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題名 影響代工供應商與顧客間夥伴關係因素之硏究-以台灣電子資訊產業為例 作者 黃銘章 貢獻者 司徒達賢
于卓民
黃銘章日期 2002 上傳時間 27-Sep-2018 14:22:54 (UTC+8) 摘要 國際企業為了減低生產成本,將部分生產外包給國外的企業,是常見的策略聯盟方式,台灣許多大型企業,過去都是靠國外客戶之OEM訂單起家,但即便在台灣,雖然委託製造這種垂直聯盟的方式無疑是產業中歷史最久、也最常見的跨國合作模式,學術上以委託製造為主題的研究仍極為少見,甚至有些研究將代工的夥伴關係排除在策略聯盟之外。但本研究認為就合作的實質內容而言,從早期單純評估供應商的交期、品質、成本等因素之外,近年來,國際品牌廠商不斷發展出新的營運模式(例如BTO、CTO),使得台灣供應商所扮演的角色從單純代工走向國際的分工,因應新的營運模式,台灣廠商主動或被動提升自我的能力,我國資訊工業在與國際大廠長期代工合作下,從單純的製造加工,培養出從設計、製造到後勤支援的全球運籌能力,造成國際大廠為求生存及提高其競爭力而積極主動來台尋求合作,台灣資訊硬體產業的蓬勃發展,已經成為國際專業分工生產的重鎮。另外就理論面而言,如果將代工視為純粹的市場交易,則價格機制將決定了代工訂單的歸屬,所以換單、抽單、轉單等情事將會屢見不鮮。然而就實務界的合作情形觀察,此種現象並不是常見的現象,因此必然存在某些的因素讓雙方的關係穩定維持。本研究將援引策略聯盟的相關理論,建立影響代工供應商與顧客間夥伴關係的理論架構,並進行實證分析加以驗證。 經過文獻探討,歸納交易成本理論、資源依賴理論、資源基礎觀點、社會網絡觀點等相關理論觀點,探討影響夥伴關係的因素,並透過個案訪談的分析與修正,建立研究架構。本研究依據相關的文獻將供應商與顧客之間的夥伴關係視為一個連續帶,其中一個極端是策略夥伴關係,另外一個極端則是一般市場交易關係。從資源基礎觀點來說,資源的互補是形成策略聯盟的重要驅動力量,所謂資源互補指聯盟夥伴的獨特資源,這些資源共同利用所產生的租要比個別夥伴單獨利用所能產生的租的總和還要大。因此,在代工的合作模式下,供應商所貢獻的研發能力與製造能力必須要能夠具體的呈現出利益在那裡?在這個經濟理性的前提下,一些對供應商評估的研究大部分均以:價格(成本)、品質、交期、新產品設計所需的時間等構面量評估供應商。因為廠商本身的know-how(in house know-how),這些Know-how可以讓其成為在價格、品質及產品發展上的獨特供應商。基於經濟理性考量的前提下,供應商在新產品發展的速度、價格、產品品質、與交期所展現出來的競爭力,是合作是否有利可圖的重要基礎,也成為影響代工合作模式下影響夥伴關係最重要的因素。而另一方面,相關的研究指出顧客所認知的知識外溢風險是影響長期合作關係成功的重要因素,在代工的合作關係下,要獲得顧客的信任,必須要降低顧客對於其know-how在未被預期下洩漏的顧慮,在供應商有替代意圖、防弊措施不夠、及社會資本不足的情況下,顧客認知的知識外溢風險將會增加,本研究認為顧客對於知識外溢風險的認知會稀釋供應商的競爭力,進而影響與顧客之間的夥伴關係。同時,在代工的合作模式下,供應商所期盼的是如何留住顧客,因此,如何提升顧客的轉換成本,成為一項重要的考慮因素。本研究認為隨著產品標準化程度的提高,潛在供應商的數目增加,顧客的轉換成本將會降低,交易機制會傾向於市場交易的統治模式,使夥伴關係傾向市場交易,但是產品生命週期的縮短與作業系統融合的程度提高則會增加顧客的轉換成本,使得夥伴關係趨近於策略夥伴的關係。 在研究假設的驗證方面,本研究以外商在台的採購人員作為研究對象,分析單位為「交易關係」,共計回收118份有效問卷。分析結果發現供應商整體代工能力愈高,供應商的競爭力愈高;供應商的競爭力愈高,夥伴關係愈緊密。顧客認知的知識外溢風險愈高,會減弱供應商競爭力與夥伴關係緊密程度的正向關係。在轉換成本方面,僅供應商選評淘汰的困難程度及作業系統融合程度等兩個變項的交互作用獲得支持,也就是說供應商選評淘汰的困難程度愈高,會強化供應商競爭力與夥伴關係緊密程度之間的正向關係;作業系統融合程度愈高,也強化供應商競爭力與夥伴關係緊密程度之間的正向關係。 