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題名 自尊與情境對求助意願之影響
Exploring the effect of self-esteem and help-seeking context on individual’s willingness to seek help作者 楊濟瑋
Yang, Ji-Wei貢獻者 孫蒨如
Sun, Chien-Ru
楊濟瑋
Yang, Ji-Wei關鍵詞 自尊
求助意願
應得的信念
求助情境
威脅自尊模型
負擔情境
Help-seeking
Self-esteem
Deservingness
Threat to self-esteem model
Burden context日期 2018 上傳時間 1-Aug-2018 16:36:50 (UTC+8) 摘要 他人的協助或支持是一項有助於個體因應困難與壓力的社會資源，然而他人並非總會主動提供協助，因此許多時候個體需要主動尋求他人的幫忙。過去探討自尊與主動求助行為的文獻多是採用「自我威脅」的框架看待求助行為，相對忽略了高、低自尊個體若是在會造成他人負擔的情境中，求助意願是否會有不同的差異。近年來有研究發現自尊與一個人是否認為自己值得遭遇到好事或好的對待有關，因此本研究假設當個體在求助情境中考慮到對他人的負擔時，高自尊者會因相信自己更值得接受他人幫助，而導致比低自尊者有較高的求助意願。我們執行兩個研究檢驗上述假設，研究一採用腳本情境實驗法，探討高、低自尊者在兩種情境中之求助意願差異，以及應得信念的中介效果，120名參與者被隨機分派閱讀威脅情境腳本或負擔情境腳本，隨後測量其求助意願。研究一結果發現高低自尊者在閱讀不同情境腳本後的求助意願並無顯著差異，應得信念也都沒有產生中介效果。研究二改採實驗室實驗法提高情境真實性，80名參與者被隨機分派至2 (自尊操弄：高vs.低) 2 (求助情境：威脅情境vs.負擔情境) 受試者間設計。透過操弄個體的自尊以及面臨的求助情境，觀察其對求助意願的影響，以及應得信念在不同情境中的中介效果。研究二結果大致符合本研究的預期，自尊在威脅情境中對求助意願沒有影響，但在負擔情境中高自尊者則展現出較高的求助意願。而調節中介模型的分析結果顯示，應得信念在威脅情境中沒有出現顯著的中介效果，但在負擔情境中，自尊則透過應得信念的中介對求助意願產生影響。
Previous research proposed that asking for help might be a symbol of lacking abilities for individuals with high self-esteem, and thus they are less likely to seek help from others. However, other studies suggested that feeling of taxing others’ resources might also be the reason which prevents people from seeking help. Recent research about self-esteem indicated that self-esteem is related to the belief of deservingness, which refers to one’s belief about whether he / she deserves good (bad) outcomes. Putting these together, the main purpose of this research is to examine the influence of self-esteem and different situation contexts on people’s willingness to seek help. In Study 1, 120 participants were measured their self-esteem and then randomly assigned to read either a self-threatening help seeking scenario (called “threatening context”)or a burden-to-other help seeking scenario (called “burden context”). The results showed no interaction effect, that is, high or low self-esteem didn’t have different influence on willingness to help in different conditions, and there was no mediation effect of deservingness was found. In Study 2, a true experiment was conducted to create stronger impact. 80 participants were randomly assigned to 2 (self-esteem: high vs. low) 2 (help-seeking context: threatening vs. burden) experimental conditions. The results indicated that participants with high self-esteem were significantly more willing to seek help from others in the burden context than in the threatening context, and mediation analysis also showed that belief of deservingness mediated the effect of self-esteem on the willingness of help-seeking in the burden context but not in the threatening context. Research limits and future implications were also discussed.參考文獻 王靖惠、王叢桂 (2011)。社會比較與產品類別對補償性消費意願之影響：以狀態自尊為中介變項。應用心理研究，52，215-240。 翁儷禎 (2002)。推理思考測驗。台北市：測驗出版社。 孫蒨如、林慧慈、洪嘉欣 (2017)。當自我資源耗竭面對維持正向自我評價需求時：自我調控的啟動與運作。中華心理學刊，59，163-181。 梁成安、王培梅 (2008)。中文版Rosenberg自尊感量表的信效度研究。教育曙光，56，62-69。 黃怡蓉 (2005)。求助於內外團體垂直與水平關係對象的事件與感受──以大學生為例。未出版之碩士論文，政治大學，心理學系，台北。 Addis, M. E., & Mahalik, J. R. (2003). Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking. American Psychologist, 58, 5-14. Bolger, N., Zuckerman, A., & Kessler, R. C. (2000). Invisible support and adjustment to stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 953-961. Burke, M., & Kraut, R. (2013). Using facebook after losing a job: differential benefits of strong and weak ties. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work, San Antonio, Texas, USA. Callan, M. J., Kay, A. C., Davidenko, N., & Ellard, J. H. (2009). The effects of justice motivation on memory for self- and other-relevant events. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 614-623. Callan, M. J., Kay, A. C., & Dawtry, R. J. (2014). Making sense of misfortune: Deservingness, self-esteem, and patterns of self-defeat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107, 142-162. Comer, R., & Laird, J. D. (1975). Choosing to suffer as a consequence of expecting to suffer: Why do people do it? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 92-101. DePaulo, B. M., & Fisher, J. D. (1980). The costs of asking for help. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 1, 23-35. Dunbar, M., Ford, G., & Hunt, K. (1998). Why is the receipt of social support associated with increased psychological distress? An examination of three hypotheses. Psychology and health, 13, 527-544. Fisher, J. D., Harrison, C. L., & Nadler, A. (1978). Exploring the generalizability of donor-recipient similarity effects. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 627-630. Fisher, J. D., & Nadler, A. (1974). The effect of similarity between donor and recipient on recipient`s reactions to aid. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 4, 230-243. Fritz, M. S., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2007). Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychological Science, 18, 233-239. Gleason, M. E., Iida, M., Bolger, N., & Shrout, P. E. (2003). Daily supportive equity in close relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1036-1045. Grayson, A., Miller, H., & Clarke, D. D. (1998). Identifying barriers to help-seeking: a qualitative analysis of students` preparedness to seek help from tutors. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 26, 237-253. Greenberg, M. S. (1980). A theory of indebtedness. In K. Gergen, M. S. Greenberg, & R. H. Willis (Eds.), Social exchange: Advances in theory and research (pp. 3-26). New York: Plenum Press. Greenberg, M. S., & Shapiro, S. P. (1971). Indebtedness: An adverse aspect of asking for and receiving help. Sociometry, 290-301. Hafer, C. L., & Bègue, L. (2005). Experimental research on just-world theory: Problems, developments, and future challenges. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 128-167. Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New, York, US: Cuilford press. Heatherton, T. F., & Polivy, J. (1991). Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 895-910. Kassin, S., Fein, S., & Markus, H. R. (2010). Social psychology (8 ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Kernis, M. H. (2003). Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 1-26. Lerner, M. J. (1980). The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. New York: Plenum Press. Lerner, M. J. (1998). The two forms of belief in a just world: Some thoughts on why and how people care about justice. In L. Montada & M. J. Lerner (Eds.), Responses to victimizations and belief in a just world (pp. 247-269). New York: Plenum Press. Nadler, A. (1987). Determinants of help seeking behaviour: The effects of helper`s similarity, task centrality and recipient`s self esteem. European Journal of Social Psychology, 17, 57-67. Nadler, A. (2015). The other side of helping: Seeking and receiving help. In D. A. Schroeder & W. G. Graziano (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of prosocial behavior (pp. 307-328). New York: Oxford University Press. Nadler, A., Altman, A., & Fisher, J. D. (1979). Helping is not enough: Recipient`s reactions to aid as a function of positive and negative information about the self. Journal of Personality, 47, 615-628. Nadler, A., & Fisher, J. D. (1986). The role of threat to self-esteem and perceived control in recipient reaction to help: Theory development and empirical validation. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 81-122). Orlando, FL: Academic Press. Nadler, A., Fisher, J. D., & Ben-Itzhak, S. (1983). With a little help from my friend: Effect of single or multiple act aid as a function of donor and task characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 310. Nadler, A., Fisher, J. D., & Streufert, S. (1976). When helping hurts: Effects of donor-recipient similarity and recipient self-esteem on reactions to aid. Journal of Personality, 44, 392. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.ep7379399 Nadler, A., Maler, S., & Friedman, A. (1984). Effects of helper`s sex, subjects` androgyny, and self-evaluation on males` and females` willingness to seek and receive help. Sex Roles, 10, 327-339. Nadler, A., Mayseless, O., Peri, N., & Chemennski, A. (1985). Effects of opportunity to reciprocate and self-esteem on help-seeking behavior. Journal of Personality, 53, 23-35. Naito, T., Wangwan, J., & Tani, M. (2005). Gratitude in university students in Japan and Thailand. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 247-263. Seidman, G., Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2006). Why is enacted social support associated with increased distress? Using simulation to test two possible sources of spuriousness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 52-65. Taylor, S. E. (2007). Social support. In H. S. Friedman & R. C. Silver (Eds.), Foundations of health psychology (pp. 145-171). New York: Oxford University Press. Taylor, S. E. (2015). Social cognition and health. In M. Mikulincer, P. R. Shaver, & (Editors-in-Chief) (Eds.), APA Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology: Vol. 1. Attitudes and Social Cognition (pp. 339-361). Washington: American Psychological Association. Taylor, S. E., Sherman, D. K., Kim, H. S., Jarcho, J., & Dunagan, M. S. (2004). Culture and social support: Who seeks it and why? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 354-362. Tessler, R. C., & Schwartz, S. H. (1972). Help seeking self-esteem, and achievement motivation: An attributional analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 318-326. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070. Wills, T. A., & DePaulo, B. M. (1991). Interpersonal analysis of the help-seeking process. In C. R. Snyder & D. R. Forsyth (Eds.), Handbook of social and clinical psychology: The health perspective (pp. 350-375). New York: Pergamon Press. Wood, J. V., Heimpel, S. A., Manwell, L. A., & Whittington, E. J. (2009). This mood is familiar and I don`t deserve to feel better anyway: Mechanisms underlying self-esteem differences in motivation to repair sad moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 363-380. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學系
103752012資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103752012 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 孫蒨如 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Sun, Chien-Ru en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 楊濟瑋 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Yang, Ji-Wei en_US dc.creator (作者) 楊濟瑋 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Yang, Ji-Wei en_US dc.date (日期) 2018 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-Aug-2018 16:36:50 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-Aug-2018 16:36:50 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Aug-2018 16:36:50 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0103752012 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/119140 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 心理學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 103752012 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 他人的協助或支持是一項有助於個體因應困難與壓力的社會資源，然而他人並非總會主動提供協助，因此許多時候個體需要主動尋求他人的幫忙。過去探討自尊與主動求助行為的文獻多是採用「自我威脅」的框架看待求助行為，相對忽略了高、低自尊個體若是在會造成他人負擔的情境中，求助意願是否會有不同的差異。近年來有研究發現自尊與一個人是否認為自己值得遭遇到好事或好的對待有關，因此本研究假設當個體在求助情境中考慮到對他人的負擔時，高自尊者會因相信自己更值得接受他人幫助，而導致比低自尊者有較高的求助意願。我們執行兩個研究檢驗上述假設，研究一採用腳本情境實驗法，探討高、低自尊者在兩種情境中之求助意願差異，以及應得信念的中介效果，120名參與者被隨機分派閱讀威脅情境腳本或負擔情境腳本，隨後測量其求助意願。研究一結果發現高低自尊者在閱讀不同情境腳本後的求助意願並無顯著差異，應得信念也都沒有產生中介效果。研究二改採實驗室實驗法提高情境真實性，80名參與者被隨機分派至2 (自尊操弄：高vs.低) 2 (求助情境：威脅情境vs.負擔情境) 受試者間設計。透過操弄個體的自尊以及面臨的求助情境，觀察其對求助意願的影響，以及應得信念在不同情境中的中介效果。研究二結果大致符合本研究的預期，自尊在威脅情境中對求助意願沒有影響，但在負擔情境中高自尊者則展現出較高的求助意願。而調節中介模型的分析結果顯示，應得信念在威脅情境中沒有出現顯著的中介效果，但在負擔情境中，自尊則透過應得信念的中介對求助意願產生影響。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Previous research proposed that asking for help might be a symbol of lacking abilities for individuals with high self-esteem, and thus they are less likely to seek help from others. However, other studies suggested that feeling of taxing others’ resources might also be the reason which prevents people from seeking help. Recent research about self-esteem indicated that self-esteem is related to the belief of deservingness, which refers to one’s belief about whether he / she deserves good (bad) outcomes. Putting these together, the main purpose of this research is to examine the influence of self-esteem and different situation contexts on people’s willingness to seek help. In Study 1, 120 participants were measured their self-esteem and then randomly assigned to read either a self-threatening help seeking scenario (called “threatening context”)or a burden-to-other help seeking scenario (called “burden context”). The results showed no interaction effect, that is, high or low self-esteem didn’t have different influence on willingness to help in different conditions, and there was no mediation effect of deservingness was found. In Study 2, a true experiment was conducted to create stronger impact. 80 participants were randomly assigned to 2 (self-esteem: high vs. low) 2 (help-seeking context: threatening vs. burden) experimental conditions. The results indicated that participants with high self-esteem were significantly more willing to seek help from others in the burden context than in the threatening context, and mediation analysis also showed that belief of deservingness mediated the effect of self-esteem on the willingness of help-seeking in the burden context but not in the threatening context. Research limits and future implications were also discussed. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 研究動機與目的 1 第二章 文獻探討 3 第一節 自尊與求助的研究 3 第二節 引發負債感的負擔求助情境 6 第三節 本研究想法 9 第三章 研究一 11 第一節 前測 11 第二節 正式實驗 14 第四章 研究二 27 第一節 前測 27 第二節 正式實驗 29 第五章 討論及未來研究建議 45 參考文獻 50 附錄 55 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1457249 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103752012 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自尊 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 求助意願 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 應得的信念 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 求助情境 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 威脅自尊模型 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 負擔情境 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Help-seeking en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Self-esteem en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Deservingness en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Threat to self-esteem model en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Burden context en_US dc.title (題名) 自尊與情境對求助意願之影響 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Exploring the effect of self-esteem and help-seeking context on individual’s willingness to seek help en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王靖惠、王叢桂 (2011)。社會比較與產品類別對補償性消費意願之影響：以狀態自尊為中介變項。應用心理研究，52，215-240。 翁儷禎 (2002)。推理思考測驗。台北市：測驗出版社。 孫蒨如、林慧慈、洪嘉欣 (2017)。當自我資源耗竭面對維持正向自我評價需求時：自我調控的啟動與運作。中華心理學刊，59，163-181。 梁成安、王培梅 (2008)。中文版Rosenberg自尊感量表的信效度研究。教育曙光，56，62-69。 黃怡蓉 (2005)。求助於內外團體垂直與水平關係對象的事件與感受──以大學生為例。未出版之碩士論文，政治大學，心理學系，台北。 Addis, M. E., & Mahalik, J. R. (2003). Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking. American Psychologist, 58, 5-14. Bolger, N., Zuckerman, A., & Kessler, R. C. (2000). Invisible support and adjustment to stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 953-961. Burke, M., & Kraut, R. (2013). Using facebook after losing a job: differential benefits of strong and weak ties. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work, San Antonio, Texas, USA. Callan, M. J., Kay, A. C., Davidenko, N., & Ellard, J. H. (2009). The effects of justice motivation on memory for self- and other-relevant events. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 614-623. Callan, M. J., Kay, A. C., & Dawtry, R. J. (2014). Making sense of misfortune: Deservingness, self-esteem, and patterns of self-defeat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107, 142-162. Comer, R., & Laird, J. D. (1975). Choosing to suffer as a consequence of expecting to suffer: Why do people do it? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 92-101. DePaulo, B. M., & Fisher, J. D. (1980). The costs of asking for help. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 1, 23-35. Dunbar, M., Ford, G., & Hunt, K. (1998). Why is the receipt of social support associated with increased psychological distress? An examination of three hypotheses. Psychology and health, 13, 527-544. Fisher, J. D., Harrison, C. L., & Nadler, A. (1978). Exploring the generalizability of donor-recipient similarity effects. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 627-630. Fisher, J. D., & Nadler, A. (1974). The effect of similarity between donor and recipient on recipient`s reactions to aid. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 4, 230-243. Fritz, M. S., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2007). Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychological Science, 18, 233-239. Gleason, M. E., Iida, M., Bolger, N., & Shrout, P. E. (2003). Daily supportive equity in close relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1036-1045. Grayson, A., Miller, H., & Clarke, D. D. (1998). Identifying barriers to help-seeking: a qualitative analysis of students` preparedness to seek help from tutors. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 26, 237-253. Greenberg, M. S. (1980). A theory of indebtedness. In K. Gergen, M. S. Greenberg, & R. H. Willis (Eds.), Social exchange: Advances in theory and research (pp. 3-26). New York: Plenum Press. Greenberg, M. S., & Shapiro, S. P. (1971). Indebtedness: An adverse aspect of asking for and receiving help. Sociometry, 290-301. Hafer, C. L., & Bègue, L. (2005). Experimental research on just-world theory: Problems, developments, and future challenges. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 128-167. Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New, York, US: Cuilford press. Heatherton, T. F., & Polivy, J. 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