Publications-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
題名 大學生性別組成的社會脈絡、性別與友誼網絡機制：ERGMs (Exponential Random Graph Models) 的探討
Social Contexts of Gender Composition for College Students, Gender and Mechanisms of Friendship Networks: Exploration of Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGMs)作者 孫維楨
Sun, Wei-Chen貢獻者 熊瑞梅
Hsung, Ray-May
孫維楨
Sun, Wei-Chen關鍵詞 社會脈絡
性別組成
大學生
社會網絡
ERGMs
Social context
Gender composition
College student
Social network
ERGMs日期 2018 上傳時間 1-Oct-2018 12:17:01 (UTC+8) 摘要 不同社會脈絡對於個人行為所造成的影響是社會學一直以來都十分關懷的議題。早期，Peter Blau (1974)已經強調過社會脈絡的差異是造成人們產生不同人際互動的原因。Ridgeway (2006)更強調了個體的行為表現之所以有所差異，是因為個體所處的環境不一致，所以社會對個體的期待也有所不同所致，其中，性別就是一項自社會學萌芽以來倍受討論的關鍵議題。性別自生命誕生的那一刻起，甚至還沒呱呱墜地，就深深的影響著個體往後所受到的期望與待遇，進而成為薪資、勞動力、教育階層化等領域所熱切探討的議題。不同性別比例組成的社會結構，其內部差異更是眾多社會學家、人口學家共相爭鳴的主要戰場。但在社會網絡的領域裡，受到資料蒐集較為困難等限制，至今尚未看到有人較為深入的去研究在大學脈絡下，不同性別組成的班級間人際互動的差異。本研究使用ERGMs為主要的分析方法，對熊瑞梅（2015）所主持的科技部整合型研究計畫：「性別與信任行為的機制：從社會網絡、信任賽局和神經科學的觀點來探討」的班級網絡資料進行分析，證實了不同性別組成的社會脈絡會使得內部不同性別的成員做出不一樣的交友行為；另外，本研究同時也發現了不同的行為認知在這之中扮演著舉足輕重的角色。
The impact of different social contexts on individual behavior is an important issue that sociology has always been concerned about. In the early time, Peter Blau (1974) had already emphasized that different social contexts are the causes of different interpersonal interactions. Ridgeway (2006) also emphasized that individual behavior varies with different expectations of the positions in society. Among one of them, Gender is a key issue which has been discussed since the beginning of sociology. Since the birth of a new life, even it hasn’t started to breath, gender has already affected human behavior deeply and determined human future expectation and performance. Salary, labor, and education…, etc. are the common outcome affected by gender. The differences between different social structures due to different gender composition, is also the main battlefield for many demographers and sociologists. Owing to the difficulty of collecting data on social networks in classes of college students, almost no study discusses the contexts of gender composition and mechanisms of social networks in the class under the university context exquisitely. This study selects ERGMs as the main analytical method and uses the network data that collected by Hsung’s (2015) project, “Gender and Trust Behavior: Exploration from the Perspectives of Social Networks, Trust Games and Neurosciences”, sponsored by MOST. This study verified that social contexts with different gender composition lead members inside different networks have the different interpersonal interaction. Moreover, we also find that different cognition of behavior also plays an important role in these relationships.參考文獻 第一節 中文文獻一言，1994。〈男女分班上课有助提高女生成绩〉。《世界教育信息》4：24-24。邱長彥，2017。〈高中男校社會組學生的陽剛氣質建構與實踐：以台灣中部一所高中之考察為例〉。《臺灣性學學刊》23（1)，1-28。李美枝、鐘秋玉，1996。〈性別與性別角色析論〉。《本土心理學研究》6：260-299。宋鴻燕，2007。〈朋友關係對於兒童性別化玩具偏好的影響〉。《臺北市立教育大學學報》38（2）：107-130。張佑宗、趙珮如，2006。〈社會脈絡、個人網絡與臺灣 2004 年立法委員選舉選民的投票抉擇〉。《臺灣民主季刊》3(2)：1-38。張明宜、吳齊殷，2013。〈友誼網絡中誰的獲益更多，青少年友誼網絡與學業成就的動態分析〉。《台灣社會學》26：97-146。郭佩芳，2009。《青少年性別角色特質，身體意象與自尊關係之研究》。高雄：高雄師範大學教育學系博士論文。http://ir.nknu.edu.tw/ir/handle/987654321/5882 郭盈伶，2012。《國中學生父母管教方式與自我概念關係之研究》。台中：東海大學教育研究所碩士論文。郭祐誠，2018。〈同儕性別組成對大學科系選擇之影響〉。《經濟論文》46（2）：225-261。楊天盾，2016。《性別化的青少年友誼網絡與性別角色態度：社會脈絡的影響嗎？》。台北：國立政治大學社會學系博士論文。熊瑞梅，2001。〈都市事件行動體系的分析：以台中市為例〉。《台大社會學刊》29：59-110。蔡文輝，1997。《社會學（增訂三版）》。臺北：三民書局。劉松燕，2006。《台灣地區勞力市場中的職業性別階層化--職業社會經濟指(SEI)之性別差異》。台北：政治大學社會學研究所學位論文。謝小芩、林大森、陳佩英，2011。〈性別科系跨界？大學生的性別與科系選擇〉。《台灣社會學刊》48：95-149。駱明慶，2001。〈教育成就的省籍與性別差異〉。《經濟論文叢刊》29（2）：117-152。謝雨生，1990。〈台灣勞動力人口組成變遷對勞力未適當運用的影響〉。