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題名 構成類別學習中知識分化現象的極限條件：以離散向度類別結構為例
The boundary condition of knowledge partitioning in categorization: category structure with discrete dimensions作者 張軒
Chang, Hsuan貢獻者 楊立行
Yang, Lee-Xieng
張軒
Chang, Hsuan關鍵詞 知識分化
歸納推理
概念習得日期 2019 上傳時間 7-Aug-2019 16:32:57 (UTC+8) 摘要 過去許多研究專注於了解在不同情境下人們做出的不同決定或判斷（Labov，1973，Roth 與 Shoben，1983；Bailenson 等人，2002），也有許多研究指出在包括函式學習、類別學習等認知作業中人們的學習與判斷會受到情境所影響（Lewandowsky 與 Kirsner，2000；Lewandowsky、Kalish 與 Ngang，2002；Yang 與 Lewandowsky，2003）。這種受到情境影響認知作業的現象被稱作知識分化。本研究的目的在探討使用非連續向度的實驗素材進行概念學習時是否也可以發現知識分化的現象。本研究的三個實驗皆以以離散向度作為特徵值的卡片為實驗材料，並要求實驗參與者歸納出卡片的規則。實驗一發現作為情境線索的卡片位置影響了實驗參與者的判斷，實驗二以及實驗三則發現作為情境線索的卡片圖案形狀也對判斷造成影響。結果顯示使用離散向度的實驗素材也可以觀察到知識分化。 參考文獻 Adair, J. G. (1984). The Hawthorne effect: a reconsideration of the methodological artifact. Journal of applied psychology, 69(2), 334.Anderson, J. R. (1974). Retrieval of propositional information from long-term memory. Cognitive psychology, 6(4), 451-474.Ashby, F. G., & Gott, R. E. (1988). Decision rules in the perception and categorization of multidimensional stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14(1), 33.Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory Psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 8, pp. 47-89): Elsevier.Bailenson, J. N., Shum, M. S., Atran, S., Medin, D. L., & Coley, J. D. (2002). A bird`s eye view: Biological categorization and reasoning within and across cultures. Cognition, 84(1), 1-53.Bernoulli, D. (2011). Exposition of a new theory on the measurement of risk The Kelly Capital Growth Investment Criterion: Theory and Practice (pp. 11-24): World Scientific.Bruner, J. S., & Austin, G. A. (1986). A study of thinking: Transaction publishers.Cantor, J., & Engle, R. W. (1993). Working-memory capacity as long-term memory activation: An individual-differences approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19(5), 1101.Carlson-Radvansky, L. A., & Irwin, D. E. (1993). Frames of reference in vision and language: Where is above? Cognition, 46(3), 223-244.Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive psychology, 4(1), 55-81.Erickson, M. A., & Kruschke, J. K. (1998). Rules and exemplars in category learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 127(2), 107.Erickson, M. A., & Kruschke, J. K. (2001). Multiple representations in inductive category learning: Evidence of stimulus-and time-dependent representation. Manuscript submitted for publication.Godden, D. R., & Baddeley, A. D. (1975). Context‐dependent memory in two natural environments: On land and underwater. British Journal of psychology, 66(3), 325-331.Japkowicz, N. (1999). Concept-learning in the absence of counter-examples: an autoassociation-based approach to classification.Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (2013). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk Handbook of the fundamentals of financial decision making: Part I (pp. 99-127): World Scientific.Labov, W. (1973). The boundaries of words and their meanings. New ways of analyzing variation in English.Lewandowsky, S., Kalish, M., & Ngang, S. (2002). Simplified learning in complex situations: Knowledge partitioning in function learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131(2), 163.Lewandowsky, S., & Kirsner, K. (2000). Knowledge partitioning: Context-dependent use of expertise. Memory & cognition, 28(2), 295-305.Mitchell, T. M. (1982). Generalization as search. Artificial intelligence, 18(2), 203-226.Murphy, G. L., & Ross, B. H. (1994). Predictions from uncertain categorizations. Cognitive psychology, 27(2), 148-193.Nosofsky, R. M. (1986). Attention, similarity, and the identification–categorization relationship. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115(1), 39.Roth, E. M., & Shoben, E. J. (1983). The effect of context on the structure of categories. Cognitive psychology, 15(3), 346-378.Sloutsky, V. M., & Fisher, A. V. (2004). Induction and categorization in young children: a similarity-based model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133(2), 166.Valentin, D., Abdi, H., & Edelman, B. (1999). From rotation to disfiguration: Testing a dual-strategy model for recognition of faces across view angles. Perception, 28(7), 817-824.Von Neumann, J. (1947). Morgenstern, 0.(1944). Theory of games and economic behavior, 8-31.Yang, L.-X., & Lewandowsky, S. (2003). Context-gated knowledge partitioning in categorization. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29(4), 663.Yang, L.-X., & Lewandowsky, S. (2004). Knowledge partitioning in categorization: constraints on exemplar models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30(5), 1045. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學系