綜合以上的實證結果,在理論方面,本研究證實策略聯盟的相關理論仍可以用在代工合作模式下,經濟理性仍然是夥伴關係的先決條件,同時本研究所提出關於夥伴關係的相關構面實證上也具有良好的信度與效度;在實務方面,本研究可以提供代工的供應商與顧客,在強化夥伴關係方面的可行作法。 參考文獻 一、中文部分1.王美雅(民83),「流行產業核心資源與國際化策略之研究」,國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。2.王慧美(民90),「國際代工夥伴關係下之資產專屬性與能力建構-供應商觀點分析」,國立台灣大學國際企業研究所博士論文。3.方至民(民89),企業競爭優勢,台北:前程企管公司。4.方至民與曾志弘(民86),「形成條件對中外合資企業績效之影響」,中山管理評論,第五卷,第二期,頁537-552。5.方雅惠(民88),「由代工堆砌的世紀末華麗:台灣筆記型電腦居世界第一」,遠見雜誌,162期,頁120-134。6.天下雜誌(民87),「1000大廠商特刊」,天下雜誌,205期特刊,頁104-109。7.司徒達賢(民90),策略管理新論-觀念架構與分析方法,台北:智勝出版社。8.司徒達賢(民85),「中小企業之策略聯盟」,經濟情勢暨評論,第2卷第3期,頁1-7。9.司徒達賢與林晉寬(民87),「台灣優勢廠商之資源管理模式」,管理學報,第15卷第2期,頁255-270。10.李文瑞、曹為忠與林志豪(民89),「策略聯盟類型與績效影響因素之研究」,中山管理評論,第8卷第2期,頁273-30211.李文瑞、曹為忠與吳美珍(民89),「我國電子資訊廠商策略聯盟夥伴選擇之研究」,管理評論,第19卷第3期,頁1-24。12.李明軒(民89),「WTO後兩岸科技爭鋒」,天下雜誌,231期,頁146-156。13.李國瑜(民90),「知識移轉的整合模式-知識特性、吸收能力、與社會資本」,國立政治大學企業管理學系未出版博士論文。14.伍家德(民87),「製造能力與企業經營績效相關研究」,第十三屆全國技術及職業教育研討會論文集,頁241-248。15.佘日新、梁家隆與陳厚銘(民89),「廠商如何經由國外夥伴之技術合作提升企業技術能力-以台灣資訊電子廠商為例」,管理學報,第十七卷,第二期,頁297-319。16.邱皓政(民90),社會與行為科學的量化研究與統計分析,台北:五南圖書出版社。17.邱雅萍(民91),「多國企業在台子公司知識來源型態影響因素之研究」,國立政治大學企業管理學系未出版博士論文。18.周文賢(民90),多變量統計分析-SAS/STAT之應用,台北:智勝文化公司。19.吳青松(民82),「台灣資訊電子產業成功關鍵因素,公司能力與策略聯盟之實證研究」,台大管理論叢,第四卷第一期,頁209-226。20.吳明機(民89),「台灣IT產業發展現況與展望」,經濟情勢暨評論,第6卷第3期,頁1-21。21.吳思華(民82),「迎接由競爭邁向合作的時代」,世界經理文摘,83期, 頁40-51。22.吳思華(民85),策略九說:策略思考的本質,台北:麥田出版社。23.吳季庭(民89),「2000年第一季筆記型電腦產銷分析」,資策會市場情報中心。24.卓秋季(民87),「代工模式與創新能力關連之研究-知識管理觀點」,國立政治大學科技管理研究所未出版碩士論文。25.林明杰(民81),「技術能力與技術引進績效相關之研究」,國立政治大學企管研究所未出版博士論文。26.林能白(民81),「資訊電子業之製造改造策略」,管理科學學報,第九卷第二期,頁179-204。27.林偉仁(民90),「寶成鞋業以美國為師」,天下雜誌,237期,頁84-90。28.林晉寬(民84),「從資源基礎理論探討資源特性與成長策略的關係」,國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版博士論文。29.邱雅萍(民91),「多國企業在台子公司知識來源型態影響因素之研究」,國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版博士論文。30.官振萱(民89),「台灣資訊大廠換個擂臺再比身手」,天下雜誌,234期,頁128-134。31.洪一權(民82),「產業生命週期與合作策略關連之研究」,國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。32.翁健一(民89),「2000年第一季光碟機產銷分析」,資策會市場情報中心。