《人口學刊》13：59-82。 顏君竹，2006。《家庭階級背景對青少年性別角色觀的影響》。台北：臺灣師範大學教育學系博士論文。第二節 英文文獻Baerveldt, C., Van Rossem, R., Vermande, M., & Weerman, F. 2004. “Students’ delinquency and correlates with strong and weaker ties: A study of students’ networks in Dutch high schools.” Connections 26(1):11-28.Baerveldt, C., Völker, B., & Van Rossem, R. 2008. “Revisiting selection and influence: An inquiry into the friendship networks of high school students and their association with delinquency.” Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 50(5):559-587.Baumgarte, R., & Nelson, D. W. 2009. “Preference for same‐versus cross‐sex friendships.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 39(4):901-917.Bem, S. L. 1974. “The measurement of psychological androgyny.” Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 42(2):155.Blau, P. M. 1974. “Presidential address: Parameters of social structure.” American sociological review 39(5):615-635.Blau, P. M. 1977. Inequality and heterogeneity: A primitive theory of social structure (Vol. 7). New York: Free Press. Burk, W. J., Steglich, C. E., & Snijders, T. A. 2007. “Beyond dyadic interdependence: Actor-oriented models for co-evolving social networks and individual behaviors.” International journal of behavioral development 31(4):397-404.Carbery, J., & Buhrmester, D. 1998. “Friendship and need fulfillment during three phases of young adulthood.” Journal of social and personal relationships 15(3):393-409.Casper, M. 2001. “A definition of “social environment”. American Journal of Public Health 91:465.Cheadle, J. E., & Goosby, B. J. 2012. “The small-school friendship dynamics of adolescent depressive symptoms.” Society and mental health 2(2):99-119.Coleman, J. S. 1988. “Social capital in the creation of human capital.” American journal of sociology 94:95-120.Coleman, J. S. 1988. "Social Capital" and Schools. The Education Digest 53(8):6.Deaux, K., & Major, B. 1987. “Putting gender into context: An interactive model of gender-related behavior.” Psychological review 94(3):369.Derlega, V. J., & Janda, L. H. 1981. Introduction to personal adjustment. Scott: Foresman and company. D`Exelle, B., & Holvoet, N. 2011. “Gender and network formation in rural Nicaragua: a village case study.” Feminist Economics 17(2):31-61.Dholakia, U. M., Bagozzi, R. P., & Pearo, L. K. 2004. “A social influence model of consumer participation in network-and small-group-based virtual communities.” International journal of research in marketing 21(3):241-263.Drury, K., Bukowski, W. M., Velásquez, A. M., & Stella-Lopez, L. 2013. “Victimization and gender identity in single-sex and mixed-sex schools: Examining contextual variations in pressure to conform to gender norms.” Sex roles 69(7-8):442-454.Eckes, T., & Trautner, H. M. 2012. “Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. In The developmental social psychology of gender.” Pp. 137-188 in The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender, edited by Eckes, T., Trautner, H. New York: Psychology Press.Felmlee, D., Sweet, E., & Sinclair, H. C. 2012. “Gender rules: Same-and cross-gender friendships norms.” Sex Roles 66:518-529.Fischer, C. S., Jackson, R., Stueve, C. A., Gerson, K., & Jones, L. M. 1977. Networks and Places. Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press.Fox, R. B., Bitner, J. L., Hinkley, J. A., & Carter, W. 1985. “Dynamic mechanical properties of some polyurethane‐acrylic copolymer interpenetrating polymer networks.” Polymer Engineering & Science 25(3):157-163. Frank, O., & Strauss, D. 1986. “Markov graphs.” Journal of the american Statistical association 81(395):832-842.Geven, S., Weesie, J., & Van Tubergen, F. 2013. “The influence of friends on adolescents’ behavior problems at school: The role of ego, alter and dyadic characteristics.” Social Networks 35(4):583-592.Goodreau, S. M., Kitts, J. A., & Morris, M. 2009. “Birds of a feather, or friend of a friend? Using exponential random graph models to investigate adolescent social networks.” Demography 46(1):103-125.Halpern, D. F., Eliot, L., Bigler, R. S., Fabes, R. A., Hanish, L. D., Hyde, J., ... & Martin, C. L. 2011. “The pseudoscience of single-sex schooling.” Science 333(6050): 1706-1707.Johnston, M., W. Philips Shively, and R. V. Stein. 2002. “Contextual Data and the Study of Elections and Voting Behavior: Connecting Individuals to Environments.” Electoral Studies 21(2):219-33.Lobel, T. E., Nov-Krispin, N., Schiller, D., Lobel, O., & Feldman, A. 2004. “Gender discriminatory behavior during adolescence and young adulthood: A developmental analysis.” Journal of youth and adolescence 33(6):535-546.Lubbers, M. J. 2003. “Group composition and network structure in school classes: a multilevel application of the p∗ model.” Social Networks 25(4):309-332. Lubbers, M. J., Snijders, T. A., & Van Der Werf, M. P. 2011. “Dynamics of peer relationships across the first two years of junior high as a function of gender and changes in classroom composition.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 21(2):488-504.Jones, D. C., Bloys, N., & Wood, M. 1990. “Sex roles and friendship patterns.” Sex Roles 23(3-4):133-145.Kirke, D. M. 2009. “Gender clustering in friendship networks: some sociological implications.” Methodological Innovations Online 4(1):23-36.Knecht, A. B. 2008. Friendship selection and friends` influence. Dynamics of networks and actor attributes in early adolescence. Utrecht University, Netherlands.Knecht, A. B., Burk, W. J., Weesie, J., & Steglich, C. 2011. Friendship and alcohol use in early adolescence: A multilevel social network approach. Journal of Research on Adolescence 21(2):475-487.Ko, P. C., Buskens, V., & Wu, C. I. 2015. “The interplay between gender and structure: dynamics of adolescent friendships in single-gender classes and mixed-gender classes.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 25(2):387-401.Lazarsfeld, P. F., & Merton, R. K. 1954. “Friendship as a social process: A substantive and methodological analysis.” Freedom and control in modern society 18(1):18-66. Leenders, R. T. A. 1995. Structure and influence: Statistical models for the dynamics of actor attributes, network structure and their interdependence. Doctoral dissertation, University of Groningen, Netherlands.Lomi, A., Lusher, D., Pattison, P. E., & Robins, G. 2013. “The focused organization of advice relations: A study in boundary crossing.” Organization Science 25(2):438-457.McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. 2001. “Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks.” Annual review of sociology 27(1):415-444.Mercer, S. H., & DeRosier, M. 2010. “Selection and socialization of internalizing problems in middle childhood. ” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 29:1032-1059.Mercken, L., Snijders, T. A., Steglich, C., Vartiainen, E., & De Vries, H. 2010. “Dynamics of adolescent friendship networks and smoking behavior.” Social networks 32(1):72-81.Mercken, L., Candel, M., Van Osch, L., & De Vries, H. 2011. “No smoke without fire: The impact of future friends on adolescent smoking behavior.” British journal of health psychology” 16(1):170-188.Migliaccio, T. 2014. “Typologies of men’s friendships: constructing masculinity through them.” Masculinities & Social Change 3(2):119-147. Mollenhorst, G., Völker, B., & Flap, H. 2008. “Social contexts and core discussion networks: Using a choice approach to study similarity in intimate relationships.” Social Forces 86(3):937-965.Perry, D. G., & Pauletti, R. E. 2011. “Gender and adolescent development.