者希望指出動作的方向時,應該要用「跟、對」,而V前gei則主要用於標記受益者。
     3. V-gei偏誤率和V前gei幾乎並列第二。根據 Her (2006),V-gei結構語義中心在「給」,V為「給的方式」。因此我們主張,教學上應該將V-gei視為一個不可分開的結構教學,且語義為「用V的方式『給』」。
     4.目前來說,目的gei還不屬於教材語法點之一,我們認為目的gei應該獨立成一個語法點教學,原因有三:第一,該結構容易被誤認為V前gei或V後gei,但功能大有不同。目的gei的功能為補充說明主要動詞的目的 (Ting & Chang, 2004; Her, 2006)。第二,本研究認為,在語境完整的情況下,可以獨立使用目的gei,若不獨立介紹,容易和V前gei混淆。第三,目的gei的意義和「讓」有所重疊,容易使學習者用錯。這一點從偏誤語料統計中可以得到證實,數據顯示目的gei的偏誤率最高,其中以「給、讓」的誤用數量最多。因此,若將目的gei獨立為一個語法點,有助於區辨目的gei和「讓」的異同,進一步幫助學生減少「給、讓」的偏誤。
In this paper, we disscuss the grammatical function of Mandarin gei, and examine the distribution of gei-constructions in interlanguage through the TOCFL learner corpus. We then design an order of teaching Mandarin gei according to the linguistic theory, the interlanguage in the corpus, and the framework of a pedagogical grammar. We first collected both the descriptions of gei in Chinese teaching materials and the linguistic discussions of gei. Then we made a comparison between the two. After that, we used the TOCFL learner corpus to select and classify the interlanguage in the corpus and present our teaching suggestions. Lastly, we analyzed the difficulty values of all the gei structures as an index for our proposed teaching order. The results and suggestions of this paper are stated below:
     
     1. We think the property of verbs plays an important role in the function and syntax of gei. Especially when the double object verbs have the property of dative alternation, this property is related to the structure of postobject gei. Our suggestion is that the double object verbs in Mandarin should be taught independently and the postobject gei should be introduced at the same time.
     2. The error rate of preverbal gei stands at the second place. Moreover, most of the interlanguage materials involve misusing gen and dui instead of gei. We think there are two reasons for that: First, the learners are unaware that the relationship between the verbs and preverbal gei may influence the meaning of the sentence. Second, the translation of preverbal gei is either “to” or “for” in English. These translations correspond to gen and dui, and that confuses the learners. Therefore, we suggest that in the pedagogical grammar, the rule of how to distinguish preverbal gei, gen, and dui should be stated. According to Tsao (1988) and Zhang (2014), we think the difference between preverbal gei, gen, and dui is that, when the speaker wants to point out the direction of an action, it is gen or dui that should be used. The preverbal gei is mainly used to mark the beneficiary of an action.
     3. The error rate of V-gei construction is almost as high as that of preverbal gei. According to Her (2006), the semantic center of the V-gei structure is in gei, and V modifies gei with “how the subject gives.” Therefore, we propose that V-gei should be taught as an inseparable structure, and the meaning is “to give in the way of V.”
     4. So far, purposive gei construction is not part of the grammar in the Chinese teaching materials yet. There are three reasons why we think the purposive gei should be taught independently: First, the purposive gei construction looks similar to those of preverbal gei or postobject gei, but their functions are different. The function of purposive gei is to supplement information regarding the purpose of the action. Second, we think that purposive gei could be used independently without the main verb when the context is clear. Third, it would be helpful to clarify the difference between purposive gei and rang to the learners, so that the error rate of misusing gei and rang can be reduced, if we separate the construction from the others.
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     鄭琬鈴、張莉萍,2018,〈韓國學習者「讓」字句偏誤情況─基於語料庫實例考察〉,《雲南師範大學學報》16.2:37-47。
     