33.湯明哲、李吉仁(民88),「外包與專業製造商雙贏的策略」,遠見雜誌,62期,頁172-175。34.彭玉樹(民89),台商對外投資時機之研究-以資訊電子、紡織、和製鞋為例」,國立政治大學企業管理系未出版博士論文。35.張紹勳(民89),研究方法,台中:滄海書局。36.陳文棠(民90),「我國筆記型電腦產業發展現況與未來展望」,資策會市場情報中心。37.陳振祥、李吉仁(民86),「ODM的成因與策略運作-水平式產業下的策略聯盟型態」,中山管理評論,第5卷第3期,頁553-572。38.陳萬淇(81),個案研究法,台北:華泰書局。39.陳嵩與陳光偉(民90),「製造能力與業務型態之配適分析-台灣資訊硬體製造業之實證」,商管科技季刊,第二卷,第三期,頁259-278。40.趙郁文(民87),「跨國委託製造對台灣資訊電子廠商營運能力之提升效果」,中山管理評論,第6卷第4期,頁1113-1136。41.黃志明(民81),「我國國際策略聯盟盟友選擇準則之研究」,國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。42.黃俊英(民80),多變量分析,:台北:中國經濟企業研究社。43.黃俊英(民81),行銷研究-管理與技術,台北:華泰書局。44.黃俊英與林震岩(民83),SAS精析與實例,台北:華泰書局。45.楊鴻章(民85),「運用核心資源從事對外投資之研究」,國立中興大學企管研究所未出版碩士論文。46.詹政峰(民88),「全球運籌管理對台灣電子資訊產業國際競爭力之影響」,國立東華大學國際企業研究所未出版碩士論文。47.蔡宏明(民89),「資訊科技協定對資訊科技國際分工的影響」,經濟情勢暨評論,第6卷第3期,頁22-50。48.熊欣華(民90),「組織間合作的信心管理」,國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版博士論文。49.賴宏誌(民87),「產業間與組織間聯盟策略配合型態對聯盟失靈影響之研究」,私立中原大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。50.鍾文諺(民87),「全球運籌模式中委外作業的研究-以台灣個人電腦產業為例」,國立東華大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。51.鍾國貴(民84),「製造早期參與新產品開發活動和新產品開發的製造績效相關之研究-以台灣地區汽車零組件業為實證之研究」,國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版博士論文。52.顏和正(90),「宏碁集團積極擴張,還是深耕專注?」,天下雜誌,236期,頁98-108。二、英文部分1. 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國立政治大學
企業管理學系
90資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G91NCCW0482012 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 司徒達賢 dc.contributor.advisor 于卓民 dc.contributor.author (Authors) 黃銘章 dc.creator (作者) 黃銘章 dc.date (日期) 2002 dc.date.accessioned 27-Sep-2018 14:22:54 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 27-Sep-2018 14:22:54 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 27-Sep-2018 14:22:54 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/120175 - dc.description (描述) 博士 dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 dc.description (描述) 企業管理學系 dc.description (描述) 90 dc.description.abstract (摘要) 國際企業為了減低生產成本,將部分生產外包給國外的企業,是常見的策略聯盟方式,台灣許多大型企業,過去都是靠國外客戶之OEM訂單起家,但即便在台灣,雖然委託製造這種垂直聯盟的方式無疑是產業中歷史最久、也最常見的跨國合作模式,學術上以委託製造為主題的研究仍極為少見,甚至有些研究將代工的夥伴關係排除在策略聯盟之外。