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 21(1): 61-74.Ridgeway, C. 1991. “The social construction of stAT-Us value: Gender and other nominal characteristics.” Social Forces 70(2): 367-386.Ridgeway, C. L. 1997. “Interaction and the conservation of gender inequality: Considering employment.” American Sociological Review, 218-235.Ridgeway, C. L., & Erickson, K. G. 2000. “Creating and spreading stAT-Us beliefs.” American Journal of Sociology 106(3):579-615.Ridgeway, G. 2006. “Assessing the effect of race bias in post-traffic stop outcomes using propensity scores.” Journal of quantitative criminology 22(1):1-29.Ridgeway, C. L. 2006. “Linking social structure and interpersonal behavior: A theoretical perspective on cultural schemas and social relations.” Social Psychology Quarterly 69(1):5-16.Robins, G., Pattison, P., Kalish, Y., & Lusher, D. 2007. “An introduction to exponential random graph (p*) models for social networks.” Social networks 29(2):173-191. Van de Bunt, G. G., Van Duijn, M. A., & Snijders, T. A. 1999. “Friendship networks through time: An actor-oriented dynamic statistical network model.” Computational & Mathematical Organization Theory 5(2):167-192.Van Duijn, M. A., Zeggelink, E. P., Huisman, M., Stokman, F. N., & Wasseur, F. W. 2003. “Evolution of sociology freshmen into a friendship network.” Journal of Mathematical Sociology 27(2-3):153-191.Wasserman, S., & Pattison, P. 1996. “Logit models and logistic regressions for social networks: I. An introduction to Markov graphs andp.” Psychometrika. 61(3):401-425.Webster Jr, M., & Hysom, S. J. 1998. “Creating stAT-Us characteristics.” American Sociological Review 63(3) 351-378.Weiss, L., & Lowenthal, M. F. 1975. “Life-course perspectives on friendship.” Pp. 48-61. in Four stages of life, edited by Lowenthal, M. F., Thurnher, M., & Chiriboga, D. A. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. 1987. “Doing gender.” Gender & society 1(2):125-151.Zalk, V., Walter, M. H., Kerr, M., Branje, S. J., Stattin, H., & Meeus, W. H. 2010.“ It takes three: Selection, influence, and de-selection processes of depression in adolescent friendship networks.” Developmental Psychology 46(4):927. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
社會學系
104254003資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104254003 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 熊瑞梅 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Hsung, Ray-May en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 孫維楨 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Sun, Wei-Chen en_US dc.creator (作者) 孫維楨 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Sun, Wei-Chen en_US dc.date (日期) 2018 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-Oct-2018 12:17:01 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-Oct-2018 12:17:01 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Oct-2018 12:17:01 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0104254003 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/120295 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 社會學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 104254003 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 不同社會脈絡對於個人行為所造成的影響是社會學一直以來都十分關懷的議題。