學術產出-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
題名 高中生傳播行爲與政治社會化 作者 張妮秀 貢獻者 徐佳士
張妮秀日期 1982 上傳時間 11-Oct-2018 11:41:59 (UTC+8) 摘要 論文摘要本研究的主要目的乃探討高中生的傳播行為與其政治社會化的關係，把其中的傳播行為視為中介變項，家庭傳播型態為自變項，而政治社會化為應變項。第一章除了敘述政治社會化的涵義之外，並概述過去有關家庭、媒介與政治社會化的研究文獻。第二章為理論部分，包括傳播的功能與效果理論，及社會學習理論。第三章為研究方法，本論文採經驗調查法，分別以目的抽樣及隨機抽樣兩方法，抽出受試者。 資料經由電腦處理完竣，卽進行統計分析，所採用的統計方法有：（1）百分比：藉以瞭解各變項的分佈情形；（2）項目分析：測量問卷上各量表的信度、難易度、及鑑別度；（3）並以單因子變異數分析、卡方考驗、皮爾遜積差相關、及分階多元迴歸分析探討自變項、中介變項、與應變項間的關係。 結果發現： （1）受試者普遍已具有相當程度的政治知識、民主觀念、與政治參與； （2）家庭傳播型態不同，子女的政治參與也有不同； （3）家庭傳播型態不同，子女使用電視的頻數也有不同； （4）個人的傳播行為與其政治社會化程度有關； （5）個人使用報紙的頻數、內容、時間量的多寡，最能預測其政治知識程度；而個人家庭的概念導向與社會導向強弱，最能預測其政治參與傾向。 參考文獻 參考書目Ⅰ.中文部分江炳倫 （民61年）台灣地區人民政治文化與投票指向之調查研究，國科會獎助研究報告。李超 （民70年）台灣地區高中學生政治社會化之研究――從「三民主義」教育效果探析，台北：政大三民主義研究所碩士論文。徐正光譯 （民67年）調查分析的邏輯，台北：黎明文化事業公司。徐佳士 （民55年）大眾傳播理論，台北：台北市新聞記者公會。徐佳士、楊孝濚、潘家慶 （民65年）「台灣地區民眾接觸媒介的動機與滿足」，新聞學研究17集：27〜60頁。徐振國譯 （民62年）「政治社會化與政治變遷」，憲政思潮24期：21〜31頁。袁頌西 （民58年）「政治社化：政治學中一個新的研究領域」，思與言，第7卷 第4期：19〜29頁。袁頌西 （民63年）「我國家庭政治化與少年政治功效意識之研究（上、下）」，思與言，第11卷 第5期：237〜48頁；第11卷 第6期：314〜21頁。馬起華 （民66年）三民主義政治學，台北：中央文物供應社。陳義彥 （民67年）台灣地區大學生政治社會化之研究，台北：嘉新水泥公司文化基金會。華力進 （民62年）台灣地區公民政治參與之調查研究：(一)台灣地區公民投票參與行為之研究，未出版。楊國樞、文崇一、吳聰賢、李亦園 （民67年）社會及行為科學研究法（上、下），台北：：東華書局。鄭瑞澤 （民69年）社會心理學，台北：中國行為科學社。Ⅱ.西文部分Atkin. C. K. (1972)“Anticipated communication and mass media information-seeking. ” Public Opinion Quarterly 36:188-99.Atkin, C. K., J. Galloway, and O. Nayman (1976)“News media exposure, political knowledge, and campaing interest. ” Journalism Quarterly 54:230-38. Atkin, C. K., and W. Gantz (1978)“Television news and political socialization.” Public Opinion Quarterly 42:183-98.Avery, R. K. (1979)“Adolescents’ use of the mass media.” American Behavioral Scientist 23:53-70.Baldwin, A. L. (1971)“A cognitive theory of socialization,” Pp. 325-46 in D. Goslin (ed.) Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research. Chicago: Rand Mcnally and Company.Becker, L. B., M. E. McCombs, and J. M. McLeod (1975) “The development of political cognitions.” Pp.21-63 in S. Chaffee (ed.) Political Communication: Issues and Strategies for Research, Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, Inc..Chaffee, S. H, L. S. Ward, and L. P. Tipton (1970) “Mass communication and political socialization.” Journalism Quarterly 47:649-59.Chaffee, S. H., J. M. McLeod, and C. K. Atkin (1971) “Parental influence on adolescent media use.” American Behavioral Scientist 14:323-40.Chaffee, S. H., J. M. McLeod, and D. Wackman (1973) “Family communication patterns and adolescent Political participation.” Pp. 349-64 in J. Dennis (ed.), Socialization to Politics: A Reader. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chaffee, S. H., N. Jackson-Beeck, J. Durall, and D. Wilson (1977)“Mass communication in political socialization.” Pp.223-58 in S. A. Ranshon (ed.), Handbook of Political Socialization. Free Press. Coldevin, G. (1972)“Internationalism and mass communication.” Journalism Quarterly 49:365-68.Connell, R. W. (1972)“Political socialization in the American family: the evidence re-examined.” Public Opinion Quarterly 36:323-33.Conway, M. M., A. J. Stevens, and R. G. Smith (1975) “The relation between media use and children’s civic awareness.” Journalism Quarterly 52:531-38.Conway, M. M., M. L. Wyckoff, E. Feldbaum, and D. Ahern (1981)“The news media in children’s political socialization.” Public Opinion Quarterly 45:164-78.Danowski, J., and N. Cutler (1977)“Political information, mass media use in early adulthood, and political socialization: seeking Clarity through cohort curves. ” Pp. 205-29 in P. Hirsch, P. Miller, and G. Kline (eds.), Strategies for Communication Research. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, Inc..Dawson, R. E., and K, Prewitt (1969)Political Socialization. Boston: Little, Brown Company.De fleur, M. L. (1966)Theories of Mass Communication. New York: David Mckay Company, Inc..Dowse, R., and J. Hughes (1972)Political Sociology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd..Draper, N. R., and. H. Smith (1966)Applied Regression Analysis. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc..Easton, D., and R. D. Hess (1960)“The child’s changing image of the president.” Public Opinion Quarterly 24:632-44.Easton, D., and J. Dennis (1969)Children in Political System. New York: Mcgraw-Hill Book Company.Froman, L. A. Jr. (1961)“Personality and political socialization.” Journal of Politics 23:341-52.Frey, F. W. (1968)“Socialization to national identification among turkish peasants.” Journal of Politics 30:934-65.Greenbery, E. (1970)“Orientations of black and white children to political authority figures. ” Sociological Science Quarterly 51:561-71.Greenstein, F. I. (1960)“The benevolent leader: children’s image of political authority. ”American Political Science Review 54:934-43.Greenstein, F. I. (1968)“Political socialization.” International Encyclopedia of the Social Science 14:551-55.Greenstein, F. I. (1970)“A note on the ambiguity of political socialization：definitions, criticisms, and strategies of irquiry. “Journal of Politics 32:969-78. Hess, R. D., and J. Torney (1967) The Development of Political Attitudes in Children. Chicago: Aldine.Hollander, N. (1971)“Adolescents and the war: the sources of socialization .“ Journalism Quarterly 48:472-79.Hyman, H. H. (1959)Political Socialization. Illionis: The Free Press. Jennings, M. K., and R. G. Niemi (1974)The Political Character of Adolescence. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.Johnson, N. R. (1973)“Television and politicization: a test of competing models.” Journalism Quarterly 51 :447-55, 474.Katz, E., and P. Lazarsfeld (1955)Personal Influence. New York: Free Press.Klapper, J. (1960)The Effects of Mass Communication. Illinois: Free Press. Kleinbaum, D. G., and L. L. Kupper (1978)Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Method. California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc..Kraus, S., and D. Davis (1978)The Effects of Mass Communication on Political Behavior. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press.Langton, K. (1967) “Peer group and school and the political socialization process.” American Political Science Review 61 :751-58.Langton, K. (1969)Political Socialization. New York: Oxford University Press.Lasswell, H. D. (1948)“The structure and function of communication in society.” Pp.84-99 in W. Schramm and D. F. Roberts (eds.), The Process and Effects of Mass Communication.Lin, N. (1971)“Information flow, influence flow and decision-making process.” Journalism Quarterly 48:38-40.Maccoby, E., R. Matthews, and A. Morton (1954-55)“Youth and political change.” Public opinion Quarterly 18:23-39.McLeod, J., and G. J. O’keefe Jr. (1972)“The socialization perspective and communication behavior.” Pp. 121-168 in F. G. Kline and P. J. Tichenor (eds.), Current Perspectives in Mass Communication Research. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, Inc..Merelman, R. (1971) Political Socialization and Educational Climates. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc..Newcomb, T. M. (1953)“An approach to the study of communicative acts.” Psychological Review 60:393-404.Ranney, A. (1971)Governing: a brief introduction to political science. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc..Reynolds, H. T. (1974)Politics and the Common Man. Illinois: The Dorsey Press.Riley, J. W., F. V. Cantwell, and K. F. Ruttiger (1949) “Some observation on the social effects of television.” Public Opinion Quarterly 13:223-34.Robinson, J. P. (1972)“Mass communication and information diffusion.” Pp.71-93 in F. G. Kline and P. J. Tichenor (eds.), Current Perspectives in Mass Communication Research. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, Inc.. Rubin, A. (1978)“Child and adolescent television use and political socialization.” Journalism Quarterly 55:125-29.Schramm, W., J. Lyle, and E. Parker (1961)Television in the Lives of Our Children. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Searing, D., J. Schwartz, and A, Lind (1973) “The structuring principle: political socialization and belief system.” American Political Sociological Review 67:415-52.Sheinkopf, K. G. (1973)“Family communication patterns and anticipatory socialization.” Journalism Quarterly 50:24-30.Troldahl, V. (1966-67)“A field test of a modified ‘ two-step flow of communication` model.” Public Opinion Quarterly 30:609-23.Troldahl, V., and R. Van Dam (1965)“Face-to-face communication about major topics in the news.” Public Opinion Quarterly 29:626-34.Weiss, W. (1969)“Effects of the mass media of communication.” Pp. 77-195 in G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology. (Volume five) California: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Whitney, F. C. (1976)Mass Media and Mass Communication in Society. Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Company publishers. Wright, C, (1959)Mass Communications. New York: Random House, Inc.. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
新聞研究所
70資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002007824 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 徐佳士 dc.contributor.author (Authors) 張妮秀 dc.creator (作者) 張妮秀 dc.date (日期) 1982 dc.date.accessioned 11-Oct-2018 11:41:59 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 11-Oct-2018 11:41:59 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 11-Oct-2018 11:41:59 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/120501 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 dc.description (描述) 新聞研究所 dc.description (描述) 70 dc.description.abstract (摘要) 論文摘要本研究的主要目的乃探討高中生的傳播行為與其政治社會化的關係，把其中的傳播行為視為中介變項，家庭傳播型態為自變項，而政治社會化為應變項。第一章除了敘述政治社會化的涵義之外，並概述過去有關家庭、媒介與政治社會化的研究文獻。第二章為理論部分，包括傳播的功能與效果理論，及社會學習理論。第三章為研究方法，本論文採經驗調查法，分別以目的抽樣及隨機抽樣兩方法，抽出受試者。 資料經由電腦處理完竣，卽進行統計分析，所採用的統計方法有：（1）百分比：藉以瞭解各變項的分佈情形；（2）項目分析：測量問卷上各量表的信度、難易度、及鑑別度；（3）並以單因子變異數分析、卡方考驗、皮爾遜積差相關、及分階多元迴歸分析探討自變項、中介變項、與應變項間的關係。 結果發現： （1）受試者普遍已具有相當程度的政治知識、民主觀念、與政治參與； （2）家庭傳播型態不同，子女的政治參與也有不同； （3）家庭傳播型態不同，子女使用電視的頻數也有不同； （4）個人的傳播行為與其政治社會化程度有關； （5）個人使用報紙的頻數、內容、時間量的多寡，最能預測其政治知識程度；而個人家庭的概念導向與社會導向強弱，最能預測其政治參與傾向。 