     Her, O.-S. 1999. Interaction of thematic structure and syntactic structures: on Mandarin dative alternations. Chinese Languages and Linguistics V: Interaction in Language: 373-412. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
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     Krifka, M. 1999. Manner in Dative Alternation. Proceedings of the 18th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (WCCFL18). Somerville: Cascadilla Press.
     Lee, C. 2008. Contact-Induced Grammatical Change: The Case of Gei3 in Taiwanese Mandarin. Hsinchu, Taiwan: National Tsing-Hua University, Doctoral Thesis of Linguistics Department.
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
華語文教學碩博士學位學程
103161011
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103161011
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 張莉萍zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chang, Li-Pingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 郭玫君zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Kuo, Mei-Chunen_US
dc.creator (作者) 郭玫君zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Kuo, Mei-Chunen_US
dc.date (日期) 2018en_US
dc.date.accessioned 20-Jul-2018 17:54:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 20-Jul-2018 17:54:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 20-Jul-2018 17:54:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0103161011en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/118782-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 華語文教學碩博士學位學程zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 103161011zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文探討「給」的語法功能,並檢視學習者語料庫中學習者使用「給」的偏誤情形,最後根據語言學理論、學習者語料和教學語法架構,排序出「給」的教學順序。本研究首先整理出華語教材和工具書中對於「給」的描述;再整理目前語言學理論中,對於不同位置「給」的詞類和功能的討論,並與教材對照。再利用學習者語料庫分類學生對於不同結構「給」的使用情形,並提出教學建議。最後分析不同結構「給」的難易度,作為「給」的教學排序依據。本研究的研究發現和建議如下:
     1. 我們認為,動詞的性質和「給」的功能與句法有很大的關係,特別是雙賓動詞因為有與格轉換性質,和V後gei結構可相互連結,我們建議,雙賓動詞應獨立為一個語法點和V後gei共同介紹。
     2. V前gei的偏誤率為第二高,且該用「跟、對」卻用「給」的偏誤語料數量最多。我們認為原因可能有二:第一,學習者不清楚V前gei和不同性質動詞的搭配會影響句意;第二,V前gei的英譯為to/for,此英譯和介詞「跟、對」相同,造成學習者的混淆。因此,我們建議在教學語法中,應該增加V前gei功能和不同動詞性質的搭配規則。在V前gei和「跟、對」的區辨上,我們根據Tsao (1988)、張寶林(2014)等人的研究,認為「跟、對」和「給」的差異在於,當說話者希望指出動作的方向時,應該要用「跟、對」,而V前gei則主要用於標記受益者。
     3. V-gei偏誤率和V前gei幾乎並列第二。根據 Her (2006),V-gei結構語義中心在「給」,V為「給的方式」。因此我們主張,教學上應該將V-gei視為一個不可分開的結構教學,且語義為「用V的方式『給』」。
     4.目前來說,目的gei還不屬於教材語法點之一,我們認為目的gei應該獨立成一個語法點教學,原因有三:第一,該結構容易被誤認為V前gei或V後gei,但功能大有不同。目的gei的功能為補充說明主要動詞的目的 (Ting & Chang, 2004; Her, 2006)。第二,本研究認為,在語境完整的情況下,可以獨立使用目的gei,若不獨立介紹,容易和V前gei混淆。第三,目的gei的意義和「讓」有所重疊,容易使學習者用錯。這一點從偏誤語料統計中可以得到證實,數據顯示目的gei的偏誤率最高,其中以「給、讓」的誤用數量最多。因此,若將目的gei獨立為一個語法點,有助於區辨目的gei和「讓」的異同,進一步幫助學生減少「給、讓」的偏誤。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) In this paper, we disscuss the grammatical function of Mandarin gei, and examine the distribution of gei-constructions in interlanguage through the TOCFL learner corpus. We then design an order of teaching Mandarin gei according to the linguistic theory, the interlanguage in the corpus, and the framework of a pedagogical grammar. We first collected both the descriptions of gei in Chinese teaching materials and the linguistic discussions of gei. Then we made a comparison between the two. After that, we used the TOCFL learner corpus to select and classify the interlanguage in the corpus and present our teaching suggestions. Lastly, we analyzed the difficulty values of all the gei structures as an index for our proposed teaching order. The results and suggestions of this paper are stated below:
     