早期，Peter Blau (1974)已經強調過社會脈絡的差異是造成人們產生不同人際互動的原因。Ridgeway (2006)更強調了個體的行為表現之所以有所差異，是因為個體所處的環境不一致，所以社會對個體的期待也有所不同所致，其中，性別就是一項自社會學萌芽以來倍受討論的關鍵議題。性別自生命誕生的那一刻起，甚至還沒呱呱墜地，就深深的影響著個體往後所受到的期望與待遇，進而成為薪資、勞動力、教育階層化等領域所熱切探討的議題。不同性別比例組成的社會結構，其內部差異更是眾多社會學家、人口學家共相爭鳴的主要戰場。但在社會網絡的領域裡，受到資料蒐集較為困難等限制，至今尚未看到有人較為深入的去研究在大學脈絡下，不同性別組成的班級間人際互動的差異。本研究使用ERGMs為主要的分析方法，對熊瑞梅（2015）所主持的科技部整合型研究計畫：「性別與信任行為的機制：從社會網絡、信任賽局和神經科學的觀點來探討」的班級網絡資料進行分析，證實了不同性別組成的社會脈絡會使得內部不同性別的成員做出不一樣的交友行為；另外，本研究同時也發現了不同的行為認知在這之中扮演著舉足輕重的角色。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The impact of different social contexts on individual behavior is an important issue that sociology has always been concerned about. In the early time, Peter Blau (1974) had already emphasized that different social contexts are the causes of different interpersonal interactions. Ridgeway (2006) also emphasized that individual behavior varies with different expectations of the positions in society. Among one of them, Gender is a key issue which has been discussed since the beginning of sociology. Since the birth of a new life, even it hasn’t started to breath, gender has already affected human behavior deeply and determined human future expectation and performance. Salary, labor, and education…, etc. are the common outcome affected by gender. The differences between different social structures due to different gender composition, is also the main battlefield for many demographers and sociologists. Owing to the difficulty of collecting data on social networks in classes of college students, almost no study discusses the contexts of gender composition and mechanisms of social networks in the class under the university context exquisitely. This study selects ERGMs as the main analytical method and uses the network data that collected by Hsung’s (2015) project, “Gender and Trust Behavior: Exploration from the Perspectives of Social Networks, Trust Games and Neurosciences”, sponsored by MOST. This study verified that social contexts with different gender composition lead members inside different networks have the different interpersonal interaction. Moreover, we also find that different cognition of behavior also plays an important role in these relationships. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1第二章 文獻探討 4第一節 班級脈絡與性別及行為的關連 4第二節 社會網絡、性別及行為的關連：帶入社會脈絡 8第三節 社會脈絡與網絡內生機制的模型：ERGMS 13第三章 研究方法 22第一節 研究架構圖 22第二節 資料來源 22第三節 研究變項 24第四節 分析方式 25第四章 資料分析 34第一節 資本資料34第二節 PAJEK 初步結構探討 35第三節 男生比例較高的班 ERGMS分析結果 41第四節 女生比例較高的班 ERGMS分析結果 44第五節 男女比例相近的班 ERGMS分析結果 46第五章 結論 48第六章 參考資料 52第一節 中文文獻 52第二節 英文文獻 54 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1486649 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104254003 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會脈絡 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 性別組成 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 大學生 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會網絡 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) ERGMs zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Social context en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Gender composition en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) College student en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Social network en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) ERGMs en_US dc.title (題名) 大學生性別組成的社會脈絡、性別與友誼網絡機制：ERGMs (Exponential Random Graph Models) 的探討 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Social Contexts of Gender Composition for College Students, Gender and Mechanisms of Friendship Networks: Exploration of Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGMs) en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 第一節 中文文獻一言，1994。