dc.description.tableofcontents 高中生傳播行為與政治社會化目錄目錄1表錄5圖錄9第一章 緒論1第一節 政治社會化的涵義1第二節 家庭、媒介與政治社會化9第三節 研究動機與目的21第二章 理論依據與研究問題27第一節 傳播的功能理論與文獻─傳遞文化的功能27第二節 傳播效果理論與文獻31第一項 認知效果31第二項 引起興趣效果34第三節 社會學習理論與文獻36第四節 研究架構與研究問題42第三章 研究方法49第一節 調查研究對象49第二節 問卷設計50第三節 預試58第四節 抽樣與資料收集過程59第五節 資料處理與樣本基本資料分佈61第六節 量表內部一致性與難易度考驗67第四章 結果分析73第一節 高中生的政治社會化程度73第二節 家庭傳播型態與高中生政治社會化的關係81第三節 家庭傳播型態與高中生傳播行為的關係87第四節 高中生傳播行為與政治社會化的關係97第五節 家庭傳播型態和高中生傳播行為與政治社會化的關聯性105第五章 結論與建議121第一節 主要研究發現121第二節 討論127第三節 檢討與建議129參考書目135附錄一 調查問卷147附錄二 量表信度表152表錄表各 稱 頁數1-1：政治取向之類別52-1：家庭傳播型態453-1：各校樣本分配表613-2：樣本組成分佈型態653-3：政治知識測驗項目分析表684-1：受試者在「政治知識量表」上的得分情形744-2：受試者性別不同在「政治知識量表」上的t值考驗表744-3：受試者「民主觀念量表」上的得分情形754-4：受試者在「民主觀念量表」上七個因素的得分情形764-5：受試者性別不同在「民主觀念量表」上的t值考驗表784-6：受試者在政治參與上的得分情形794-7：受試者在政治參與二個因素上的得分情形794-8：受試者性別不同在政治參與上的t值考驗表804-9；家庭傳播型態的人數分佈814-10：家庭傳播型態與政治知識的變異數分析摘要表834-11：家庭傳播型態與民主觀念的變異數分析摘要表854-12：家庭傳播型態與政治參與的變異數分析摘要表864-13：家庭傳播型態與政治參與的多重比較874-14：家庭傳播型態與使用報紙頻數的變異數分析摘要表884-15：家庭傳播型態與使用電視頻數的變異數分析摘要表894-16：家庭傳播型態與使用電視頻數的多重比較894-17；家庭傳播型態與使用廣播頻數的變異數分析摘要表904-18：家庭傳播型態與接觸報紙時間量的變異數分析摘要表914-19：冢庭傳播型態與接觸電視時間量的變異數分析摘要表924-20：家庭傳播型態與接觸廣播時間量的變異數分析摘要表934-21：家庭傳播型態與接觸報紙內容的關聯性944-22：家庭傳播型態與接觸電視內容的關聯性954-23：家庭傳播型態與接觸廣播內容的關聯性964-24：使用媒介的頻數和接觸量與政治社會化的相關表984-25：接觸報紙內容不同，在政治社會化上的t值考驗表1004-26：按觸電視內容不同，在政治社會化上的t值考驗表1014-27：接觸廣播內容不同，在政治社會化上的t值考驗表1024-28：受試者使用媒介習慣的分佈情形1044-29：變項代號表1064-30： X₃+X₅+X₄+X₉預測政治知識之多元相關及迥歸係數表1094-31：預測變項與政治知識之多元相關及變異百分比（R²%）表1114-32 : X₄預測民主觀念之多元相關及迥歸係數表1114-33 : X₂+X₁+X₈預測政治參與之多元相關及迥歸係數表1154-34：預測變項與政治參與之多元相關係數及變異百分比（R²%）表1173-6-1：社會導向量表各單項與總分相關1523-6-2：概念導向量表各單項與總分相關1523-6-3：民主觀念量表各單項與總分相關152圖錄圖名 稱 頁數2-1：四種家庭傳播型態392-2：研究架構44 dc.format.extent 115 bytes - dc.format.mimetype text/html - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002007824 dc.title (題名) 高中生傳播行爲與政治社會化 dc.type (資料類型) thesis dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參考書目Ⅰ.中文部分江炳倫 （民61年）台灣地區人民政治文化與投票指向之調查研究，國科會獎助研究報告。李超 （民70年）台灣地區高中學生政治社會化之研究――從「三民主義」教育效果探析，台北：政大三民主義研究所碩士論文。徐正光譯 （民67年）調查分析的邏輯，台北：黎明文化事業公司。徐佳士 （民55年）大眾傳播理論，台北：台北市新聞記者公會。徐佳士、楊孝濚、潘家慶 （民65年）「台灣地區民眾接觸媒介的動機與滿足」，新聞學研究17集：27〜60頁。徐振國譯 （民62年）「政治社會化與政治變遷」，憲政思潮24期：21〜31頁。袁頌西 （民58年）「政治社化：政治學中一個新的研究領域」，思與言，第7卷 第4期：19〜29頁。袁頌西 （民63年）「我國家庭政治化與少年政治功效意識之研究（上、下）」，思與言，第11卷 第5期：237〜48頁；第11卷 第6期：314〜21頁。馬起華 （民66年）三民主義政治學，台北：中央文物供應社。陳義彥 （民67年）台灣地區大學生政治社會化之研究，台北：嘉新水泥公司文化基金會。華力進 （民62年）台灣地區公民政治參與之調查研究：(一)台灣地區公民投票參與行為之研究，未出版。楊國樞、文崇一、吳聰賢、李亦園 （民67年）社會及行為科學研究法（上、下），台北：：東華書局。鄭瑞澤 （民69年）社會心理學，台北：中國行為科學社。Ⅱ.西文部分Atkin. C. K. (1972)“Anticipated communication and mass media information-seeking. ” Public Opinion Quarterly 36:188-99.Atkin, C. K., J. Galloway, and O. Nayman (1976)“News media exposure, political knowledge, and campaing interest. ” Journalism Quarterly 54:230-38. Atkin, C. K., and W. Gantz (1978)“Television news and political socialization.” Public Opinion Quarterly 42:183-98.Avery, R. K. (1979)“Adolescents’ use of the mass media.” American Behavioral Scientist 23:53-70.Baldwin, A. L. (1971)“A cognitive theory of socialization,” Pp. 325-46 in D. Goslin (ed.) Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research. Chicago: Rand Mcnally and Company.Becker, L. B., M. E. McCombs, and J. M. McLeod (1975) “The development of political cognitions.” Pp.21-63 in S. Chaffee (ed.) Political Communication: Issues and Strategies for Research, Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, Inc..Chaffee, S. H, L. S. Ward, and L. P. Tipton (1970) “Mass communication and political socialization.” Journalism Quarterly 47:649-59.Chaffee, S. H., J. M. McLeod, and C. K. Atkin (1971) “Parental influence on adolescent media use.” American Behavioral Scientist 14:323-40.Chaffee, S. H., J. M. McLeod, and D. Wackman (1973) “Family communication patterns and adolescent Political participation.” Pp. 349-64 in J. Dennis (ed.), Socialization to Politics: A Reader. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chaffee, S. H., N. Jackson-Beeck, J. Durall, and D. Wilson (1977)“Mass communication in political socialization.” Pp.223-58 in S. A. Ranshon (ed.), Handbook of Political Socialization. Free Press. Coldevin, G. (1972)“Internationalism and mass communication.” Journalism Quarterly 49:365-68.Connell, R. W. (1972)“Political socialization in the American family: the evidence re-examined.” Public Opinion Quarterly 36:323-33.Conway, M. M., A. J. Stevens, and R. G. Smith (1975) “The relation between media use and children’s civic awareness.” Journalism Quarterly 52:531-38.Conway, M. M., M. L. Wyckoff, E. Feldbaum, and D. Ahern (1981)“The news media in children’s political socialization.” Public Opinion Quarterly 45:164-78.Danowski, J., and N. Cutler (1977)“Political information, mass media use in early adulthood, and political socialization: seeking Clarity through cohort curves. ” Pp. 205-29 in P. Hirsch, P. Miller, and G. Kline (eds.), Strategies for Communication Research. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, Inc..Dawson, R. E., and K, Prewitt (1969)Political Socialization. Boston: Little, Brown Company.De fleur, M. L. (1966)Theories of Mass Communication. New York: David Mckay Company, Inc..Dowse, R., and J. Hughes (1972)Political Sociology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd..Draper, N. R., and. H. Smith (1966)Applied Regression Analysis. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc..Easton, D., and R. D. Hess (1960)“The child’s changing image of the president.” Public Opinion Quarterly 24:632-44.Easton, D., and J. Dennis (1969)Children in Political System. New York: Mcgraw-Hill Book Company.Froman, L. A. Jr. (1961)“Personality and political socialization.” Journal of Politics 23:341-52.Frey, F. W. (1968)“Socialization to national identification among turkish peasants.” Journal of Politics 30:934-65.Greenbery, E. (1970)“Orientations of black and white children to political authority figures. ” Sociological Science Quarterly 51:561-71.Greenstein, F. I. (1960)“The benevolent leader: children’s image of political authority. ”American Political Science Review 54:934-43.Greenstein, F. I. (1968)“Political socialization.” International Encyclopedia of the Social Science 14:551-55.Greenstein, F. I. (1970)“A note on the ambiguity of political socialization：definitions, criticisms, and strategies of irquiry. “Journal of Politics 32:969-78. Hess, R. D., and J. Torney (1967) The Development of Political Attitudes in Children. Chicago: Aldine.Hollander, N. (1971)“Adolescents and the war: the sources of socialization .“ Journalism Quarterly 48:472-79.Hyman, H. H. (1959)Political Socialization. Illionis: The Free Press. Jennings, M. K., and R. G. Niemi (1974)The Political Character of Adolescence. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.Johnson, N. R. (1973)“Television and politicization: a test of competing models.” Journalism Quarterly 51 :447-55, 474.Katz, E., and P. Lazarsfeld (1955)Personal Influence. New York: Free Press.Klapper, J. (1960)The Effects of Mass Communication. Illinois: Free Press. Kleinbaum, D. G., and L. L. Kupper (1978)Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Method. California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc..Kraus, S., and D. Davis (1978)The Effects of Mass Communication on Political Behavior. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press.Langton, K. (1967) “Peer group and school and the political socialization process.” American Political Science Review 61 :751-58.Langton, K. (1969)Political Socialization. New York: Oxford University Press.Lasswell, H. D. (1948)“The structure and function of communication in society.” Pp.84-99 in W. Schramm and D. F. Roberts (eds.), The Process and Effects of Mass Communication.Lin, N. (1971)“Information flow, influence flow and decision-making process.” Journalism Quarterly 48:38-40.Maccoby, E., R. Matthews, and A. Morton (1954-55)“Youth and political change.” Public opinion Quarterly 18:23-39.McLeod, J., and G. J. O’keefe Jr. (1972)“The socialization perspective and communication behavior.” Pp. 121-168 in F. G. Kline and P. J. Tichenor (eds.), Current Perspectives in Mass Communication Research. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, Inc..Merelman, R. (1971) Political Socialization and Educational Climates. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc..Newcomb, T. M. (1953)“An approach to the study of communicative acts.” Psychological Review 60:393-404.Ranney, A. (1971)Governing: a brief introduction to political science. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc..Reynolds, H. T. (1974)Politics and the Common Man. Illinois: The Dorsey Press.Riley, J. W., F. V. Cantwell, and K. F. Ruttiger (1949) “Some observation on the social effects of television.” Public Opinion Quarterly 13:223-34.Robinson, J. P. (1972)“Mass communication and information diffusion.” Pp.71-93 in F. G. Kline and P. J. Tichenor (eds.), Current Perspectives in Mass Communication Research. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, Inc.. Rubin, A. (1978)“Child and adolescent television use and political socialization.” Journalism Quarterly 55:125-29.Schramm, W., J. Lyle, and E. Parker (1961)Television in the Lives of Our Children. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Searing, D., J. Schwartz, and A, Lind (1973) “The structuring principle: political socialization and belief system.” American Political Sociological Review 67:415-52.Sheinkopf, K. G. (1973)“Family communication patterns and anticipatory socialization.” Journalism Quarterly 50:24-30.Troldahl, V. (1966-67)“A field test of a modified ‘ two-step flow of communication` model.” Public Opinion Quarterly 30:609-23.Troldahl, V., and R. Van Dam (1965)“Face-to-face communication about major topics in the news.” Public Opinion Quarterly 29:626-34.Weiss, W. (1969)“Effects of the mass media of communication.” Pp. 77-195 in G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology. (Volume five) California: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Whitney, F. C. (1976)Mass Media and Mass Communication in Society. Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Company publishers. Wright, C, (1959)Mass Communications. New York: Random House, Inc..