但本研究認為就合作的實質內容而言,從早期單純評估供應商的交期、品質、成本等因素之外,近年來,國際品牌廠商不斷發展出新的營運模式(例如BTO、CTO),使得台灣供應商所扮演的角色從單純代工走向國際的分工,因應新的營運模式,台灣廠商主動或被動提升自我的能力,我國資訊工業在與國際大廠長期代工合作下,從單純的製造加工,培養出從設計、製造到後勤支援的全球運籌能力,造成國際大廠為求生存及提高其競爭力而積極主動來台尋求合作,台灣資訊硬體產業的蓬勃發展,已經成為國際專業分工生產的重鎮。另外就理論面而言,如果將代工視為純粹的市場交易,則價格機制將決定了代工訂單的歸屬,所以換單、抽單、轉單等情事將會屢見不鮮。然而就實務界的合作情形觀察,此種現象並不是常見的現象,因此必然存在某些的因素讓雙方的關係穩定維持。本研究將援引策略聯盟的相關理論,建立影響代工供應商與顧客間夥伴關係的理論架構,並進行實證分析加以驗證。 經過文獻探討,歸納交易成本理論、資源依賴理論、資源基礎觀點、社會網絡觀點等相關理論觀點,探討影響夥伴關係的因素,並透過個案訪談的分析與修正,建立研究架構。本研究依據相關的文獻將供應商與顧客之間的夥伴關係視為一個連續帶,其中一個極端是策略夥伴關係,另外一個極端則是一般市場交易關係。從資源基礎觀點來說,資源的互補是形成策略聯盟的重要驅動力量,所謂資源互補指聯盟夥伴的獨特資源,這些資源共同利用所產生的租要比個別夥伴單獨利用所能產生的租的總和還要大。因此,在代工的合作模式下,供應商所貢獻的研發能力與製造能力必須要能夠具體的呈現出利益在那裡?在這個經濟理性的前提下,一些對供應商評估的研究大部分均以:價格(成本)、品質、交期、新產品設計所需的時間等構面量評估供應商。因為廠商本身的know-how(in house know-how),這些Know-how可以讓其成為在價格、品質及產品發展上的獨特供應商。基於經濟理性考量的前提下,供應商在新產品發展的速度、價格、產品品質、與交期所展現出來的競爭力,是合作是否有利可圖的重要基礎,也成為影響代工合作模式下影響夥伴關係最重要的因素。而另一方面,相關的研究指出顧客所認知的知識外溢風險是影響長期合作關係成功的重要因素,在代工的合作關係下,要獲得顧客的信任,必須要降低顧客對於其know-how在未被預期下洩漏的顧慮,在供應商有替代意圖、防弊措施不夠、及社會資本不足的情況下,顧客認知的知識外溢風險將會增加,本研究認為顧客對於知識外溢風險的認知會稀釋供應商的競爭力,進而影響與顧客之間的夥伴關係。同時,在代工的合作模式下,供應商所期盼的是如何留住顧客,因此,如何提升顧客的轉換成本,成為一項重要的考慮因素。本研究認為隨著產品標準化程度的提高,潛在供應商的數目增加,顧客的轉換成本將會降低,交易機制會傾向於市場交易的統治模式,使夥伴關係傾向市場交易,但是產品生命週期的縮短與作業系統融合的程度提高則會增加顧客的轉換成本,使得夥伴關係趨近於策略夥伴的關係。 在研究假設的驗證方面,本研究以外商在台的採購人員作為研究對象,分析單位為「交易關係」,共計回收118份有效問卷。分析結果發現供應商整體代工能力愈高,供應商的競爭力愈高;供應商的競爭力愈高,夥伴關係愈緊密。顧客認知的知識外溢風險愈高,會減弱供應商競爭力與夥伴關係緊密程度的正向關係。在轉換成本方面,僅供應商選評淘汰的困難程度及作業系統融合程度等兩個變項的交互作用獲得支持,也就是說供應商選評淘汰的困難程度愈高,會強化供應商競爭力與夥伴關係緊密程度之間的正向關係;作業系統融合程度愈高,也強化供應商競爭力與夥伴關係緊密程度之間的正向關係。 綜合以上的實證結果,在理論方面,本研究證實策略聯盟的相關理論仍可以用在代工合作模式下,經濟理性仍然是夥伴關係的先決條件,同時本研究所提出關於夥伴關係的相關構面實證上也具有良好的信度與效度;在實務方面,本研究可以提供代工的供應商與顧客,在強化夥伴關係方面的可行作法。 dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論第一節 研究動機4第二節 研究問題目的與研究目的11第三節 研究對象與分析單位15第二章 文獻探討第一節 策略聯盟的定義18第二節 策略聯盟的相關理論21第三節 策略聯盟夥伴的選擇34第四節 影響夥伴關係的因素41第五節 夥伴關係74第三章 個案分析第一節 個案簡介85第二節 個案比較分析101第四章 研究設計第一節 研究架構104 第二節 研究假設107第三節 變數的操作型定義與衡量120第四節 抽樣設計與資料收集134第五節 資料分析方法136第五章 實證研究結果第一節 樣本描述139第二節 問卷之信度與效度分析144第三節 影響代工供應商與顧客問夥伴關係因素的實證分析150第六章 結論與建議第一節 研究結論166.第二節 理論與實務的涵意176第三節 後續研究的建議186參考文獻190附錄一:問卷206附錄二:前IPO聯誼會會長方國健先生推薦函212附錄三:代工供應商整體代工能力與供應商競爭力關係之多元迴歸分析214附錄四:供應商競爭力與夥伴關係緊密程度之多元迴歸分析217附錄五:77份問卷統計結果219附錄六:夥伴關係分項檢定結果226表目錄表2-1-1:策略聯盟定義彙總表19表2-2-1:廠商從事策略聯盟的動機彙總表22表2-3-1:組織文化的主要構面表38表2-4-1:資源的定義彙總表42表2-4-2:資源的特性彙總表43表2-4-3:策略矩陣57表2-5-1:零組件發展的任務79表3-2-1:個案分析比較彙總表103表4-3-1:產品研發設計能力衡量指標彙總表121表4-3-2:產品產品量產製造能力衡量指標彙總表122表4-3-3:本研究構面的衡量指標彙總整理表132表4-4-1:迴歸分析流程與變數影響方向138表5-1-1:問卷發放與回收情形統計表140表5-1-2:受訪人的工作經驗統計表142表5-1-3:受訪人職位分佈142表5-1-4:樣本之合作形式分佈143表5-2-1:研究變項之信度分析彙總146表5-2-2:衡量構面之因素結構與因素負荷量148表5-3-1:代工供應商整體代工能力各變項間相關係數分析表151表5-3-2:代工供應商整體代工能力之主成份權重與因素負荷量152表5-3-3:代工供應商整體代工能力與供應商競爭關係之分析154表5-3-4:代工供應商整體代工能力與供應商競爭關係之分析(含上市公司指標)155表5-3-5:代工供應商競爭力各項指標間相關係數156表5-3-6:代工供應商競爭力之主成份權重與因素負荷量156表5-3-7:代工供應商競爭力與夥伴關係緊密程度關係之迴歸分析157表5-3-8:交互作用項各變數間相關係數表158表5-3-9:知識外溢風險的干擾效果160表5-3-10:轉換成本的干擾效果162表6-1-1:研究假設檢定結果彙總表168附錄表3-1:代工供應商整體代工能力與供應商競爭力關係之多元迴歸分析215附錄3-2:代工供應商整體代工能力與供應商競爭力各項指標之分析216附錄表4-1:代工供應商競爭力與夥伴關係緊密程度關係之迴歸分析218附錄表5-1:代工供應商整體代工能力與供應商競爭力間關係之分析220附錄表5-2:代工供應商整體代工能力與供應商競爭力關係之分析(含上市公司指標) 221附錄表5-3:代工供應商競爭力與夥伴關係緊密程度關係之迴歸分析222附錄表5-4:知識外溢風險的干擾效果分析223附錄表5-5:轉換成本的干擾效果分析224附錄表5-6:研究假設檢定結果比較表225附錄表6-1:影響代工供應商與顧客共同行動之因素227附錄表6-2:影響供應商早期涉入之因素229附錄表6-3:影響供應商顧客間互賴程度入之因素231附錄表6-4:影響代工供應商與顧客間資訊分享程度之因素233附錄表6-5:影響代工供應商與顧客合作關係持續之因素235附錄表6-6:附錄表6-6:夥伴關係分項檢定與原假設檢定結果比較表236圖目錄圖2-2-1:組織失靈架構圖23圖2-3-1:成功國際策略聯盟的4C圖35圖2-4-1:代工供應商專屬性投資與績效關係52圖2-4-2:四種合資研發的類型54圖2-4-3:策略性供應商的類型67圖2-5-1:供應鏈管理策略圖75圖4-1-1:本研究之觀念架構圖106 dc.format.extent 115 bytes - 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