〈男女分班上课有助提高女生成绩〉。《世界教育信息》4：24-24。邱長彥，2017。〈高中男校社會組學生的陽剛氣質建構與實踐：以台灣中部一所高中之考察為例〉。《臺灣性學學刊》23（1)，1-28。李美枝、鐘秋玉，1996。〈性別與性別角色析論〉。《本土心理學研究》6：260-299。宋鴻燕，2007。〈朋友關係對於兒童性別化玩具偏好的影響〉。《臺北市立教育大學學報》38（2）：107-130。張佑宗、趙珮如，2006。〈社會脈絡、個人網絡與臺灣 2004 年立法委員選舉選民的投票抉擇〉。《臺灣民主季刊》3(2)：1-38。張明宜、吳齊殷，2013。〈友誼網絡中誰的獲益更多，青少年友誼網絡與學業成就的動態分析〉。《台灣社會學》26：97-146。郭佩芳，2009。《青少年性別角色特質，身體意象與自尊關係之研究》。高雄：高雄師範大學教育學系博士論文。http://ir.nknu.edu.tw/ir/handle/987654321/5882 郭盈伶，2012。《國中學生父母管教方式與自我概念關係之研究》。台中：東海大學教育研究所碩士論文。郭祐誠，2018。〈同儕性別組成對大學科系選擇之影響〉。《經濟論文》46（2）：225-261。楊天盾，2016。《性別化的青少年友誼網絡與性別角色態度：社會脈絡的影響嗎？》。台北：國立政治大學社會學系博士論文。熊瑞梅，2001。〈都市事件行動體系的分析：以台中市為例〉。《台大社會學刊》29：59-110。蔡文輝，1997。《社會學（增訂三版）》。臺北：三民書局。劉松燕，2006。《台灣地區勞力市場中的職業性別階層化--職業社會經濟指(SEI)之性別差異》。台北：政治大學社會學研究所學位論文。謝小芩、林大森、陳佩英，2011。〈性別科系跨界？大學生的性別與科系選擇〉。《台灣社會學刊》48：95-149。駱明慶，2001。〈教育成就的省籍與性別差異〉。《經濟論文叢刊》29（2）：117-152。謝雨生，1990。〈台灣勞動力人口組成變遷對勞力未適當運用的影響〉。《人口學刊》13：59-82。 顏君竹，2006。《家庭階級背景對青少年性別角色觀的影響》。台北：臺灣師範大學教育學系博士論文。第二節 英文文獻Baerveldt, C., Van Rossem, R., Vermande, M., & Weerman, F. 2004. “Students’ delinquency and correlates with strong and weaker ties: A study of students’ networks in Dutch high schools.” Connections 26(1):11-28.Baerveldt, C., Völker, B., & Van Rossem, R. 2008. “Revisiting selection and influence: An inquiry into the friendship networks of high school students and their association with delinquency.” Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 50(5):559-587.Baumgarte, R., & Nelson, D. W. 2009. “Preference for same‐versus cross‐sex friendships.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 39(4):901-917.Bem, S. L. 1974. “The measurement of psychological androgyny.” Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 42(2):155.Blau, P. M. 1974. “Presidential address: Parameters of social structure.” American sociological review 39(5):615-635.Blau, P. M. 1977. Inequality and heterogeneity: A primitive theory of social structure (Vol. 7). New York: Free Press. Burk, W. J., Steglich, C. E., & Snijders, T. A. 2007. “Beyond dyadic interdependence: Actor-oriented models for co-evolving social networks and individual behaviors.” International journal of behavioral development 31(4):397-404.Carbery, J., & Buhrmester, D. 1998. “Friendship and need fulfillment during three phases of young adulthood.” Journal of social and personal relationships 15(3):393-409.Casper, M. 2001. “A definition of “social environment”. American Journal of Public Health 91:465.Cheadle, J. E., & Goosby, B. J. 2012. “The small-school friendship dynamics of adolescent depressive symptoms.” Society and mental health 2(2):99-119.Coleman, J. S. 1988. “Social capital in the creation of human capital.” American journal of sociology 94:95-120.Coleman, J. S. 1988. "Social Capital" and Schools. The Education Digest 53(8):6.Deaux, K., & Major, B. 1987. “Putting gender into context: An interactive model of gender-related behavior.” Psychological review 94(3):369.Derlega, V. J., & Janda, L. H. 1981. Introduction to personal adjustment. Scott: Foresman and company. D`Exelle, B., & Holvoet, N. 2011. “Gender and network formation in rural Nicaragua: a village case study.” Feminist Economics 17(2):31-61.Dholakia, U. M., Bagozzi, R. P., & Pearo, L. K. 2004. “A social influence model of consumer participation in network-and small-group-based virtual communities.” International journal of research in marketing 21(3):241-263.Drury, K., Bukowski, W. M., Velásquez, A. M., & Stella-Lopez, L. 2013. “Victimization and gender identity in single-sex and mixed-sex schools: Examining contextual variations in pressure to conform to gender norms.” Sex roles 69(7-8):442-454.Eckes, T., & Trautner, H. M. 2012. “Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. In The developmental social psychology of gender.” Pp. 137-188 in The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender, edited by Eckes, T., Trautner, H. New York: Psychology Press.Felmlee, D., Sweet, E., & Sinclair, H. C. 2012. “Gender rules: Same-and cross-gender friendships norms.” Sex Roles 66:518-529.Fischer, C. S., Jackson, R., Stueve, C. A., Gerson, K., & Jones, L. M. 1977. Networks and Places. Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press.Fox, R. B., Bitner, J. L., Hinkley, J. A., & Carter, W. 1985. “Dynamic mechanical properties of some polyurethane‐acrylic copolymer interpenetrating polymer networks.” Polymer Engineering & Science 25(3):157-163. Frank, O., & Strauss, D. 1986. “Markov graphs.” Journal of the american Statistical association 81(395):832-842.Geven, S., Weesie, J., & Van Tubergen, F. 2013. “The influence of friends on adolescents’ behavior problems at school: The role of ego, alter and dyadic characteristics.” Social Networks 35(4):583-592.Goodreau, S. M., Kitts, J. A., & Morris, M. 2009. “Birds of a feather, or friend of a friend? Using exponential random graph models to investigate adolescent social networks.” Demography 46(1):103-125.Halpern, D. F., Eliot, L., Bigler, R. S., Fabes, R. A., Hanish, L. D., Hyde, J., ... & Martin, C. L. 2011. “The pseudoscience of single-sex schooling.” Science 333(6050): 1706-1707.Johnston, M., W. Philips Shively, and R. V. Stein. 2002. “Contextual Data and the Study of Elections and Voting Behavior: Connecting Individuals to Environments.” Electoral Studies 21(2):219-33.Lobel, T. E., Nov-Krispin, N., Schiller, D., Lobel, O., & Feldman, A. 2004. “Gender discriminatory behavior during adolescence and young adulthood: A developmental analysis.” Journal of youth and adolescence 33(6):535-546.Lubbers, M. J. 2003. “Group composition and network structure in school classes: a multilevel application of the p∗ model.” Social Networks 25(4):309-332. Lubbers, M. J., Snijders, T. A., & Van Der Werf, M. P. 2011. “Dynamics of peer relationships across the first two years of junior high as a function of gender and changes in classroom composition.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 21(2):488-504.Jones, D. C., Bloys, N., & Wood, M. 1990. “Sex roles and friendship patterns.” Sex Roles 23(3-4):133-145.Kirke, D. M. 2009. “Gender clustering in friendship networks: some sociological implications.” Methodological Innovations Online 4(1):23-36.Knecht, A. B. 2008. Friendship selection and friends` influence. Dynamics of networks and actor attributes in early adolescence. Utrecht University, Netherlands.Knecht, A. B., Burk, W. J., Weesie, J., & Steglich, C. 2011. Friendship and alcohol use in early adolescence: A multilevel social network approach. Journal of Research on Adolescence 21(2):475-487.Ko, P. C., Buskens, V., & Wu, C. I. 2015. “The interplay between gender and structure: dynamics of adolescent friendships in single-gender classes and mixed-gender classes.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 25(2):387-401.Lazarsfeld, P. F., & Merton, R. K. 1954. “Friendship as a social process: A substantive and methodological analysis.” Freedom and control in modern society 18(1):18-66. Leenders, R. T. A. 1995. Structure and influence: Statistical models for the dynamics of actor attributes, network structure and their interdependence. Doctoral dissertation, University of Groningen, Netherlands.Lomi, A., Lusher, D., Pattison, P. E., & Robins, G. 2013. “The focused organization of advice relations: A study in boundary crossing.” Organization Science 25(2):438-457.McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. 