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題名 論能源安全措施是否可透過WTO協定國家安全例外條款正當化
On the Legitimacy of Relying on the National Security Exception Clauses in the WTO Agreements to Justify Energy Security Measures作者 郝晏緯
Hao, Yen-Wei貢獻者 施文真
Shih, Wen-Chen
郝晏緯
Hao, Yen-Wei關鍵詞 能源安全
能源安全措施
WTO協定國家安全例外
WTO
Energy security
Energy security measures
the WTO’s national security exception clauses
WTO日期 2018 上傳時間 12-Feb-2019 15:40:18 (UTC+8) 摘要 各國往往須透過政府管制或國營事業介入市場之方式，保障其能源安全。然能源安全措施之實施可能因限制能源產品或能源服務之自由貿易，而涉及WTO之法律原則。由於能源安全可能被各國視為國家安全政策中非常重要的一環，故本文旨在探討若能源安全措施遭認定違反WTO之法律原則，實施措施之WTO會員可否透過WTO協定之國家安全例外條款正當化。經本文分析後發現，國家安全例外條款之適用限縮於軍事、戰爭或國防等若干極為特殊之情況下，多數能源安全措施實施之對象或背景未必能與該等條件相吻合，因此本文以為能源安全措施於國家安全例外條款取得正當性之可行性不高。本文建議，會員於擬定可能涉及WTO法律原則之能源安全措施時，應於其法律文件或相關立法資料中闡明若干與GATT第21條（b）款或GATS第14條之1（b）款相關之事由，使會員在未來欲依該條款提出抗辯時，得以出具有利之事證，以示其符合國家安全例外條款之法律要件。
It is common that every country across the globe needs to protect its energy security by either establishing governmental control or intervening in its market systems through state-owned enterprises. Yet, when implementing control measures for energy security, a country may tread into the realm of WTO legal principles as a result of its control measures restricting free trade of energy products or services. Given that some governments would uphold energy security as an indispensable part of its national security policy, the present paper seeks to answer the question: can a WTO member, whose energy security measures allegedly violated WTO rules, legitimize such violation by citing the national security exception clauses in the WTO agreements?Analysis of the results showed that the exception clauses were only applicable under certain circumstances such as for military needs, wars, or national defense. As such, given the subject or contexts of the respective measures, most currently-applied measures for energy security would be deemed inconsistent with the aforementioned conditions. Accordingly, this paper concluded that the national security exception clauses can hardly be used to buttress energy security measures. Instead, this paper proposes that WTO members, when articulating energy policies that might violate WTO principles, should specify the prescribed circumstances mentioned within Paragraph (b), Article XXI of GATT or Paragraph (b), Article XIV bis of GATS when stipulating their legal instruments and pertinent documents. By doing so, the member would be able to predicate its counter-argument upon the suggested-provision. 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國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易學系
105351052資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1053510521 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 施文真 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Shih, Wen-Chen en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 郝晏緯 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Hao, Yen-Wei en_US dc.creator (作者) 郝晏緯 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Hao, Yen-Wei en_US dc.date (日期) 2018 en_US dc.date.accessioned 12-Feb-2019 15:40:18 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 12-Feb-2019 15:40:18 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 12-Feb-2019 15:40:18 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G1053510521 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/122252 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國際經營與貿易學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 105351052 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 各國往往須透過政府管制或國營事業介入市場之方式，保障其能源安全。然能源安全措施之實施可能因限制能源產品或能源服務之自由貿易，而涉及WTO之法律原則。由於能源安全可能被各國視為國家安全政策中非常重要的一環，故本文旨在探討若能源安全措施遭認定違反WTO之法律原則，實施措施之WTO會員可否透過WTO協定之國家安全例外條款正當化。經本文分析後發現，國家安全例外條款之適用限縮於軍事、戰爭或國防等若干極為特殊之情況下，多數能源安全措施實施之對象或背景未必能與該等條件相吻合，因此本文以為能源安全措施於國家安全例外條款取得正當性之可行性不高。本文建議，會員於擬定可能涉及WTO法律原則之能源安全措施時，應於其法律文件或相關立法資料中闡明若干與GATT第21條（b）款或GATS第14條之1（b）款相關之事由，使會員在未來欲依該條款提出抗辯時，得以出具有利之事證，以示其符合國家安全例外條款之法律要件。