104752010資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104752010 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 楊立行 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Yang, Lee-Xieng en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 張軒 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chang, Hsuan en_US dc.creator (作者) 張軒 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Chang, Hsuan en_US dc.date (日期) 2019 en_US dc.date.accessioned 7-Aug-2019 16:32:57 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 7-Aug-2019 16:32:57 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 7-Aug-2019 16:32:57 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0104752010 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/124857 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 心理學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 104752010 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 過去許多研究專注於了解在不同情境下人們做出的不同決定或判斷（Labov，1973，Roth 與 Shoben，1983；Bailenson 等人，2002），也有許多研究指出在包括函式學習、類別學習等認知作業中人們的學習與判斷會受到情境所影響（Lewandowsky 與 Kirsner，2000；Lewandowsky、Kalish 與 Ngang，2002；Yang 與 Lewandowsky，2003）。這種受到情境影響認知作業的現象被稱作知識分化。本研究的目的在探討使用非連續向度的實驗素材進行概念學習時是否也可以發現知識分化的現象。本研究的三個實驗皆以以離散向度作為特徵值的卡片為實驗材料，並要求實驗參與者歸納出卡片的規則。實驗一發現作為情境線索的卡片位置影響了實驗參與者的判斷，實驗二以及實驗三則發現作為情境線索的卡片圖案形狀也對判斷造成影響。結果顯示使用離散向度的實驗素材也可以觀察到知識分化。 zh_TW dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論與文獻回顧 1第一節 知識分化 2第二節 概念學習的歸納推理：Bruner 等人（1956）的卡片實驗 10第三節 研究問題 12第二章 實驗一 14第一節 方法 15第二節 結果 19第三節 討論 28第三章 實驗二 30第一節 方法 31第二節 結果 33第三節 討論 42第四章 實驗三 45第一節 方法 46第二節 結果 47第三節 討論 54第五章 綜合討論 55第一節 各實驗比較 55第二節 知識分化的展現與作業難易度 58第三節 研究限制 58參考文獻 60附錄一 實驗一指導語 63附錄二 實驗二與實驗三指導語 64 zh_TW dc.format.extent 2137336 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104752010 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 知識分化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 歸納推理 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 概念習得 zh_TW dc.title (題名) 構成類別學習中知識分化現象的極限條件：以離散向度類別結構為例 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The boundary condition of knowledge partitioning in categorization: category structure with discrete dimensions en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Adair, J. G. (1984). The Hawthorne effect: a reconsideration of the methodological artifact. Journal of applied psychology, 69(2), 334.Anderson, J. R. (1974). Retrieval of propositional information from long-term memory. Cognitive psychology, 6(4), 451-474.Ashby, F. G., & Gott, R. E. (1988). Decision rules in the perception and categorization of multidimensional stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14(1), 33.Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory Psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 8, pp. 47-89): Elsevier.Bailenson, J. N., Shum, M. S., Atran, S., Medin, D. L., & Coley, J. D. (2002). A bird`s eye view: Biological categorization and reasoning within and across cultures. Cognition, 84(1), 1-53.Bernoulli, D. (2011). Exposition of a new theory on the measurement of risk The Kelly Capital Growth Investment Criterion: Theory and Practice (pp. 11-24): World Scientific.Bruner, J. S., & Austin, G. A. (1986). A study of thinking: Transaction publishers.Cantor, J., & Engle, R. W. (1993). Working-memory capacity as long-term memory activation: An individual-differences approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19(5), 1101.Carlson-Radvansky, L. A., & Irwin, D. E. (1993). Frames of reference in vision and language: Where is above? Cognition, 46(3), 223-244.Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive psychology, 4(1), 55-81.Erickson, M. A., & Kruschke, J. K. (1998). Rules and exemplars in category learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 127(2), 107.Erickson, M. A., & Kruschke, J. K. (2001). Multiple representations in inductive category learning: Evidence of stimulus-and time-dependent representation. Manuscript submitted for publication.Godden, D. R., & Baddeley, A. D. (1975). Context‐dependent memory in two natural environments: On land and underwater. British Journal of psychology, 66(3), 325-331.Japkowicz, N. (1999). Concept-learning in the absence of counter-examples: an autoassociation-based approach to classification.Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (2013). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk Handbook of the fundamentals of financial decision making: Part I (pp. 99-127): World Scientific.Labov, W. (1973). The boundaries of words and their meanings. New ways of analyzing variation in English.Lewandowsky, S., Kalish, M., & Ngang, S. (2002). Simplified learning in complex situations: Knowledge partitioning in function learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131(2), 163.Lewandowsky, S., & Kirsner, K. (2000). Knowledge partitioning: Context-dependent use of expertise. Memory & cognition, 28(2), 295-305.Mitchell, T. M. (1982). Generalization as search. Artificial intelligence, 18(2), 203-226.Murphy, G. L., & Ross, B. H. (1994). Predictions from uncertain categorizations. Cognitive psychology, 27(2), 148-193.Nosofsky, R. M. (1986). Attention, similarity, and the identification–categorization relationship. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115(1), 39.Roth, E. M., & Shoben, E. J. (1983). The effect of context on the structure of categories. Cognitive psychology, 15(3), 346-378.Sloutsky, V. M., & Fisher, A. V. (2004). Induction and categorization in young children: a similarity-based model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133(2), 166.Valentin, D., Abdi, H., & Edelman, B. (1999). From rotation to disfiguration: Testing a dual-strategy model for recognition of faces across view angles. Perception, 28(7), 817-824.Von Neumann, J. (1947). Morgenstern, 0.(1944). Theory of games and economic behavior, 8-31.Yang, L.-X., & Lewandowsky, S. (2003). Context-gated knowledge partitioning in categorization. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29(4), 663.Yang, L.-X., & Lewandowsky, S. (2004). Knowledge partitioning in categorization: constraints on exemplar models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30(5), 1045. zh_TW dc.identifier.doi (DOI) 10.6814/NCCU201900646 en_US