2001. “Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks.” Annual review of sociology 27(1):415-444.Mercer, S. H., & DeRosier, M. 2010. “Selection and socialization of internalizing problems in middle childhood. ” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 29:1032-1059.Mercken, L., Snijders, T. A., Steglich, C., Vartiainen, E., & De Vries, H. 2010. “Dynamics of adolescent friendship networks and smoking behavior.” Social networks 32(1):72-81.Mercken, L., Candel, M., Van Osch, L., & De Vries, H. 2011. “No smoke without fire: The impact of future friends on adolescent smoking behavior.” British journal of health psychology” 16(1):170-188.Migliaccio, T. 2014. “Typologies of men’s friendships: constructing masculinity through them.” Masculinities & Social Change 3(2):119-147. Mollenhorst, G., Völker, B., & Flap, H. 2008. “Social contexts and core discussion networks: Using a choice approach to study similarity in intimate relationships.” Social Forces 86(3):937-965.Perry, D. G., & Pauletti, R. E. 2011. “Gender and adolescent development.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 21(1): 61-74.Ridgeway, C. 1991. “The social construction of stAT-Us value: Gender and other nominal characteristics.” Social Forces 70(2): 367-386.Ridgeway, C. L. 1997. “Interaction and the conservation of gender inequality: Considering employment.” American Sociological Review, 218-235.Ridgeway, C. L., & Erickson, K. G. 2000. “Creating and spreading stAT-Us beliefs.” American Journal of Sociology 106(3):579-615.Ridgeway, G. 2006. “Assessing the effect of race bias in post-traffic stop outcomes using propensity scores.” Journal of quantitative criminology 22(1):1-29.Ridgeway, C. L. 2006. “Linking social structure and interpersonal behavior: A theoretical perspective on cultural schemas and social relations.” Social Psychology Quarterly 69(1):5-16.Robins, G., Pattison, P., Kalish, Y., & Lusher, D. 2007. “An introduction to exponential random graph (p*) models for social networks.” Social networks 29(2):173-191. Van de Bunt, G. G., Van Duijn, M. A., & Snijders, T. A. 1999. “Friendship networks through time: An actor-oriented dynamic statistical network model.” Computational & Mathematical Organization Theory 5(2):167-192.Van Duijn, M. A., Zeggelink, E. P., Huisman, M., Stokman, F. N., & Wasseur, F. W. 2003. “Evolution of sociology freshmen into a friendship network.” Journal of Mathematical Sociology 27(2-3):153-191.Wasserman, S., & Pattison, P. 1996. “Logit models and logistic regressions for social networks: I. An introduction to Markov graphs andp.” Psychometrika. 61(3):401-425.Webster Jr, M., & Hysom, S. J. 1998. “Creating stAT-Us characteristics.” American Sociological Review 63(3) 351-378.Weiss, L., & Lowenthal, M. F. 1975. “Life-course perspectives on friendship.” Pp. 48-61. in Four stages of life, edited by Lowenthal, M. F., Thurnher, M., & Chiriboga, D. A. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. 1987. “Doing gender.” Gender & society 1(2):125-151.Zalk, V., Walter, M. H., Kerr, M., Branje, S. J., Stattin, H., & Meeus, W. H. 2010.“ It takes three: Selection, influence, and de-selection processes of depression in adolescent friendship networks.” Developmental Psychology 46(4):927. zh_TW dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/THE.NCCU.SOC.005.2018.F04 en_US