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) It is common that every country across the globe needs to protect its energy security by either establishing governmental control or intervening in its market systems through state-owned enterprises. Yet, when implementing control measures for energy security, a country may tread into the realm of WTO legal principles as a result of its control measures restricting free trade of energy products or services. Given that some governments would uphold energy security as an indispensable part of its national security policy, the present paper seeks to answer the question: can a WTO member, whose energy security measures allegedly violated WTO rules, legitimize such violation by citing the national security exception clauses in the WTO agreements?Analysis of the results showed that the exception clauses were only applicable under certain circumstances such as for military needs, wars, or national defense. As such, given the subject or contexts of the respective measures, most currently-applied measures for energy security would be deemed inconsistent with the aforementioned conditions. Accordingly, this paper concluded that the national security exception clauses can hardly be used to buttress energy security measures. Instead, this paper proposes that WTO members, when articulating energy policies that might violate WTO principles, should specify the prescribed circumstances mentioned within Paragraph (b), Article XXI of GATT or Paragraph (b), Article XIV bis of GATS when stipulating their legal instruments and pertinent documents. By doing so, the member would be able to predicate its counter-argument upon the suggested-provision. This would be regarded as advantageous legal evidence and helpful for proving its consistency with the requirements of the national security exception clauses. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1第一節 研究背景與動機 1第二節 研究方法與研究架構 4第三節 研究限制 4第二章 能源安全措施與WTO協定 5第一節 能源安全之意涵 5一、能源之可取得性 6二、能源之多樣性 7三、能源價格之穩定性或可負擔性 8第二節 能源安全措施及其可能涉及之WTO法律原則 10一、能源出口稅 10二、能源出口數量限制措施 12三、以國家安全為由實施之石油進口限制—以美國MOIP石油配額制度為例 13四、能源過境自由之限制—以管線壅塞管理為例 15五、能源雙重定價 16六、涉及國家戰略石油儲備之政府能源採購 18七、影響能源服務之能源安全措施—以歐盟能源部門措施案（DS476）為例 19八、國營事業施行之能源安全措施 23第三節 能源安全措施與WTO例外條款 25第四節 小結 29第三章 WTO規範下國家安全例外條款分析 30第一節 國家安全例外條款背景 30第二節 GATT國家安全例外 33一、GATT第21條（b）款（ii）目之措施類型 36二、GATT第21條（b）款（iii）目之措施類型 38三、GATT第21條（b）款前言之法律要件 41四、GATT第21條（b）款之審理方式 44第三節 其他協定之國家安全例外 47一、GATS國家安全例外 47二、政府採購協定國家安全例外 50第四節 小結 54第四章 試析能源安全措施於國家安全例外條款下之審理 56第一節 以國家安全為由實施之石油進口限制—以美國MOIP石油配額限制為例 57一、美國石油配額限制是否有GATT第21條（b）款（ii）目之適用 58二、美國石油配額限制是否有GATT第21條（b）款（iii）目之適用 59三、美國石油配額限制是否符合GATT第21條（b）款前言 60第二節 能源出口數量限制—以澳洲國內天然氣安全機制為例 64一、澳洲國內天然氣安全機制是否有GATT第21條（b）款（ii）目之適用 65二、澳洲國內天然氣安全機制是否有GATT第21條（b）款（iii）目之適用 66三、澳洲國內天然氣安全機制是否符合GATT第21條（b）款前言 67第三節 影響能源服務之能源安全措施—以歐盟天然氣指令第三國認證措施為例 70一、歐盟天然氣指令第三國認證措施是否有GATS第14條之1（b）款（i）目之適用 71二、歐盟天然氣指令第三國認證措施是否有GATS第14條之1（b）款（iii）目之適用 73三、歐盟天然氣指令第三國認證措施是否符合GATS第14條之1（b）款前言 76第四節 綜合評析 80一、國家安全例外條款（b）款各目之審理 81二、國家安全例外條款（b）款前言之審理 83第五節 小結 86第五章 結論 88 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1721967 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1053510521 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 能源安全 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 能源安全措施 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) WTO協定國家安全例外 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) WTO zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Energy security en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Energy security measures en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) the WTO’s national security exception clauses en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) WTO en_US dc.title (題名) 論能源安全措施是否可透過WTO協定國家安全例外條款正當化 zh_TW dc.title (題名) On the Legitimacy of Relying on the National Security Exception Clauses in the WTO Agreements to Justify Energy Security Measures en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文部分書籍林彩瑜，WTO制度與實務 — 世界貿易組織法律研究（三），二版（2013年）。期刊論文呂嘉容，澳洲確保能源供給，將管制液化天然氣出口，台灣經濟研究院（2017年4月30日）。李貴英，國際貿易與國家安全 — GATT第XXI條安全例外條款之研析，臺大法學論叢，34期，頁229-282頁（2005年）。施文真，能源安全、GATT/WTO與區域/自由貿易協定，政大法學評論，99期，頁241-319（2007年）。博碩士學位論文陳伶嘉，論 WTO 下出口稅之合法性爭議及規範模式，國立政治大學國際經營與貿易研究所碩士論文（2017年）。英文部分書籍Danae Azaria, Treaties on Transit of Energy via Pipelines and Countermeasures (2015).Daniel H. 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