     1. We think the property of verbs plays an important role in the function and syntax of gei. Especially when the double object verbs have the property of dative alternation, this property is related to the structure of postobject gei. Our suggestion is that the double object verbs in Mandarin should be taught independently and the postobject gei should be introduced at the same time.
     2. The error rate of preverbal gei stands at the second place. Moreover, most of the interlanguage materials involve misusing gen and dui instead of gei. We think there are two reasons for that: First, the learners are unaware that the relationship between the verbs and preverbal gei may influence the meaning of the sentence. Second, the translation of preverbal gei is either “to” or “for” in English. These translations correspond to gen and dui, and that confuses the learners. Therefore, we suggest that in the pedagogical grammar, the rule of how to distinguish preverbal gei, gen, and dui should be stated. According to Tsao (1988) and Zhang (2014), we think the difference between preverbal gei, gen, and dui is that, when the speaker wants to point out the direction of an action, it is gen or dui that should be used. The preverbal gei is mainly used to mark the beneficiary of an action.
     3. The error rate of V-gei construction is almost as high as that of preverbal gei. According to Her (2006), the semantic center of the V-gei structure is in gei, and V modifies gei with “how the subject gives.” Therefore, we propose that V-gei should be taught as an inseparable structure, and the meaning is “to give in the way of V.”
     4. So far, purposive gei construction is not part of the grammar in the Chinese teaching materials yet. There are three reasons why we think the purposive gei should be taught independently: First, the purposive gei construction looks similar to those of preverbal gei or postobject gei, but their functions are different. The function of purposive gei is to supplement information regarding the purpose of the action. Second, we think that purposive gei could be used independently without the main verb when the context is clear. Third, it would be helpful to clarify the difference between purposive gei and rang to the learners, so that the error rate of misusing gei and rang can be reduced, if we separate the construction from the others.
en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章、緒論 9
     1.1 研究動機與目的 9
     1.2 研究範圍 11
     1.3 小結 12
     
     第二章、文獻分析 13
     2.1教材中的「給」 13
     2.1.1 教材衍生的疑問 18
     2.2 雙賓動詞和V後gei的關係 20
     2.2.1 雙賓動詞 20
     2.2.2 V後gei功能之一:雙賓動詞與格轉換後的介詞 22
     2.2.3 V後gei功能之二:標記動作目標 24
     2.2.4 動詞分類和V後gei的搭配 25
     2.3 V-gei的語義與組成限制 26
     2.3.1 V-gei的語義中心 27
     2.3.2 V-gei結構的組成限制 28
     2.4 V前gei的功能探討與其他介詞的比較 29
     2.4.1 V前gei的功能 29
     2.4.2 介詞「跟、對」和V前gei的異同 31
     2.5 唱歌給你聽:目的性結構 35
     2.5.1「目的性結構」是否應獨立為一語法點? 35
     2.5.2 目的gei和「讓」的比較 38
     2.6 小結 39
     
     第三章、研究方法與偏誤分析 42
     3.1 基於學習者語料的偏誤分析 42
     3.2 TOCFL學習者語料庫 43
     3.2.1 偏誤語料分類標準 44
     3.2.2 偏誤語料分佈 46
     3.3 偏誤語料分析 48
     3.3.1 Verb gei的偏誤語料分析 48
     3.3.2 V-gei偏誤語料分析 49
     3.3.3 V後gei偏誤語料分析 50
     3.3.4 V前gei偏誤語料分析 51
     3.3.5 目的gei偏誤語料分析 52
     3.3.6 「給」的遺漏: 54
     3.4 小結 55
     
     第四章、「給」的難易度評析及教學排序 57
     4.1 教學語法的特性 57
     4.2 難易度評析原則 58
     4.2.1 「給」的口語和書面語使用頻率 60
     4.2.2 「給」的結構和語義複雜度 64
     4.3 「給」的教學排序和語法點描述 65
     4.4 小結 70
     
     第五章、結論 72
     5.1 研究總結 72
     5.2 研究限制與建議 74
     
     參考文獻 75
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dc.format.extent 1020740 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103161011en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 雙賓動詞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 與格轉換zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 教學語法zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 教學排序zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Mandarin geien_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Double object verben_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Dative alternationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Teaching orderen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) A pedagogical grammaren_US
dc.title (題名) 探討「給」的語法功能與教學語法zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Grammatical Fuction and a Pedagogical Grammar for Mandarin geien_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
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dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/THE.NCCU.TCSL.004.2018.A07-